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112-556: The RE20 was modified in the late 1980s with neodymium magnet structure, resulting in the RE27N/D model. Both models are still in production. A blue-gray version was produced in the 1990s: the PL20 . Two black-colored models are also available, with the RE320 having a switch to select a curve for voice and a setting tailored for miking a kick drum . In 1953, Electro-Voice (EV) developed

224-481: A Leslie cabinet may be picked up with an RE20; " Sweet Home Alabama " was recorded using this method. Producer Robert Margouleff specified the RE20 for Stevie Wonder 's vocals through two album projects: Talking Book in 1972 and Innervisions in 1973. Margouleff said that the RE20 helped achieve a "close, intimate sound". As well, the distance from the grille to the element allowed Wonder to stay in contact with

336-986: A 24-hour schedule of news, interviews, discussion, and debate and is a World Media Partner with BBC World Service and is affiliated to IRN / SKY News . Talk Radio Europe broadcasts in FM on the Costa del Sol , Costa Almeria , Costa Blanca , and across the island of Mallorca in English. It is available on the Internet and all smartphone platforms. Talk radio in the United Kingdom is popular, though not as much as music radio. Nationwide talk stations include BBC Radio 4 , BBC Radio 5 Live , BBC Radio 4 Extra , Talkradio , Talksport and Times Radio . Regional stations include BBC Radio Scotland and BBC Radio Wales . Many BBC Local Radio stations and some commercial stations offer

448-600: A big Metromedia presence in Los Angeles. He sent Henry from New York to Los Angeles to turn KLAC into a success. The first thing that Henry did was hire the legendary morning team of Lohman and Barkley. Henry had built a strong relationship with programmer Jim Lightfoot, who had joined Henry in Miami. A unique opportunity presented itself when Joe Pyne, who had begun his career as a radio talk personality in Pennsylvania,

560-584: A colorant for enamels . Certain transparent materials with a small concentration of neodymium ions can be used in lasers as gain media for infrared wavelengths (1054–1064 nm), e.g. Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), Nd:YAP (yttrium aluminium perovskite ), Nd:YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride), Nd:YVO 4 (yttrium orthovanadate), and Nd:glass. Neodymium-doped crystals (typically Nd:YVO 4 ) generate high-powered infrared laser beams which are converted to green laser light in commercial DPSS hand-held lasers and laser pointers . Trivalent neodymium ion Nd

672-754: A financial news station, and Asian Radio Live. Talk radio expanded dramatically when the BBC's monopoly on radio broadcasting was ended in the 1970s with the launch of Independent Local Radio . Some notable British talk radio presenters include Jenni Murray , John Humphrys , Martha Kearney , Jonathan Dimbleby , Libby Purves , Laurie Taylor , Pam Ayres , Melvyn Bragg , Tommy Boyd , James Whale , Steve Allen , Nick Abbot , Iain Lee , James Stannage , George Galloway , Julia Hartley-Brewer , Ian Collins , John Nicoll, Brian Hayes , Scottie McClue , James O'Brien , Nicky Campbell , and Simon Mayo . Pete Price on CityTalk

784-452: A free element, instead occurring in ores such as monazite and bastnäsite (which are mineral groups rather than single minerals) that contain small amounts of all rare-earth elements. Neodymium is rarely dominant in these minerals, with exceptions such as monazite-(Nd) and kozoite-(Nd). The main mining areas are in China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. The Nd ion

896-530: A full schedule of talk. In the 1970s and early 1980s, as many listeners abandoned AM music formats for the high fidelity sound of FM radio , the talk radio format began to catch on in more large cities. Former music stations such as KLIF ( Dallas , Texas ), WLW ( Cincinnati, Ohio ), WHAS ( Louisville, Kentucky ), WHAM ( Rochester, New York ), WLS ( Chicago, Illinois ), KFI ( Los Angeles , California ), WRKO ( Boston , Massachusetts ), WKBW ( Buffalo, New York ), and WABC ( New York, New York ) made

1008-476: A glass to achieve the desired color intensity. The original Moser recipe used about 5% of neodymium oxide in the glass melt, a sufficient quantity such that Moser referred to these as being "rare-earth doped" glasses. Being a strong base, that level of neodymium would have affected the melting properties of the glass, and the lime content of the glass might have needed adjustments. Light transmitted through neodymium glasses shows unusually sharp absorption bands ;

1120-815: A group of stations with common ownership, although some are formed to distribute their one or two talk radio programs to several stations regardless of ownership. The largest of these is the Corus Radio Network. TSN Radio , the successor to the long-defunct the Team , is one of the newest national networks in Canada, with operations in several major markets. Syndicated programs from the United States which air on Canadian radio stations are typically non-political shows such as The Kim Komando Show and Coast to Coast AM , as well as sports radio shows from

1232-406: A high power-to-weight ratio (e.g., in hybrid cars ) and generators (e.g., aircraft and wind turbine electric generators ). Metallic neodymium has a bright, silvery metallic luster. Neodymium commonly exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at about 863 °C. Neodymium, like most of the lanthanides,

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1344-657: A less-serious lifestyle and branded content format, although still maintaining a talkback element. Melbourne , 3AW is the highest rating talkback radio station and has also been the highest rating Melbourne radio station for several decades in a row. 6PR personality Garry Meadows was the first announcer to use talkback radio in early 1967. 'Talkback' radio, using a seven-second time-lapse mechanism, began in Australia in April 1967, simultaneously on 2SM , Sydney (with Mike Walsh ) and 3DB, Melbourne (with Barry Jones ). In

1456-659: A new oxide, which they named ceria after the dwarf planet Ceres , which had been discovered two years earlier. Ceria was simultaneously and independently isolated in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth . Between 1839 and 1843, ceria was shown to be a mixture of oxides by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander , who lived in the same house as Berzelius; he separated out two other oxides, which he named lanthana and didymia . He partially decomposed

1568-490: A sample of cerium nitrate by roasting it in air and then treating the resulting oxide with dilute nitric acid . The metals that formed these oxides were thus named lanthanum and didymium . Didymium was later proven to not be a single element when it was split into two elements, praseodymium and neodymium, by Carl Auer von Welsbach in Vienna in 1885. Von Welsbach confirmed the separation by spectroscopic analysis, but

1680-593: A show's producers to maximize audience interest and, in the case of commercial talk radio, to attract advertisers. Talk shows on commercial stations are organized into segments, each separated by a pause for advertisements; however, in public or non-commercial radio, music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments. Variations of talk radio include conservative talk, hot talk , liberal talk (increasingly known as progressive talk), and sports talk . Talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio; however, starting around 2005,

1792-581: A signature color of the Moser glassworks to this day. Neodymium glass was widely emulated in the early 1930s by American glasshouses, most notably Heisey, Fostoria ("wisteria"), Cambridge ("heatherbloom"), and Steuben ("wisteria"), and elsewhere (e.g. Lalique, in France, or Murano). Tiffin's "twilight" remained in production from about 1950 to 1980. Current sources include glassmakers in the Czech Republic,

1904-455: A staple of radio since the medium's infancy. Aimee Semple McPherson began her radio broadcasts in the early 1920s and even purchased her station, KFSG which went on the air in February 1924; by the mid-1930s, controversial radio priest Father Charles Coughlin 's radio broadcasts were reaching millions per week. There was also a national current events forum called America's Town Meeting of

2016-489: A strong microphone stand or boom arm, and a very sturdy microphone clip or robust hanging yoke. The supplied mic clip (model number 320) is tightened securely with a knurled knob. An optional shock-mount is available for the RE20 family of microphones: the EV model 309A. The 309A is based on a steel yoke with rubber suspension cords surrounding a metal cage to hold the microphone. This mount greatly reduces vibrations carried through

2128-583: A switch to tailor the mid-bass response, attenuating frequencies below 400 Hz with a mild high-pass filter . Like all premium microphones made by EV, it used EV's 1930s humbucker method of reducing electromagnetic interference by wiring a humbucking coil out of polarity with the microphone element coil. The microphone's element was positioned relatively far from the grille to keep announcers from getting too loud. An internal polyurethane pop filter helped reduce breathy plosives . In 1986, EV began releasing microphones with rare earth neodymium magnets in

2240-591: A talk format, for example, BBC Radio London , the BBC's flagship local station. Other notable commercial talk stations include London's LBC which pioneered the newstalk format in Europe . LBC currently operates two services – LBC , a newstalk station on FM (London) and via several digital platforms nationally including DAB and Freeview ; and LBC News , a rolling news station on AM in London and DAB+ nationally. There are many specialised talk services such as Bloomberg ,

2352-564: A talk format. Other stations such as Radio New Zealand National have a large component of talk-based content but do not have talk-back (i.e. listener phone-ins). Newstalk ZB is the New Zealand market leader, but Radio Live is continuing to try to establish itself with a greater presence in the talk radio market since its inception in 2005. Almost all AM radio stations are talk stations. A few stations from Radio Mindanao Network and Bombo Radyo are on FM. Radyo 5 News FM (now True FM)

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2464-438: A way to bring his political views into listeners' homes. (He later became Mayor of Galveston ). Cherry gives no specific date, but the context of events and history of the station would seem to place it also in the 1940s, perhaps earlier. The format was the classic mode in which the announcer gave the topic for that day, and listeners called in to debate the issue. In 1948, Alan Courtney – New York disk jockey and co-composer of

2576-407: Is paramagnetic at room temperature. It becomes an antiferromagnet upon cooling below 20 K (−253.2 °C). Below this transition temperature it exhibits a set of complex magnetic phases that have long spin relaxation times and spin glass behavior. Neodymium is a rare-earth metal that was present in the classical mischmetal at a concentration of about 18%. To make neodymium magnets it

2688-511: Is widely distributed in the Earth's crust . Most of the world's commercial neodymium is mined in China, as is the case with many other rare-earth metals. Neodymium compounds were first commercially used as glass dyes in 1927 and remain a popular additive. The color of neodymium compounds comes from the Nd ion and is often a reddish-purple. This color changes with the type of lighting because of

2800-455: Is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music. They may feature monologues , dialogues between the hosts, interviews with guests, and/or listener participation which may be live conversations between the host and listeners who "call in" (usually via telephone ) or via voice mail . Listener contributions are usually screened by

2912-552: Is a component of " didymium " (referring to mixture of salts of neodymium and praseodymium ) used for coloring glass to make welder's and glass-blower's goggles; the sharp absorption bands obliterate the strong sodium emission at 589 nm. The similar absorption of the yellow mercury emission line at 578 nm is the principal cause of the blue color observed for neodymium glass under traditional white-fluorescent lighting. Neodymium and didymium glass are used in color-enhancing filters in indoor photography, particularly in filtering out

3024-430: Is alloyed with iron , which is a ferromagnet . Neodymium is the fourth member of the lanthanide series. In the periodic table , it appears between the lanthanides praseodymium to its left and the radioactive element promethium to its right, and above the actinide uranium . Its 60 electrons are arranged in the configuration [Xe]4f 6s , of which the six 4f and 6s electrons are valence . Like most other metals in

3136-614: Is also known as the DJ who rushed to the aid of a regular caller who died live on air during a call. Previously, he had kept a teenager talking for 45 minutes before meeting him to convince him not to commit suicide. Talk radio is most popular on the AM band . "Non-commercial", usually referred to as " public radio ", which is mainly located in a reserved spectrum of the FM band , also broadcasts talk programs. Commercial all-talk stations can also be found on

3248-585: Is also used with various other substrate crystals, such as yttrium aluminium garnet in the Nd:YAG laser . Neodymium alloys are used to make high-strength neodymium magnets , which are powerful permanent magnets . These magnets are widely used in products like microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, high-performance hobby DC electric motors, and computer hard disks, where low magnet mass (or volume) or strong magnetic fields are required. Larger neodymium magnets are used in electric motors with

3360-550: Is at least one documented case of a person losing a fingertip when two magnets he was using snapped together from 50 cm away. Another risk of these powerful magnets is that if more than one magnet is ingested, they can pinch soft tissues in the gastrointestinal tract . This has led to an estimated 1,700 emergency room visits and necessitated the recall of the Buckyballs line of toys , which were construction sets of small neodymium magnets. Talk radio Talk radio

3472-421: Is combustible and therefore an explosion hazard. Neodymium compounds, as with all rare-earth metals, are of low to moderate toxicity; however, its toxicity has not been thoroughly investigated. Ingested neodymium salts are regarded as more toxic if they are soluble than if they are insoluble. Neodymium dust and salts are very irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes , and moderately irritating to skin. Breathing

Electro-Voice RE20 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3584-534: Is discontinued. In 2011, the black RE320 model was rolled out to address the popular usage on bass drum (kick drum), complete with a switch to tailor the frequency response. A black RE20 model was revealed in 2020. The broadcasting field used a variety of microphones including the German Sennheiser MD 421 (1960) and the American SM5 (1966) by Shure . When the RE20 was released in 1968, it

3696-515: Is known as "talkback radio". The most popular talkback radio station historically was Sydney's 2UE , whose populist programs like The John Laws Morning Show , were widely syndicated across the continent. In recent years though, 2UE has been eclipsed by its Sydney rival 2GB after the defection of 2UE most popular talkback host, Alan Jones . As a result, 2UE and owned by the same company as 2GB) abandoned most of its rigid political and hot topic -driven talkback programming in 2016, moving to

3808-441: Is mainly dedicated to literature, the arts, classical music, and general cultural issues. Several regional stations use a format combining that of all-news and talk radio. In New Zealand , the talk radio format is popularly known as talkback radio. The major radio networks broadcasting in the talk radio format are Newstalk ZB and Radio Live . Their sports sister networks, Radio Sport and TAB Trackside also largely broadcast in

3920-571: Is no Canadian content requirement for talk radio, or "spoken word", programming unless the individual station's license expressly stipulates such a requirement; most do not. (In Canada, prospective radio stations may propose certain restrictions on their license to gain favor with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission and have an easier time obtaining a license.) The most recent nationally syndicated, politically oriented weekday talk radio show in Canada

4032-805: Is now a music station. A group of English expats set up OCI International in the early 1990s. Based in Marbella on the Costa del Sol, it was owned by the ONCE National Spanish Network. It provided a link for the English-speaking expats living on the coast, as well as some content for Scandinavian expats. OCI was closed down in 2007 to make way for Radio Europa music. In 2004 REM FM began broadcasting, with shows mostly fronted by former OCI presenters. The station closed in 2008. In 2008, Talk Radio Europe began broadcasting. It offers

4144-465: Is owned by Radio Wnet sp. z o.o., a Polish media company. Its programmes are broadcast in two large cities including Warsaw (87.8 MHz), Kraków (95,2 MHz). The programme is available via Internet. It was founded on 25 May 2009 by Krzysztof Skowroński , Grzegorz Wasowski , Katarzyna Adamiak-Sroczyńska and Monika Makowska-Wasowska , Wojciech Cejrowski and Jerzy Jachowicz . Talk radio in Spain

4256-500: Is popular. Radio 24 , part of the group Il Sole 24 Ore privately owned by Confindustria , is the most important commercial "news/talk" talk radio station in the country. Its focus is mainly on independent news about the Italian and European economy, finance, culture, and politics, but it also hosts programs focusing on sports, personal finance, music, health, science, technology, and crowdsourced storytelling. State-owned Rai Radio 3

4368-447: Is similar in size to ions of the early lanthanides of the cerium group (those from lanthanum to samarium and europium ). As a result, it tends to occur along with them in phosphate , silicate and carbonate minerals, such as monazite (M PO 4 ) and bastnäsite (M CO 3 F), where M refers to all the rare-earth metals except scandium and the radioactive promethium (mostly Ce, La, and Y, with somewhat less Pr and Nd). Bastnäsite

4480-461: Is strong competition since it is also a very important time slot, when typically people going to the workplace listen to the radio in their cars early in the morning (around 7   am to 8   am). As Spain has large English-speaking communities from many different countries, it is a natural place for English language talk radio broadcasting. The first Talk radio station in English was Coastline Radio broadcasting from Nerja , Costa del Sol . It

4592-686: Is the Gascony Show . Launched in early 2011, this show is broadcast weekly to the Gascony region of the southwest of France, as well as to the rest of France via Internet streaming. Radio talk shows are popular in Germany and have a long tradition. The first talk show on public radio was Werner Höfer 's Der Internationale Frühschoppen  [ de ] , a political talk begun in 1952. The talk show on wheels Hallo Ü-Wagen ran from 1974 to 2010, begun by Carmen Thomas for WDR . Talk radio in Italy

Electro-Voice RE20 - Misplaced Pages Continue

4704-642: Is the first talk radio station in the Philippines. There is two talk radio station in Poland, called TOK FM , which is owned by Agora SA , a Polish media company. Its programmes are broadcast in 10 large cities including Warsaw , Kraków , Gdańsk , Poznań , and Katowice . The programme is also available via the Internet and transmitted by the Hot Bird constellation . It was founded in 1998 as "Inforadio" Second talk radio station called Radio Wnet , which

4816-403: Is the fourth member of the lanthanide series and is considered to be one of the rare-earth metals . It is a hard , slightly malleable , silvery metal that quickly tarnishes in air and moisture. When oxidized, neodymium reacts quickly producing pink, purple/blue and yellow compounds in the +2, +3 and +4 oxidation states . It is generally regarded as having one of the most complex spectra of

4928-433: Is used in the electric motors of hybrid and electric automobiles and in the electricity generators of some designs of commercial wind turbines (only wind turbines with "permanent magnet" generators use neodymium). For example, drive electric motors of each Toyota Prius require one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of neodymium per vehicle. Neodymium glass (Nd:glass) is produced by the inclusion of neodymium oxide (Nd 2 O 3 ) in

5040-487: Is usually lacking in thorium and the heavy lanthanides, and the purification of the light lanthanides from it is less involved than from monazite. The ore, after being crushed and ground, is first treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, which liberates carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride , and silicon tetrafluoride . The product is then dried and leached with water, leaving the early lanthanide ions, including lanthanum, in solution. Neodymium's per-particle abundance in

5152-419: Is very popular, where the most important radio stations are exclusively dedicated to talk shows, such as Cadena Ser, Cadena Cope, Onda Cero, Radio Nacional, or Punto Radio. There is a very wide variety of topics, such as politics, sport, comedy, and culture. Sport talk shows are particularly relevant, since football attracts a massive interest in Spain, with a special focus on FC Barcelona and Real Madrid CF, and

5264-491: The Shure SM7B and the RE20 family. The EV RE320 began to grow in popularity because of its lower price. Its pickup pattern focuses on the person speaking but also allows a small amount of room ambience. In a podcasting shootout in 2011, the RE20 scored first place among listeners surveyed. Type: Dynamic (moving coil) Neodymium Neodymium is a chemical element ; it has symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It

5376-629: The Solar System is 0.083 ppb (parts per billion). This figure is about two thirds of that of platinum , but two and a half times more than mercury, and nearly five times more than gold. The lanthanides are not usually found in space, and are much more abundant in the Earth's crust . Neodymium is classified as a lithophile under the Goldschmidt classification , meaning that it is generally found combined with oxygen. Although it belongs to

5488-475: The natural abundance )—and two radioisotopes with extremely long half-lives, Nd ( alpha decay with a half-life ( t 1/2 ) of 2.29 × 10 years) and Nd ( double beta decay , t 1/2  ≈ 9.3 × 10 years). In all, 35 radioisotopes of neodymium have been detected as of 2022 , with the most stable radioisotopes being the naturally occurring ones: Nd and Nd. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are shorter than twelve days, and

5600-446: The third harmonic at 351 nm in laser fusion devices. Other applications of neodymium include: The early lanthanides, including neodymium, as well as lanthanum, cerium and praseodymium, have been found to be essential to some methanotrophic bacteria living in volcanic mudpots , such as Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum . Neodymium is not otherwise known to have a biological role in any other organisms. Neodymium metal dust

5712-414: The 1950s, high purity (>99%) neodymium was primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite , a mineral rich in rare-earth elements. The metal is obtained through electrolysis of its halide salts . Currently, most neodymium is extracted from bastnäsite and purified by solvent extraction. Ion-exchange purification is used for the highest purities (typically >99.99%). Since then,

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5824-469: The 1990s and 2000s, "talkback" on FM was attempted. The Spoonman was a program hosted by Brian Carlton on the triple m network in the late 1990s and returned in 2005 for three and a half years, the show wrapping up in 2008. It was a show that covered many topics, but the "hot talk" format in the U.S. would probably be the best way to describe the program. Talkback radio has historically been an important political forum in Australia and functions much like

5936-637: The 24-hour networks in the U.S. Traditionally, politically driven talk radio from the United States does not air on Canadian stations, with a few scattered exceptions (e.g. the now-defunct CFBN , which carried political programming such as the Glenn Beck Program and Dennis Miller , and the also-discontinued talk format of CHAM , which carried Miller). Top political programs such as The Rush Limbaugh Show are never broadcast on Canadian stations, mainly due to high rights fees compared to their relevance to non-American audiences. American stations near

6048-463: The Air which broadcast once a week starting in 1935. It featured panel discussions from some of the biggest newsmakers and was among the first shows to allow audience participation: members of the studio audience could question the guests or even heckle them. Talk radio as a listener-participation format has existed since the 1930s. John J. Anthony (1902–1970) was an announcer and DJ on New York's WMRJ. It

6160-543: The Canadian border can provide many Canadians with access to American talk programs (the signals of Limbaugh affiliates WJR , WBEN , and WHAM , for example, cover almost all of Southern Ontario ). Local talk radio plays a significant role in the politics of Newfoundland and Labrador. Political parties have systematically coordinated call-ins by Members of the House of Assembly when public opinion pollsters are known to be in

6272-620: The FM band in many cities across the US. These shows often rely less on political discussion and analysis than their AM counterparts and often employ the use of pranks and "bits" for entertainment purposes. In the United States and Canada , satellite radio services offer uncensored "free-wheeling" original programming. ABC News & Talk is an example of "repackaging" for the digital airwaves shows featured on their terrestrial radio stations. Expressing and debating political opinions has been

6384-416: The Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt discovered a heavy mineral from the mine at Bastnäs , later named cerite . Thirty years later, fifteen-year-old Wilhelm Hisinger , a member of the family owning the mine, sent a sample to Carl Scheele , who did not find any new elements within. In 1803, after Hisinger had become an ironmaster, he returned to the mineral with Jöns Jacob Berzelius and isolated

6496-774: The UK Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), the HELEN (High Energy Laser Embodying Neodymium) 1- terawatt neodymium-glass laser, can access the midpoints of pressure and temperature regions and is used to acquire data for modeling on how density, temperature, and pressure interact inside warheads. HELEN can create plasmas of around 10 K , from which opacity and transmission of radiation are measured. Neodymium glass solid-state lasers are used in extremely high power ( terawatt scale), high energy ( megajoules ) multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion . Nd:glass lasers are usually frequency tripled to

6608-445: The United States, and China. The sharp absorption bands of neodymium cause the glass color to change under different lighting conditions, being reddish-purple under daylight or yellow incandescent light , blue under white fluorescent lighting , and greenish under trichromatic lighting. In combination with gold or selenium , red colors are produced. Since neodymium coloration depends upon " forbidden " f-f transitions deep within

6720-502: The United States. In an odd turn of events, Pyne's radio show led him to television. Henry suggested to John Kluge that Joe Pyne should be put on Metromedia's newly acquired TV station in Los Angeles, KTTV-TV. Kluge told Henry to speak to KTTV-TV general manager Al Kriven, but Henry had already done that, and Kriven had adamantly refused. Kluge telephoned Kriven, and Pyne soon became the nation's first controversial late-night talk television host. The Joe Pyne Show on KTTV-TV quickly shot to

6832-479: The Variable-D technology to reshape the microphone pickup area into a cardioid directional pattern, using only one transducer element. A major improvement was the elimination of problems with the proximity effect , achieved by directing sound waves to the rear of the transducer element through multiple ports in the housing. The polished aluminum model 664 microphone was the first Variable-D product, followed by

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6944-437: The atom, there is relatively little influence on the color from the chemical environment, so the color is impervious to the thermal history of the glass. However, for the best color, iron-containing impurities need to be minimized in the silica used to make the glass. The same forbidden nature of the f-f transitions makes rare-earth colorants less intense than those provided by most d-transition elements, so more has to be used in

7056-530: The cable news televisions in the United States, with live and "saturated" coverage of political issues. The most important talk radios in Brazil are CBN , Band News and Jovem Pan , which has also sports and news broadcasts. In contrast to talk radio stations in the United States, where syndicated programs tend to make up a significant part of most schedules, privately owned Canadian talk radio stations tend to be predominantly local in programming and focus. There

7168-478: The cheaper, lower quality 665, and the high quality olive drab–painted 666, the latter becoming popular with television studios and broadcasters. The 666 was relatively heavy, with a prominent ridge in the housing containing the ports and ducting, so in the 1960s EV replaced it with the RE15, a lightweight, slender microphone with a row of ports in the handle representing EV's new "Continuously Variable-D" design. The RE15

7280-829: The demand for NdFeB magnets is expected to increase significantly in the future. Neodymium magnets (an alloy, Nd 2 Fe 14 B) are the strongest permanent magnets known. A neodymium magnet of a few tens of grams can lift a thousand times its own weight, and can snap together with enough force to break bones. These magnets are cheaper, lighter, and stronger than samarium–cobalt magnets . However, they are not superior in every aspect, as neodymium-based magnets lose their magnetism at lower temperatures and tend to corrode, while samarium–cobalt magnets do not. Neodymium magnets appear in products such as microphones , professional loudspeakers , headphones , guitar and bass guitar pick-ups , and computer hard disks where low mass, small volume, or strong magnetic fields are required. Neodymium

7392-487: The differing lighting conditions. The absorption bands of neodymium interact with the visible emission spectrum of mercury vapor , with the unfiltered shortwave UV light causing neodymium-containing minerals to reflect a distinctive green color. This can be observed with monazite-containing sands or bastnäsite-containing ore. The demand for mineral resources, such as rare-earth elements (including neodymium) and other critical materials, has been rapidly increasing owing to

7504-550: The dust can cause lung embolisms , and accumulated exposure damages the liver. Neodymium also acts as an anticoagulant , especially when given intravenously. Neodymium magnets have been tested for medical uses such as magnetic braces and bone repair, but biocompatibility issues have prevented widespread applications. Commercially available magnets made from neodymium are exceptionally strong and can attract each other from large distances. If not handled carefully, they come together very quickly and forcefully, causing injuries. There

7616-418: The electric guitar cabinets, along with other microphones to be mixed in combination. He used an RE20 by itself for kick drum. Kolotkin said the RE20 is "great for rock & roll." In a 2010 vocal microphone shootout hosted by Sound on Sound magazine, the RE20 was judged the best for male rapper vocals, and it scored highly on other vocal types. Recording magazine agreed, noting that male voices benefited

7728-484: The elements. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach , who also discovered praseodymium . It is present in significant quantities in the minerals monazite and bastnäsite . Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use. Neodymium is fairly common—about as common as cobalt , nickel , or copper —and

7840-620: The field. The provincial government routinely purchases transcripts of calls. A state-owned public channel called YLE Puhe. is broadcast throughout the whole country in the Finnish language. The programs include sports and news broadcasts. Its weekly listenership is about 550,000. Finland's first commercial talk station, Radio Rapu, started operations on March 1, 2014. Talk radio is a popular form of radio entertainment in France, exemplified by Europe 1, RTL, and RMC, plus state-owned France Inter. A premier English language talk radio in France

7952-415: The first to explore the medium in the 1950s. A breakthrough in talk radio occurred in 1960 at KLAC in Los Angeles. Alan Henry, a broadcaster in his early thirties, had been hired by John Kluge, president of Metromedia in 1963. Henry had previously worked in such diverse markets as Miami, Florida; Waterloo, Iowa; Hartford, Connecticut; and St. Louis, Missouri. KLAC was dead last in the ratings but Kluge wanted

8064-530: The first to have done so. KABC station manager Ben Hoberman and KMOX station manager Robert Hyland independently developed the all-talk format. KTKK , 630 AM in Salt Lake City, then known as KSXX, adopted a full-time talk schedule in 1965 and is the third station in the country to have done so. KSXX started with all local talent, and KTKK, which now airs on 1640 AM, has a larger portion of its schedule featuring local talent than most other stations that run

8176-446: The glass is used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral lines may be calibrated. Another application is the creation of selective astronomical filters to reduce the effect of light pollution from sodium and fluorescent lighting while passing other colours, especially dark red hydrogen-alpha emission from nebulae. Neodymium is also used to remove the green color caused by iron contaminants from glass. Neodymium

8288-474: The glass melt. In daylight or incandescent light neodymium glass appears lavender, but it appears pale blue under fluorescent lighting. Neodymium may be used to color glass in shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray. The first commercial use of purified neodymium was in glass coloration, starting with experiments by Leo Moser in November 1927. The resulting "Alexandrite" glass remains

8400-424: The glass technology has improved due to the improved purity of commercially available neodymium oxide and the advancement of glass technology in general. Early methods of separating the lanthanides depended on fractional crystallization, which did not allow for the isolation of high-purity neodymium until the aforementioned ion exchange methods were developed after World War II. Neodymium is rarely found in nature as

8512-484: The growing human population and industrial development. Recently, the requirement for a low-carbon society has led to a significant demand for energy-saving technologies such as batteries, high-efficiency motors, renewable energy sources, and fuel cells. Among these technologies, permanent magnets are often used to fabricate high-efficiency motors, with neodymium-iron-boron magnets (Nd 2 Fe 14 B sintered and bonded magnets; hereinafter referred to as NdFeB magnets ) being

8624-432: The interaction of the sharp light absorption bands of neodymium with ambient light enriched with the sharp visible emission bands of mercury , trivalent europium or terbium . Glasses that have been doped with neodymium are used in lasers that emit infrared with wavelengths between 1047 and 1062 nanometers. These lasers have been used in extremely high-power applications, such as in inertial confinement fusion . Neodymium

8736-420: The lanthanide series, neodymium usually only uses three electrons as valence electrons, as afterwards the remaining 4f electrons are strongly bound: this is because the 4f orbitals penetrate the most through the inert xenon core of electrons to the nucleus, followed by 5d and 6s, and this increases with higher ionic charge. Neodymium can still lose a fourth electron because it comes early in the lanthanides, where

8848-639: The light rare-earth-element minerals bastnäsite and monazite. With neodymium compounds being the most strongly colored for the trivalent lanthanides, it can occasionally dominate the coloration of rare-earth minerals when competing chromophores are absent. It usually gives a pink coloration. Outstanding examples of this include monazite crystals from the tin deposits in Llallagua , Bolivia ; ancylite from Mont Saint-Hilaire , Quebec , Canada ; or lanthanite from Lower Saucon Township, Pennsylvania . As with neodymium glasses, such minerals change their colors under

8960-474: The main type of permanent magnet in the market since their invention. NdFeB magnets are used in hybrid electric vehicles , plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , electric vehicles , fuel cell vehicles , wind turbines , home appliances , computers, and many small consumer electronic devices. Furthermore, they are indispensable for energy savings. Toward achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement ,

9072-457: The majority of these have half-lives that are shorter than 70 seconds; the most stable artificial isotope is Nd with a half-life of 10.98 days. Neodymium also has 15 known metastable isotopes , with the most stable one being Nd ( t 1/2  = 5.5 hours), Nd ( t 1/2  = 5.5 minutes) and Nd ( t 1/2 ~70 seconds). The primary decay modes before the most abundant stable isotope, Nd, are electron capture and positron decay , and

9184-505: The men's national football team. Typically the programming of main talk radio stations is modified whenever there is a major football event, such as a La Liga or a national team match. Daily late-night sport (football) talk shows are also very relevant, with a very intense competition of the radio stations in this time slot which typically starts around midnight. Comedy morning talk shows are also very popular in music radio stations (40 principales, M80 radio, Europa FM, and others), where there

9296-513: The metal to further oxidation; a centimeter-sized sample of neodymium corrodes completely in about a year. Nd is generally soluble in water. Like its neighbor praseodymium , it readily burns at about 150 °C to form neodymium(III) oxide ; the oxide then peels off, exposing the bulk metal to the further oxidation: Neodymium is an electropositive element, and it reacts slowly with cold water, or quickly with hot water, to form neodymium(III) hydroxide : Neodymium metal reacts vigorously with all

9408-517: The microphone stand or boom arm. The RE20 was seen on television for the ten-year run of the fictional sit-com Frasier , starting in 1993. Title character Frasier Crane ( Kelsey Grammer ) appeared to speak into the microphone to deliver psychiatry advice on talk radio . Other users of the RE20 family of microphones include film director Robert Altman . When he was depicting the making of A Prairie Home Companion radio show, Altman's 2006 fictionalized film featured eight RE27N/D microphones used by

9520-407: The microphone while singing, without overdriving the element. Joan Jett 's " I Love Rock 'n' Roll " was miked up in 1981 by engineer Glen Kolotkin using an RE20 for her vocals and another for guitar amps. He removed the front head from the kick drum, placed a pillow inside, then aimed an RE20 at the inside of the drum shell. For Carlos Santana 's 1999 Supernatural album, Kolotkin placed RE20s on

9632-519: The most from the RE20. The large size and heavy mass of the RE20 prevent it from being used very often for live vocal performances on stage, but in the recording studio its size is not a problem. The RE20 has been used by many voice-over artists, some working from home studios . Its lower sensitivity requires higher gain from the mic preamp , or an inline gain booster. Podcasting became popular around 2005, often recording at home. The early podcasters used broadcast microphones of proven designs, such as

9744-477: The need for neodymium. According to the US Geological Survey , Greenland holds the largest reserves of undeveloped rare-earth deposits, particularly neodymium. Mining interests clash with native populations at those sites, due to the release of radioactive substances, mainly thorium , during the mining process. Neodymium is typically 10–18% of the rare-earth content of commercial deposits of

9856-537: The nuclear charge is still low enough and the 4f subshell energy high enough to allow the removal of further valence electrons. Neodymium has a melting point of 1,024 °C (1,875 °F) and a boiling point of 3,074 °C (5,565 °F). Like other lanthanides, it usually has the oxidation state +3, but can also form in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, and even, in very rare conditions, +0. Neodymium metal quickly oxidizes at ambient conditions, forming an oxide layer like iron rust that can spall off and expose

9968-423: The other lanthanides , characterized by an inability to undergo π backbonding . They are thus mostly restricted to the mostly ionic cyclopentadienides (isostructural with those of lanthanum) and the σ-bonded simple alkyls and aryls, some of which may be polymeric . Naturally occurring neodymium ( 60 Nd) is composed of five stable isotopes — Nd, Nd, Nd, Nd and Nd, with Nd being the most abundant (27.2% of

10080-530: The popular song "Joltin' Joe DiMaggio" – began a call-in program for the Storer station in Miami, Florida (WGBS) and then on Miami's WQAM, WINZ and WCKR. The "Alan Courtney Open Phone Forum" flourished as an avowedly conservative and anti-communist political forum with a coverage area over the Southeastern U.S. and Cuba. Joe Pyne , John Nebel , Jean Shepherd , and Jerry Williams ( WMEX -Boston) were among

10192-595: The primary mode after is beta minus decay . The primary decay products before Nd are praseodymium isotopes, and the primary products after Nd are promethium isotopes. Four of the five stable isotopes are only observationally stable, which means that they are expected to undergo radioactive decay, though with half-lives long enough to be considered stable for practical purposes. Additionally, some observationally stable isotopes of samarium are predicted to decay to isotopes of neodymium. Neodymium isotopes are used in various scientific applications. Nd has been used for

10304-432: The production of short-lived isotopes of thulium and ytterbium . Nd has been suggested for the production of Pm, which is a source of radioactive power. Several neodymium isotopes have been used for the production of other promethium isotopes. The decay from Sm ( t 1/2  = 1.06 × 10  y ) to the stable Nd allows for samarium–neodymium dating . Nd has also been used to study double beta decay . In 1751,

10416-465: The products were of relatively low purity. Pure neodymium was first isolated in 1925. The name neodymium is derived from the Greek words neos (νέος), new, and didymos (διδύμος), twin. Double nitrate crystallization was the means of commercial neodymium purification until the 1950s. Lindsay Chemical Division was the first to commercialize large-scale ion-exchange purification of neodymium. Starting in

10528-690: The rare-earth metals, neodymium is not rare at all. Its abundance in the Earth's crust is about 41 mg/kg. It is similar in abundance to lanthanum . The world's production of neodymium was about 7,000 tons in 2004. The bulk of current production is from China. Historically, the Chinese government imposed strategic material controls on the element, causing large fluctuations in prices. The uncertainty of pricing and availability have caused companies (particularly Japanese ones) to create permanent magnets and associated electric motors with fewer rare-earth metals; however, so far they have been unable to eliminate

10640-469: The singers and announcers, serving as their actual microphones, not just dummy props . The RE20 and its variations have been used for many purposes in music. On stage, the directional pattern helps prevent acoustic feedback, and the low-frequency fidelity makes the RE20 ideal for bass instruments such as kick drum , floor tom , bass guitar , larger saxophones and horns . The RE20 has also been used for electric guitar amps . The unmoving lower speaker in

10752-474: The spectroscopic properties suitable for the generation of laser radiation. In 1964 Geusic et al. demonstrated the operation of neodymium ion in YAG matrix Y 3 Al 5 O 12 . It is a four-level laser with lower threshold and with excellent mechanical and temperature properties. For optical pumping of this material it is possible to use non-coherent flashlamp radiation or a coherent diode beam. The current laser at

10864-437: The stable halogens : Neodymium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions that contain the lilac Nd(III) ion . These exist as a [Nd(OH 2 ) 9 ] complexes: Some of the most important neodymium compounds include: Some neodymium compounds vary in color under different types of lighting. Organoneodymium compounds are compounds that have a neodymium–carbon bond. These compounds are similar to those of

10976-440: The switch to all-talk as their ratings slumped due to listener migration to the FM band. Since the turn of the 21st century, with many music listeners now migrating to digital platforms such as Pandora Radio , Sirius XM Radio , and the numerous variations of the iPod , talk radio has been expanding on the FM side of the dial as well. Hot talk , also called FM talk or shock talk , is a talk radio format geared predominantly to

11088-401: The technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost-effective in the form of live internet website streaming and podcasts . Now, an individual can use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station. Also, TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg , and Fox is now often available expanding

11200-656: The top of the ratings. The format later proliferated on cable television with a variety of new hosts, many of them taking on a similar persona to Joe Pyne. Joe Pyne and Alan Henry were major factors in establishing a new trend in radio and television programming. Alan Henry elaborates on the launching of Joe Pyne on KLAC radio and KTTV-TV in his memoir A Man and His Medium . Two radio stations – KMOX , 1120 AM in St. Louis, Missouri , and KABC , 790 AM in Los Angeles – adopted an all- talk show format in 1960, and both claim to be

11312-477: The transducer assembly. The RE20 concept was given this new configuration, resulting in the RE27N/D model. The RE27N/D also came with extra tone-shaping filters: a 200 Hz sharp low-cut filter, 1,000 Hz gentle bass rolloff, and treble roll off. The PL Series was introduced by EV in 1990 to attract the recording studio market, including a dark blue-gray version of the RE20 with the designation PL20; this model

11424-430: The world of talk radio further. Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes, station directories such as TuneIn, show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher, and time-shifting services like DAR.fm. SW Radio Africa was a pro-democracy station that broadcast out of London, England , from 2001 to 2014. In Australia , talk radio

11536-434: The yellow hues from incandescent lighting. Similarly, neodymium glass is becoming widely used more directly in incandescent light bulbs . These lamps contain neodymium in the glass to filter out yellow light, resulting in a whiter light which is more like sunlight. During World War I , didymium mirrors were reportedly used to transmit Morse code across battlefields. Similar to its use in glasses, neodymium salts are used as

11648-745: Was Charles Adler Tonight , hosted by Charles Adler and heard on eleven stations across the country. After 5 years, the show ended in August 2021. Until 2006, Peter Warren's Warren on the Weekend was heard Saturdays and Sundays. Both programs are or were distributed by the Corus Radio Network and, coincidentally, both hosts had hosted different morning call-in programs in the same time slot on Winnipeg , Manitoba 's CJOB 680 before they became nationally syndicated (Adler's show originated from CJOB and retained its original title, while Warren

11760-405: Was adopted by radio and television announcers for its natural sound and consistent level throughout the pickup pattern. The announcer could turn their head left and right without much change to the sound. One complaint was that the RE20 was less suited to soft-spoken people, but the added sensitivity of the RE27N/D solved that problem in the late 1980s. The large size and weight of the RE20 requires

11872-461: Was an immediate success. Henry encouraged the confrontation with listeners and guests for which Pyne became famous. Pyne coined the line "Go gargle with razor blades," for guests with whom he disagreed. The Pyne show was the beginning of the confrontational talk format that later spread across the radio spectrum. At one point in the 1960s, the Joe Pyne show was syndicated on over 250 radio stations in

11984-621: Was based in Victoria, British Columbia .) before Charles Adler Tonight , Corus had syndicated Rutherford , hosted by conservative Dave Rutherford and originating from its Calgary station, CHQR . Rutherford is no longer syndicated nationally but continues to air in Calgary, Edmonton , and London . Other Canadian talk radio programs which have been syndicated to different markets include: Privately owned talk radio syndication networks in Canada are generally formed to share programs across

12096-480: Was bored with playing music and put a telephone receiver up to his microphone to talk with bandleader Woody Herman . This was soon followed by listener call-ins and Gray is often billed as "the hot mama of talk radio". Herb Jepko was another pioneer. Author Bill Cherry proposed George Roy Clough as the first to invite listeners to argue politics on a call-in radio show at KLUF, his station in Galveston, Texas, as

12208-462: Was fired by KABC in Los Angeles. The speculation was that Pyne was too controversial and confrontational for the ABC corporate culture. Henry hired Pyne on the spot and paid him $ 25,000 a year, which was then a huge salary for a radio personality. Pyne was given the night show on KLAC. Part of the agreement with Pyne was that Henry and Lightfoot would give him broad control of his program content. The show

12320-526: Was located in the Merrick Radio Store at 12 New York Boulevard in Jamaica, Long Island. After some marital troubles, refusing to pay alimony and child support, he sought professional help and began his radio series where listeners would call in with their problems in 1930. Radio historians consider this the first instance of talk radio. While working for New York's WMCA in 1945, Barry Gray

12432-430: Was the first lanthanide from rare-earth elements used for the generation of laser radiation. The Nd:CaWO 4 laser was developed in 1961. Historically, it was the third laser which was put into operation (the first was ruby, the second the U :CaF laser). Over the years the neodymium laser became one of the most used lasers for application purposes. The success of the Nd ion lies in the structure of its energy levels and in

12544-438: Was widely adopted for television studios, for example on The Lawrence Welk Show . EV wanted to create a dynamic microphone that could compete with the high fidelity of condenser microphones , and they assigned the task to engineer Tom Lininger. In 1968, Lininger produced the RE20, incorporating the Variable-D concept. The RE20 was big, more than twice as heavy as the 666, but the fidelity was excellent. The microphone came with

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