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138-484: In 1981, the series was re-edited for theatrical release and split into three films. The characters were designed by Yoshikazu Yasuhiko , and Kunio Okawara was responsible for the mechanical designs, including the eponymous giant robot, the RX-78-2 Gundam. The first film was released on February 22, 1981. Tomino himself also wrote a trilogy of novels that retell the events of the series. Two manga adaptations of

276-702: A Mobile Suit Gundam fan club called "Gunsight One", a name they would use years later as the call sign of the bridge of the SDF-1 spaceship from their first Macross anime television series. In fact, The Super Dimension Fortress Macross mecha anime series was inspired by Gundam in several aspects during its early development. Guillermo del Toro has cited the series as an influence on Pacific Rim . American musician Richie Kotzen , former guitarist from Poison and Mr. Big, released an album called Ai Senshi ZxR in 2006 in Japan. The album consisted of covered music from

414-567: A New York Times book review, historian and member of the Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Committee William Hardy McNeill wrote about Sale: McNeill declares Sale's work to be "unhistorical, in the sense that [it] selects from the often-cloudy record of Columbus's actual motives and deeds what suits the researcher's 20th-century purposes." McNeill states that detractors and advocates of Columbus present

552-455: A culturally-comprehensive historical narrative of the US, the perspectives of black people , women , and the labour movement , the historian David Williams said: These, and other, scholarly voices, called for a more comprehensive treatment of American history, stressing that the mass of Americans, not simply the power élites, made history. Yet, it was mainly white males of the power élite who had

690-504: A historical event , timespan, or phenomenon by introducing contrary evidence or reinterpreting the motivations and decisions of the people involved. Revision of the historical record can reflect new discoveries of fact, evidence, and interpretation as they come to light. The process of historical revision is a common, necessary, and usually uncontroversial process which develops and refines the historical record to make it more complete and accurate. One form of historical revisionism involves

828-584: A manga artist . He has since admitted that he had no interest in animation and did not know what the job would entail, he simply applied to the newspaper advertisement on a whim in order to make a living. It was not until he storyboarded Space Battleship Yamato (1974) that he began to find the job interesting. Yasuhiko later went freelance and worked on various anime productions for film and television. Some of his most notable works as character designer and director are Brave Reideen , Combattler V , Mobile Suit Gundam , and Giant Gorg . Less well known

966-777: A "sort of history [that] caricatures the complexity of human reality by turning Columbus into either a bloody ogre or a plaster saint, as the case may be." Historians in China and from abroad long wrote that the Manchus who conquered China and established the Qing dynasty (1636–1912) adopted the customs and institutions of the Han Chinese dynasties that preceded them and were "sinicized", that is, absorbed into Chinese culture. In 1990 American historians explored Manchu language sources and newly accessible imperial archives, and discovered that

1104-484: A Nation [1915] and Claude Bowers 's The Tragic Era [1929]. Were the Gilded Age [1870s–1900] entrepreneurs " Captains of Industry " or " Robber Barons "? Without revisionist historians, who have done research in new sources and asked new and nuanced questions, we would remain mired in one or another of these stereotypes. Supreme Court decisions often reflect a "revisionist" interpretation of history as well as of

1242-411: A RX-77 Guncannon at Jaburo to replace the disadvantaged RX-75 Guntank. The third film also includes a substantial amount of new footage expanding on the battles of Solomon and A Baoa Qu. The first Gundam film, upon release on 22 February 1981, drew a large crowd of 15,000 people at its premiere, leading to concerns from police and media that it could lead to social unrest from a riotous crowd. The event

1380-609: A basis or rationale for reform or change. For example, in the 1940s, it became fashionable to see the English Civil War from a Marxist school of thought. In the words of Christopher Hill , "the Civil War was a class war." After World War II , the influence of Marxist interpretation waned in British academia and by the 1970s this view came under attack by a new school of revisionists and it has been largely overturned as

1518-425: A fan of. It was intended to be in a more realistic black color, but was changed to white by the order of Sunrise, who similarly ordered the main mecha, Gundam, changed from a grayish white to white, red, blue and yellow. Director Tomino showed great disgust in the color change, also noticing the unrealistic non-aerodynamic design of it after the show was on air, said in an interview that such design would never appear in

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1656-602: A host of specializations arose. These expanded horizons enriched our understanding of the American past, but they also resulted in works of special pleading, trivialization, and downright falsification. Historians are influenced by the zeitgeist (spirit of the time), and the usually progressive changes to society, politics, and culture, such as occurred after the Second World War (1939–1945); in The Future of

1794-631: A liberal-conservative bias on Argentine history through the National Academy of History established in 1893, despite the existence of caudillos and gauchos . During the Radical Civic Union government of Hipólito Yrigoyen , historians followed the revisionist view of anti-mitrist politicians such as Carlos D'Amico, Ernesto Quesada and David Peña and their theories reached the academy thanks to Dardo Corvalán Mendilharsu. Argentine historical revisionism could reach its peak during

1932-552: A major mainstream explanation of the mid-17th-century conflict in England , Scotland , and Ireland . Issues of causation in history are often revised with new research: for example, by the mid-20th century the status quo was to see the French Revolution as the result of the triumphant rise of a new middle class. Research in the 1960s prompted by revisionist historians like Alfred Cobban and François Furet revealed

2070-572: A more sophisticated, adult, and detailed fashion. Along with this adaptation came several major changes to the story. For example, Amuro is already a member of the Federation military at the time of the initial Zeon attack on Side 7, and the main characters in the Federation serve on the White Base -class ships Pegasus and Pegasus II rather than the Pegasus -class White Base . Additionally,

2208-509: A national perspective. For example, the same conflict between two English-speaking countries is known by two different names: the " American War of Independence " and the " American Revolutionary War ". As perceptions of nationalism change, so do the areas of history that are driven by such ideas. Wars are contests between enemies, and postwar histories select the facts and interpretations to suit their internal needs, The Korean War , for example, has sharply different interpretations in textbooks in

2346-454: A one-month extension to end the series with 43 episodes. When Bandai bought the copyrights to build plastic models for the show's mecha, which was a relatively new market compared to the old Chogokin series Clover was making, things changed completely. With the introduction of their line of Gundam models , the popularity of the show began to soar. The models sold very well, the show began to do very well in reruns and its theatrical compilation

2484-631: A pacifist constitution , something he called unforgivable. Yasuhiko began attending Hirosaki University in 1966. A member of the New Left , he became a leader in the Zenkyōtō student movement and involved in the anti-war protests. In September 1969, Yasuhiko was arrested on suspicion of breaking and entering into Hirosaki University, and subsequently expelled. After moving to Tokyo at age 22, Yasuhiko joined Mushi Productions ' training school and began working as an animator despite dreaming of becoming

2622-512: A period of time, the revisionist ideas become the new establishment status quo a paradigm shift is said to have occurred. The historian Forrest McDonald is often critical of the turn that revisionism has taken but admits that the turmoil of the 1960s America has changed the way history was written: The result, as far as the study of history was concerned, was an awakened interest in subjects that historians had previously slighted. Indian history, black history, women's history, family history, and

2760-442: A re-interpretation of the moral meaning of the historical record. Negationists use the term revisionism to portray their efforts as legitimate historical inquiry; this is especially the case when revisionism relates to Holocaust denial . Historical revisionism is the means by which the historical record , the history of a society, as understood in its collective memory , continually accounts for new facts and interpretations of

2898-441: A reversal of older moral judgments. Revision in this fashion is a more controversial topic, and can include denial or distortion of the historical record yielding an illegitimate form of historical revisionism known as historical negationism (involving, for example, distrust of genuine documents or records or deliberate manipulation of statistical data to draw predetermined conclusions). This type of historical revisionism can present

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3036-413: A soldier. The series is also notable for having humans from a different race as antagonists rather than evil creatures. However, the animation has been noted to have notoriously aged when compared with series seen in the 2000s. Mecha anime creator Shoji Kawamori attended Keio University in the same years as Macross screenwriter Hiroshi Ōnogi and character designer Haruhiko Mikimoto , where they had

3174-774: A student in Manchuria on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War , for Monthly Afternoon between January 2012 and September 2016. In 2015, he won a special award for lifetime achievement at the Animation Kobe Awards . Yasuhiko began Inui to Tatsumi -Siberia Shuppei Hishi- in Monthly Afternoon on September 25, 2018. The historical series set during the Siberian Intervention was announced as being his last serialized manga. He

3312-525: A sympathetic light. Revisionist historians of the Reconstruction era of the United States rejected the dominant Dunning School that stated that Black Americans were used by carpetbaggers , and instead stressed economic greed on the part of northern businessmen. Indeed, in recent years a " neoabolitionist " revisionism has become standard; it uses the moral standards of racial equality of

3450-574: A term is useful. Moreover, the term "dark" implies less of a void of culture and law but more a lack of many source texts in Mainland Europe. Many modern scholars who study the era tend to avoid the term altogether for its negative connotations and find it misleading and inaccurate for any part of the Middle Ages. The concept of feudalism has been questioned. Revisionist scholars led by historian Elizabeth A. R. Brown have rejected

3588-532: A unified list of "official spellings" for English-language material, and some of these spellings include Schodt's renditions, as well as the renditions to which certain North American fans were attached. In 2004, Frederik Schodt revised his original translation of the books, which had been out of print for nearly a decade. What had been a three volume set in the 1990 Del Rey edition was re-released by Stone Bridge Press as one single volume of 476 pages (with

3726-414: A vastly improved cover design), titled Mobile Suit Gundam: Awakening, Escalation, Confrontation . Since the rights holders in Japan by this time had created a unified (although still evolving) list of romanized character and mecha names, Schodt was able to use it, and Amuro's rival in the novel thus became "Char" and not "Sha"; the popular Zeon Mobile Suit, similarly, became "Zaku," and not "Zak". Following

3864-542: Is Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin by anime character designer Yoshikazu Yasuhiko . It was published from June 2001 to June 2011 in Kadokawa Shoten 's Gundam Ace magazine and collected in a total of 23 tankōbon volumes. The series was first released in English by Viz Media but was dropped before it was completed; it was then released by Vertical from March 2013 to December 2015. Besides adaptations, there

4002-484: Is only the original 1979 anime series and that it is the only one that he takes responsibility for. The artist also said that subsequent installments in the franchise focused more on the "Newtypes" seen in the series, which lead to critics and otaku misunderstanding the theme of Gundam . Yasuhiko further stated that the perpetrators of the Tokyo subway sarin attack in 1995 were "undoubtedly familiar" with Gundam and

4140-556: Is a Japanese animator , manga artist , and anime director. He is best known for being the character designer and animation director of the original Mobile Suit Gundam anime, which began in 1979. That same year, he began working as a manga artist, which had been his dream since childhood. His manga have been critically acclaimed and have won numerous awards. Born 1947 in Engaru, Hokkaidō , Yasuhiko started to draw manga in third grade of elementary school. In high school, he learned

4278-520: Is a popular parody yonkoma manga titled Mobile Suit Gundam-san , which was written and drawn by Hideki Ohwada and serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Gundam Ace magazine since 2001. This manga was adapted into an anime in 2014. Ohwada also created a spinoff manga, Gundam Sousei ( ガンダム創世 ) , which follows Yoshiyuki Tomino and the Sunrise staff as they work to make the television series and

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4416-590: Is a transliteration of the Japanese pronunciation, although Mr. Tomino later publicly confirmed at Anime Expo New York 2002 that the name was originally based on the French name Charles Aznavour , a popular French-language singer. (The 2004 edition of the English translation revealed that Schodt felt that the "Char" rendering "seemed too close" to Aznavour's name.) He also rendered "Zaku" as "Zak," and (after consulting with Tomino) "Jion" as "Zeon," instead of "Zion," which

4554-410: Is an essential part of the process, by which history, through the posing of new problems and the investigation of new possibilities, enlarges its perspectives and enriches its insights. Revisionist historians contest the mainstream or traditional view of historical events and raise views at odds with traditionalists, which must be freshly judged. Revisionist history is often practiced by those who are in

4692-460: Is considered a turning point in the history of anime , referred to as "the day that anime changed" according to Asahi Shimbun newspaper. The first film grossed ¥1.76 billion , and Gundam II grossed ¥1.38 billion . Encounters in Space was 1982's fourth highest-grossing Japanese film , with a distribution income of ¥1.29 billion and a total box office gross of ¥2.31 billion . Collectively,

4830-571: Is largely composed of old footage from the TV series, however Tomino felt that some things could be changed for the better. Tomino removed several aspects of the show which he felt were still too super robot-esque for the real robot series he intended Gundam to be, such as the Gundam Hammer weapon. The G-Armor upgrade parts were also completely removed and replaced in the narrative by the more realistic Core Booster support fighters, and Hayato receives

4968-620: Is not finished, she has published her initial findings that the French outnumbered the English and the Welsh only by 12,000 to 8,000. If true, the numbers may have been exaggerated for patriotic reasons by the English. In recounting the European colonization of the Americas , some history books of the past paid little attention to the indigenous peoples of the Americas , usually mentioning them only in passing and making no attempt to understand

5106-433: Is that future revisions may be extensive enough to justify calling the coming age of historiography an "Age of Reinterpretation". The first illustration [the absence from U.S. history of external threats, because of geography] happens to come mainly from American history, but this should not obscure the broader scope of the revolution, which has no national limitations. Developments in the academy, culture, and politics shaped

5244-469: Is that history loses its value, as an incentive and [as] an example; it paints perfect men and noble nations, but it does not tell the truth". After the Second World War, the study and production of history in the US was expanded by the G.I. Bill , which funding allowed "a new and more broadly-based generation of scholars" with perspectives and interpretations drawn from the feminist movement ,

5382-715: Is the fact that he was the original character designer for Dirty Pair , when he illustrated the Haruka Takachiho short stories that became the 1980 fixup novel The Great Adventures of the Dirty Pair . Yasuhiko said he had given up on manga because he was under the impression that manga artists had to use pens and he was personally unable to draw sufficiently with one. But while working on Space Battleship Yamato , he visited Leiji Matsumoto who told him that manga artists could use brushes too. Yasuhiko made his manga debut with Arion (1979–1984). In 1981 he won

5520-614: The Civil Rights Movement , and the American Indian Movement . That expansion and deepening of the pool of historians voided the existence of a definitive and universally-accepted history, therefore, is presented by the revisionist historian to the national public with an history that has been corrected and augmented with new facts, evidence, and interpretations of the historical record. In The Cycles of American History (1986), in contrasting and comparing

5658-778: The Hundred Days Offensive advance to victory in 1918. Some historians, even revisionists, still criticise the British High Command severely but are less inclined to portray the war in a simplistic manner with brave troops being led by foolish officers. There has been a similar movement regarding the French Army during the war with contributions by historians such as Anthony Clayton . Revisionists are far more likely to view commanders such as French General Ferdinand Foch , British General Douglas Haig and other figures, such as American John Pershing , in

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5796-549: The Mobile Suit Gundam 0079 manga, titled Mobile Suit Gundam 0079 Episode II Luna , began serialization in Kadokawa Shoten 's Gundam Ace magazine on November 26, 2022. (For the list below, only video games featuring mobile suits that appeared in the One Year War, or related variations are included.) There have been many video games based on or with mobile suits from the original Gundam series. Of these,

5934-464: The Seiun Award in the art category. Yasuhiko turned Arion into an animated film that he directed and co-wrote in 1986. That same year, he began the manga Venus Wars (1986–1990), which he also later adapted into a film. Yasuhiko became a full-time manga artist in 1989. He serialized Namuji from 1989 to 1991. It won an Excellence Award at the 1992 Japan Cartoonists Association Awards . In

6072-579: The Versailles Treaty , which declared that Germany was guilty of starting World War I, the self-described "revisionist" historians of the 1920s rejected the orthodox view and presented a complex causation in which several other countries were equally guilty. Intense debate continues among scholars. The military leadership of the British Army during World War I was frequently condemned as poor by historians and politicians for decades after

6210-606: The peronist government . In 2011, the Manuel Dorrego National Institute of Argentine and Iberoamerican Historical Revisionism was established by the Secretary of Culture, but this one suffered a rupture between 21st century socialists and nationalists . Three weeks after the Inauguration of Mauricio Macri , the institute was closed. In reaction to the orthodox interpretation enshrined in

6348-615: The thirty-year rule and similar laws. Such documents can provide new sources and therefore new analyses of past events that will alter the historical perspective. With the release of the ULTRA archives in the 1970s under the British thirty-year rule, much of the Allied high command tactical decisiomaking process was re-evaluated, particularly the Battle of the Atlantic . Before the release of

6486-595: The three-body problem . The colonies (sides) are based on the O'Neill cylinder design for space habitats . The Gundam franchise was a major contributing factor to the fame of the O'Neil cylinder in Japan. "Gundam the Ride: A Baoa Qu" was an amusement park attraction at the Fuji-Q Highland Amusement Park located in Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi , Japan. It was a dark ride for the park. Gundam

6624-466: The "Newtypes". As such, "I had to do another job to correct the distortions in understanding 'Gundam'--, which was why I ended up drawing 'The Origin' in response to Sunrise 's request." The manga has over 10 million copies in circulation, and earned him the 2012 Seiun Award in the comics category. He returned to animation in the 2010s to direct Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin ' s anime adaptations. Yasuhiko then created Ten no Ketsumyaku , about

6762-494: The 19th century abolitionists to criticize racial policies. "Foner's book represents the mature and settled Revisionist perspective", historian Michael Perman has concluded regarding Eric Foner 's Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988). The role of American business and the alleged "robber barons" began to be revised in the 1930s. Termed "business revisionism" by Gabriel Kolko , historians such as Allan Nevins , and then Alfred D. Chandler emphasized

6900-409: The 20th anniversary release of the film compilation in Japan. The original Japanese voice cast members rerecorded their lines with the exception of those who were deceased. The 20th anniversary release was digitally remastered and many of the sound effects were replaced, most notably the futuristic gun sounds being replaced by louder machine gun sound effects. Also, the music soundtrack, while not remixed

7038-536: The 20th anniversary version of the trilogy under their Anime Legends label. As with the TV series, the films were re-released in North America under Sunrise themselves with distribution from Right Stuf Inc. The trilogy of films were distributed on DVD in the United Kingdom by Beez Entertainment in 2005 in Japanese and with a selection of subtitle tracks including English. Anime Ltd. has since acquired

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7176-629: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) was subject to numerous such changes to reflect removal of Bolshevik leaders previously trusted by Stalin but did not support him unanimously. Great Soviet Encyclopedia was also redacted frequently, with subscribers of the paper book receiving letter to cut out pages e.g. about Lavrentiy Beria or Nikolai Bukharin and replace them with unrelated articles. Historic photos were also frequently edited to remove people who later lost trust of

7314-491: The Constitution. In the field of historiography , the historian who works within the existing establishment of society and has produced a body of history books from which he or she can claim authority , usually benefits from the status quo . As such, the professional-historian paradigm is manifested as a denunciative stance towards any form of historical revisionism of fact, interpretation or both. In contrast to

7452-481: The Earth Federation, and subsequently launched a war of independence called the One Year War. The conflict has directly affected every continent on Earth, also nearly every space colony and lunar settlement. Zeon, though smaller, has the tactical upper hand through their use of a new type of humanoid weapons called mobile suits. After half of all humanity perishes in the conflict and much of Earth's ecosystem,

7590-476: The English Civil War becomes just one of a number of interlocking conflicts known as Wars of the Three Kingdoms . Furthermore, as cultures develop, it may become strategically advantageous for some revision-minded groups to revise their public historical narrative in such a way so as to either discover, or in rarer cases manufacture, a precedent which contemporary members of the given subcultures can use as

7728-702: The Federation Forces invade the Fortress of A Baoa Qu to defeat the Zeon forces, Amuro engages on a final one-on-one duel against Char due to each blaming the other for Lalah's death. Having realized he forgot his true enemy, Char stops fighting to kill the last surviving Zabi member, Kycilia Zabi. Amuro then reunites with his comrades as the war reaches its end, leaving behind the Gundam as it was rendered inoperable after his battle. The conflict officially ends when

7866-527: The Federation crew and civilians in the process. Out of desperation, young Amuro Ray accidentally finds the Federation's new prototype arsenal—the RX-78 Gundam , and manages to beat back Zeon forces. Scrambling everything they can, the White Base sets out with her newly formed crew of civilian recruits and refugees in her journey to survive. On their journey, the White Base members often encounter

8004-484: The Federation's offensive fleet along with it. Char and the crew of Pegasus II ( White Base ), along with handpicked men under Kycilia Zabi's command, make a deep penetrating attack against the Side 3 and together kill Gihren Zabi, after which Kycilia is killed by Char. Tomino later lamented that had he known that the anime's ending would be different and that another series would be made, he would not have killed off Amuro in

8142-430: The French infantry used heavy columns to attack lines of infantry] became very much the received wisdom.... By 1998 a new paradigm seemed to have set in with the publication of two books devoted to Napoleonic battle tactics. Both claimed that the French fought in line at Maida and both fully explored French tactical variety. The 2002 publication of The Battle of Maida 1806: Fifteen Minutes of Glory , appeared to have brought

8280-450: The Gundam series and original songs. American musician Andrew W.K. also released an album called Gundam Rock on September 9, 2009, in Japan. The album consists of covered music from the Gundam series to celebrate its 30th anniversary. The background research of Mobile Suit Gundam is well praised in its field. The positions in which the colonies (sides) are located in orbit are called Lagrangian points , and are real world solutions to

8418-719: The Party. The process of rewriting history of USSR and post-1991 Russia was once again restarted in 2010's after Russia's first attack on Ukraine and intensified after 2022 full-scale invasion in Ukraine . History school books received significant changes which reflected the changes in the official history narratives: for example, while 2010 books openly mentioned decrease of life expectancy in Soviet Union caused shortages and insufficient spending on public healthcare, new 2023 books vaguely states that life expectancy has generally increased and instead focused on unspecified "achievements in

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8556-464: The Past (1989), the historian C. Vann Woodward said: These events have come with a concentration and violence for which the term revolution is usually reserved. It is a revolution, or perhaps a set of revolutions for which we have not yet found a name. My thesis is that these developments will and should raise new questions about the past, and affect our reading of large areas of history, and my belief

8694-489: The Ride, which opened to the public on July 20, 2000, was based on Mobile Suit Gundam . Set during the final chaotic Battle of A Baoa Qu, Gundam the Ride places its riders in an Escape Launch Shuttle about to leave the battleship Suruga . The animation of Gundam the Ride used mostly computer graphics, however, all human characters were hand-drawn cel animation, similar to the style current Gundam video games are done in. All of

8832-708: The Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses is also being applied in these cases. The orthodox interpretation blamed Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan for causing the war. Revisionist historians of World War II, notably Charles A. Beard , said the United States was partly to blame because it pressed the Japanese too hard in 1940 and 1941 and rejected compromises. Other notable contributions to this discussion include Charles Tansill, Back Door To War (Chicago, 1952); Frederic Sanborn, Design For War (New York, 1951); and David Hoggan, The Forced War (Costa Mesa, 1989). The British historian A. J. P. Taylor ignited

8970-461: The TV series in a 10 volume DVD set. There was no Japanese audio track included, apparently because Yoshiyuki Tomino felt that the original mono mix was in too poor of a condition to use. However, in 2007 the original series was released on DVD in Japan, which sold over 100,000 copies within a month's time from December 21, 2007, to January 21, 2008. Only one episode out of the 43 episodes ("Cucuruz Doan's Island") had never been dubbed nor aired. This

9108-515: The UK license and has released a limited edition Blu-ray box set of the film trilogy (limited to 500 units) as an exclusive, sold only on their AllTheAnime.com store. It was released on March 27, 2017, in Japanese with English subtitles only. An animated film adaptation based on the "Cucuruz Doan's Island" episode titled Mobile Suit Gundam: Cucuruz Doan's Island ( Japanese : 機動戦士ガンダム ククルス·ドアンの島 , Hepburn : Kidō Senshi Gandamu Kukurusu Doan no Shima )

9246-543: The ULTRA archives, there was much debate over whether Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery could have known that Arnhem was heavily garrisoned. With the release of the archives, which indicated that they were, the balance of the evidence swung in the direction of his detractors. The release of the ULTRA archives also forced a re-evaluation of the history of the electronic computer . As more sources in other languages become available historians may review their theories in light of

9384-532: The US and the Soviet Union during the Cold War (1945–1991), the historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. said: ... but others, especially in the United States.... represent what American historians call revisionism – that is readiness to challenge official explanations. No one should be surprised by this phenomenon. Every war in American history has been followed, in due course, by skeptical reassessments of supposedly sacred assumptions... for [historical] revisionism

9522-510: The Zeon Lieutenant Commander Char Aznable . Although Char antagonizes Amuro in battle, he takes advantage of their position as Federation members to have them kill members from Zeon's Zabi family as part of his revenge scheme as he is the son of the original founder of Zeon and the nation's namesake. Amuro also meets ensign Lalah Sune with whom he falls in love, but accidentally kills when facing Char. When

9660-616: The anime was considerably much more grim, with Amuro dying halfway through the series, and the crew of the White Base having to ally with Char (who is given a red Gundam), but finally having to battle him after he takes control of the Principality of Zeon. The original concept found expression in a series of novels written by Tomino soon after the show's conclusion, and elements of the storyline weaved themselves into Zeta Gundam and Char's Counterattack . In previous series Tomino worked in, villains were alien agents. Mobile Suit Gundam

9798-535: The archives and search of secret mass burial grounds. After Putin came to power however, access to archives was restricted again and research in this area once again became politically incorrect, culminating with forcibly shutting down the organization in 2021. Soviet Union frequently resorted to changing its official history to suit changes in state policy, especially after splits in the Bolshevik leadership or change of political alliances. The book History of

9936-519: The basics of Marxism from a teacher and was inspired by it. At the time, the world's focus was on the Vietnam War , a proxy war between the capitalist United States and socialist Soviet Union. Yasuhiko said seeing a superpower such as the US burn down a small country naturally made him " anti-American ". Additionally, he viewed Japan as complicit in the war by supporting the US through Yokota Air Base and Misawa Air Base , while claiming to have

10074-416: The cancellation of the series. However, the series finale was shown as part of Toonami's "New Year's Eve-il" special on December 31, 2001. On Saturday, June 8, 2002, the series would later air on their late-night Adult Swim block, starting over from the first episode, but it was again pulled before completing its run because of low ratings. On May 30, 2006, Bandai Entertainment re-released the English dub of

10212-475: The character designs for Gundam the Ride were done by Haruhiko Mikimoto . The ride's characters make a cameo appearance in the video game "Encounters in Space" while the player (playing as Amuro Ray in his Gundam) is making his way through the Dolos . The ride closed on January 8, 2007, and replaced with "Gundam Crisis Attraction" The main feature of this attraction is a full size 1:1 Gundam model, lying flat inside

10350-622: The compilation films. This series was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Gundam Ace magazine from 2009 to 2011 and compiled in the Gundam-san tankōbon starting in Volume 5. Kadokawa released two tankōbon volumes collecting Gundam Sousei chapters as The Men Who Created Gundam ( 「ガンダム」を創った男たち , "Gundam" wo Tsukutta Otoko-tachi ) . Denpa published The Men Who Created Gundam in English in June 2022 as an omnibus volume. A continuation of

10488-448: The consumption of legal and illegal drugs and how to use the papers to explain certain aspects of prehistoric societies. Carbon dating , the examination of ice cores and tree rings , palynology , scanning electron microscope analysis of early metal samples, and measuring oxygen isotopes in bones, have all provided new data in the last few decades with which to argue new hypotheses. Extracting ancient DNA allows historians to debate

10626-553: The contemporary model of writing history, the accepted paradigm of historiography . The philosopher Karl Popper said that "each generation has its own troubles and problems, and, therefore, its own interests and its own point of view". it follows that each generation has a right to look upon and re-interpret history in [their] own way.... After all, we study history because we are interested in it, and perhaps because we desire to learn something about our [contemporary] problems. But history can serve neither of these two purposes if, under

10764-479: The countries involved. For example, as regionalism has regained some of its old prominence in British politics, some historians have suggested that the older studies of the English Civil War were centred on England and that to understand the war, events that had previously been dismissed as on the periphery should be given greater prominence. To emphasise this, revisionist historians have suggested that

10902-505: The dub mispronouncing the word Gundam as "Gun-dam", and the Principality of Zeon being called the "Duchy of Zeon", Sunrise prevented it from being re-released after its debut on VHS. The films were released again in North America on May 7, 2002, in DVD format, available separately or in a boxed set. These are also available only with re-done Japanese audio with English subtitles, the DVDs identical to

11040-467: The emperors retained their Manchu culture and that they regarded China proper as only one part of their larger empire. These scholars differ among themselves but agree on a major revision of the history of the Qing dynasty. The military historian James R. Arnold argues: The writings of Sir Charles Oman and Sir John Fortescue dominated subsequent English-language Napoleonic history. Their views [that

11178-496: The events from their point of view. That was reflected in the description of Christopher Columbus having discovered America. Those events' portrayal has since been revised to avoid the word "discovery." In his 1990 revisionist book, The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy , Kirkpatrick Sale argued that Christopher Columbus was an imperialist bent on conquest from his first voyage. In

11316-440: The events that are commonly understood as history. The historian and American Historical Association member James M. McPherson has said: The fourteen-thousand members of this association , however, know that revision is the lifeblood of historical scholarship. History is a continuing dialogue , between the present and the past. Interpretations of the past are subject to change in response to new evidence, new questions asked of

11454-534: The evidence, new perspectives gained by the passage of time. There is no single, eternal, and immutable " truth " about past events and their meaning. The unending quest of historians for understanding the past – that is, revisionism – is what makes history vital and meaningful. Without revisionism, we might be stuck with the images of Reconstruction [1865–77] after the American Civil War [1861–65] that were conveyed by D. W. Griffith 's The Birth of

11592-521: The existence of a "certain body of irrefutable evidence" and the existence of a "convergence of evidence", which suggest that an event – such as the Black Death , American slavery , and the Holocaust – did occur; whereas the denialism of history rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence, which is a form of historical negationism. The process of historical revision involves updating

11730-463: The factual record is revised to concord with the contemporary understanding of history. As such, in 1986, the historian John Hope Franklin described four stages in the historiography of the African experience of life in the US, which were based upon different models of historical consensus. The historian Deborah Lipstadt ( Denying the Holocaust : The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory , 1993), and

11868-535: The first month of release, from December 21, 2007 to January 21, 2008. As part of the 30th Anniversary of the Gundam series, the company officially announced a project on March 11, 2009 called Real-G , a plan to build a 1:1 real size scale Gundam in Japan. It was completed in July 2009 and displayed in a Tokyo park then taken down later. The 18-meter tall statue was reconstructed in Shizuoka Prefecture and

12006-489: The following have been released in North America: Games that have been unreleased in countries outside Japan include: Gundam was not popular when it first aired, and in fact came close to being cancelled. The series was originally set to run for 52 episodes but was cut down to 39 by the show's sponsors, which included Clover (the original toymakers for the series). However, the staff was able to negotiate

12144-469: The giant robot genre due to the handling of mobile suits as weapons of war, as well as the portrayal of their pilots as ordinary soldiers. These aspects contrasted with the previous style of portraying hero pilots and their giant super hero robots. Set in a fictional universe ( Universal Century year 0079 according to the Gundam Calendar), the Principality of Zeon has declared independence from

12282-518: The historians Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman ( Denying History : Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It? , 2002), distinguish between historical revisionism and historical negationism, the latter of which is a form of denialism . Lipstadt said that Holocaust deniers , such as Harry Elmer Barnes , disingenuously self-identify as "historical revisionists" to obscure their denialism as academic revision of

12420-430: The historical record to accommodate developments as they arise. The historical record may be revised to accommodate for a number of academic reasons, including the following: The release, discovery, or publicization of documents previously unknown may lead scholars to hold new views of well established events. For example, archived or sealed government records (often related to national security) will become available under

12558-448: The historical record. As such, Lipstadt, Shermer, and Grobman said that legitimate historical revisionism entails the refinement of existing knowledge about a historical event, not a denial of the event, itself; that such refinement of history emerges from the examination of new, empirical evidence, and a re-examination, and consequent re-interpretation of the existing documentary evidence. That legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges

12696-503: The idea of Newtypes. In February 1980, Mobile Suit Gundam was aired in Italy, the first country to broadcast the show outside Japan. Mobile Suit Gundam was also later aired by the anime satellite television network, Animax , across Japan, with the series continuing to be aired on the network currently, and later its respective networks worldwide, including Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and other regions. Hoping to capitalize on

12834-411: The influence of an inapplicable idea of objectivity, we hesitate to present historical problems from our point of view. And we should not think that our point of view, if consciously and critically applied to the problem, will be inferior to that of a writer who naïvely believes... that he has reached a level of objectivity permitting him to present "the events of the past as they actually did happen". As

12972-403: The issue of column versus line to a satisfactory conclusion: "The contemporary sources are... the best evidence and their conclusion is clear: General Compère 's brigade formed into line to attack Kempt 's Light Battalion." The decisive action at Maida took place in less than 15 minutes. It had taken 72 years to rectify a great historian's error about what happened during those minutes. After

13110-444: The look of Gundam ' s characters, Yasuhiko also defined the look of science fiction anime characters in the 1980s in general by extension. Yasuhiko signs his artwork as "YAS". Historical revisionism In historiography , historical revisionism is the reinterpretation of a historical account. It usually involves challenging the orthodox (established, accepted or traditional) scholarly views or narratives regarding

13248-420: The meaning and importance of race and indeed current identities. For example, in schoolbooks' history on Europe, it is possible to read about an event from completely different perspectives. In the Battle of Waterloo , most British, French, Dutch and German schoolbooks slant the battle to emphasise the importance of the contribution of their nations. Sometimes, the name of an event is used to convey political or

13386-474: The means to attend college, become professional historians, and shape a view of history that served their own class, race, and gender interests at the expense of those not so fortunate – and, quite literally, to paper over aspects of history they found uncomfortable. "One is astonished in the study of history", wrote Du Bois in 1935, "at the recurrence of the idea that evil must be forgotten, distorted, skimmed over.... The difficulty, of course, with this philosophy

13524-669: The mid-1990s, Yasuhiko created works such as Joan , a three-volume story of a young French girl living at the time of the Hundred Years' War , whose life parallels that of Joan of Arc ; and Jesus , a two-volume biographical manga about the life of Jesus Christ . Yasuhiko created Ōdō no Inu from 1998 to 2000. In 2000, it earned him an Excellence Prize at the Japan Media Arts Festival . Yasuhiko serialized Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin for ten years, from 2001 to 2011. He stated that, in his mind, " Gundam "

13662-474: The minority, such as feminist historians, ethnic minority historians, those working outside of mainstream academia in smaller and less known universities, or the youngest scholars, essentially historians who have the most to gain and the least to lose in challenging the status quo. In the friction between the mainstream of accepted beliefs and the new perspectives of historical revisionism, received historical ideas are either changed, solidified, or clarified. If over

13800-411: The mothership of the protagonist crew members, is designed with a 3 plane view method by Kunio Okawara, however, it is not specially designed for the anime series Gundam, it was actually a salvaged design from the anime Invincible Steel Man Daitarn 3 . The idea of having a space carrier from Tomino is partly inspired by the earlier science fiction anime Space Battleship Yamato , which he claimed to be

13938-464: The new sources. The revision of the meaning of the Dark Ages is an example. DNA analysis has had an impact in various areas of history either confirming established historical theories or presenting new evidence that undermines the current established historical explanation. Professor Andrew Sherratt , a British prehistorian, was responsible for introducing the work of anthropological writings on

14076-531: The novels. The three novels were translated into English by Frederik Schodt and published by Del Rey Books in September 1990. At the time, there were no officially recognized romanizations of character and mecha names, and a variety of different spellings were being used in the English-language fan community. In the original three novels, therefore, Mr. Schodt wrote the name "Char" as "Sha." "Sha"

14214-641: The numbers killed by Stalin's regime were 20 million or higher. After the Soviet Union dissolved, evidence from the Soviet archives also became available and provided information that led to a significant revision in death toll estimates for the Stalin regime, with estimates in the range from 3 million to 9 million. In post-1991 Russia the KGB archives remained briefly open during 1990's, which helped creation of organisations such as Memorial , which engaged in research of

14352-403: The original Gundam series is still remembered and recognized within the anime fan community . The series revolutionized mecha anime, introducing the new Real Robot genre, and over the years became synonymous with the entire genre for many. As a result, for example, parodies of mecha genre commonly feature homages to Mobile Suit Gundam , thanks to its immediate recognizability. The series

14490-533: The original Japanese audio and the English dub. Bandai released it in two sets in the summer of 2011. The first set was released on September 13, 2011. Following the closure in 2012 of Bandai Entertainment, the series went out of print. At their New York Comic Con 2014 panel, Sunrise announced their plans to re-release all of the Gundam series on home video in North America, starting with the original series. They would be distributed via Right Stuf Inc. They released

14628-430: The page's panel layout, he begins by drawing characters' faces. Also unusually, he inks every part of his manga with a Sakuyo brush, except the panels, which are done first with a fineliner pen. He goes through two or three brushes for a 30-page chapter. Yasuhiko said he does not know how to use white ink, so he inks around negative space that he leaves in. Michael Toole of Anime News Network wrote that by defining

14766-536: The passage of time has allowed for more objective analysis, historians such as Gary D. Sheffield and Richard Holmes observe that the military leadership of the British Army on the Western Front had to cope with many problems that they could not control, such as a lack of adequate military communications, which had not occurred. Furthermore, military leadership improved throughout the war, culminating in

14904-458: The pilot and the mobile suit has also been compared with the Formula One drivers who rely on machines to achieve a goal. In order to give the mechas fast movements, most of the fights were situated in space where there was low gravity. This led to the creation of space colonies as a common setting. In order to explain how a person as young as Amuro could pilot the Gundam, the team came up with

15042-496: The positive contributions of individuals who were previously pictured as villains. Peter Novick writes, "The argument that whatever the moral delinquencies of the robber barons, these were far outweighed by their decisive contributions to American military [and industrial] prowess, was frequently invoked by Allan Nevins." Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the archival revelations, Western historians estimated that

15180-558: The prime minister of Zeon surrenders to the Federation, losing the majority of its industrial capabilities and reverting itself to a republic. However, many remnants of Zeon's military go into hiding and lick their wounds in the hopes of retaliating against the Earth Federation at a time of their choosing. The "Mobile Suits" of the show were inspired by the powered armor from the novel Starship Troopers from 1959. Mobile suits were conceptualized as human-like robots which would not only appeal to children. Yoshiyuki Tomino's original plot for

15318-535: The proclamation of the Argentine Republic in late 1861, its first de facto President, Bartolomé Mitre , wrote the first Argentine historiographical works: Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina and Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana . Although these were criticised by notorious intellectuals such as Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield and Juan Bautista Alberdi and even by some colleagues like Adolfo Saldías , both stated

15456-478: The real world, since it would be a sitting duck from fighter aircraft. Tomino still held a grudge 10 years after the show aired and stated in an interview in Newtype 1989 April issue that the imaginary enemies of Gundam are Sunrise, sponsors and television stations. Tomino compares the machines with religious history in Japan, most notably the worship of Buddha statues located in temples. The relationship between

15594-401: The series have also been written by two manga artists . Despite initial low ratings that caused the series' cancellation, the popularity of Gundam saw a boost from the introduction of Bandai 's Gunpla models in 1980 and from reruns and the theatrical release of the anime, leading to the creation of a prolific and lucrative media and toy franchise. The series is famous for revolutionizing

15732-506: The series on Blu-ray and DVD in October 2015. On July 25, 2015, British anime distributor Anime Limited announced they would release Mobile Suit Gundam in cooperation with Sunrise for the first time in the UK on DVD and Blu-ray. In 1979, before the end of the anime, Yoshiyuki Tomino himself created the first novelizations of the original Gundam anime series. The novels, issued as a series of three books, allowed him to depict his story in

15870-405: The single-paradigm form of writing history, the philosopher of science, Thomas Kuhn , said, in contrast to the quantifiable hard sciences , characterized by a single paradigm, the social sciences are characterized by several paradigms that derive from a "tradition of claims, counterclaims, and debates over [the] fundamentals" of research. On resistance to the works of revised history that present

16008-542: The social situation was much more complex, and the question of what caused the revolution is now closely debated. As non- Latin texts, such as Welsh , Gaelic and the Norse sagas have been analysed and added to the canon of knowledge about the period, and as much more archaeological evidence has come to light, the period known as the Dark Ages has narrowed to the point that many historians no longer believe that such

16146-424: The social, political, and cultural influences change a society, most historians revise and update their explanation of historical events. The old consensus, based upon limited evidence, might no longer be considered historically valid in explaining the particulars: of cause and effect, of motivation and self-interest – that tell How? and Why? the past occurred as it occurred; therefore, the historical revisionism of

16284-545: The sphere of education and science". In chapters on Stalin, he's once again presented as a great tragedy to ordinary Russians and any mentions of repressions have disappeared. Similar changes were introduced in chapters discussing Soviet economy, space program, Brezhnev , collapse of USSR , perestroika and glasnost , where the phrase "freedom of speech" started to be used in scare quotes and presented as something harmful. Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979 which

16422-602: The success of Gundam Wing from the previous year, Bandai Entertainment released a heavily edited and English-dubbed version of Mobile Suit Gundam , premiering on Cartoon Network 's Toonami weekday afternoon after-school action programming block across the United States on Monday, July 23, 2001. The series did not do as well as Wing but the ratings were high enough for the whole series to be aired and to spawn an enormous toy line. Due to 9-11 , Cartoon Network, like many other American TV stations, began pulling, and editing, war-themed content and violent programming, resulting in

16560-471: The success of the Mobile Suit Gundam TV series, in 1981 Tomino reworked the footage into three separate compilation films. The first two films, Mobile Suit Gundam I (also known as Mobile Suit Gundam The Movie ) and Mobile Suit Gundam II: Soldiers of Sorrow , were released in 1981. The third film, Mobile Suit Gundam III: Encounters in Space , was released in 1982. Each of the three films

16698-448: The term . Historians generally believe that the Battle of Agincourt was an engagement in which the English army, overwhelmingly outnumbered four to one by the French army, pulled off a stunning victory. This understanding was especially popularised by Shakespeare 's play Henry V . However, recent research by Professor Anne Curry , using the original enrollment records, has brought into question this interpretation. Though her research

16836-450: The trilogy grossed ¥5.45 billion at the Japanese box office. In 1998, the three compilation films were first released directly to VHS subtitled into English as part of Bandai's AnimeVillage releases, which makes them among the first Gundam works released in English. A year later, Bandai released an English dub of three compilation films in 1999. Featuring the voice of Michael Lindsay as Amuro Ray, and Steve Blum as Char Aznable. Due to

16974-508: The venue. Instead of sitting in a movable cockpit and watching a CG movie, it requires participants to carry handheld devices throughout the attraction to find certain pieces of information, similar to a scavenger hunt , in order to activate the Gundam. The interior of the attraction is a mock-up of a Federation ship, and employees remain in-character inside of the ride. Yoshikazu Yasuhiko Yoshikazu Yasuhiko ( Japanese : 安彦 良和 , Hepburn : Yasuhiko Yoshikazu , born December 9, 1947)

17112-426: The viewers to reach their own conclusion. Additionally, he commented he "packed his frustrations" when making Gundam . Tomino met mechanical designer Kunio Okawara when he first worked in two television series from Sunrise. Tomino liked Okawara's work and asked him to collaborate with him in his upcoming project. Originally, the anime would be called "Gunboy" but it was renamed Mobile Suit Gundam . The White Base ,

17250-462: The war continues well into the year UC 0080 in the novels, whereas it concludes at the beginning of that year in the anime series. In the novel Amuro Ray is killed in the final attack against the Zeonic stronghold of A Baoa Qu when his RX-78-3 is pierced through the torso by a Rick Dom's beam bazooka. This occurs as Char's unit attempts to warn him about Gihren's intention to destroy the fortress and take

17388-431: The war ended. Common charges were that the generals commanding the army were blind to the realities of trench warfare , ignorant of the conditions of their men and unable to learn from their mistakes, thus causing enormous numbers of casualties (" lions led by donkeys "). However, during the 1960s, historians such as John Terraine began to challenge that interpretation. In recent years, as new documents have come forth and

17526-462: The war settled into a bitter stalemate lasting over eight months. The story begins with a newly deployed Federation warship, the White Base , arriving at the secret research base located at the Side 7 colony to pick up the Federation's newest weapon. However, they are closely followed by Zeon forces. A Zeon reconnaissance team member disobeys mission orders and attacks the colony, killing most of

17664-400: Was "simply [...] fascinating", made a major contribution to the series' popularity. He also concludes that "in many respects First Gundam stands for the nostalgic identifying values of everything that anime itself represents". The series has been praised by Anime News Network for the way it portrays war with Amuro facing traumatic moments as a result of killing enemy soldiers in his becoming of

17802-475: Was a huge success. Audiences were expecting another Super Robot TV show, and instead found Gundam , the first work of anime in an entirely new genre: the Real Robot genre. The Anime ranked #2 on Wizard's Anime Magazine on their "Top 50 Anime released in North America", and is regarded as changing the concept of Japanese robot anime and the turning point of history in Japan. Despite being released in 1979,

17940-488: Was at the request of Yoshiyuki Tomino, as he felt that it was not on par with the other episodes, resulting in the episode becoming a "lost episode" of sorts. Despite this, the episode was included on Japanese DVD and Blu-ray releases, and was dubbed in Italian in the early 1980s. At the 2010 New York Comic Con / New York Anime Festival , Bandai Entertainment announced that they would re-release Mobile Suit Gundam with both

18078-690: Was honored with a special award for lifetime achievement at the 44th Japan Academy Film Prize in 2021. He also received a lifetime achievement award at the 2022 film awards held by the Agency for Cultural Affairs . Yasuhiko stated that the 2022 film Mobile Suit Gundam: Cucuruz Doan's Island , which he directed, would be his last work in animation. As a child, Yasuhiko was particularly fond of Mitsuteru Yokoyama 's art. His own manga are known for their action scenes. Yasuhiko does not create memos , sketches or names in advance, he draws directly onto manuscript BB Kent paper in pencil. Unusually, after deciding

18216-410: Was in use in some circles. Some North American fans, already attached to particular spellings, took great umbrage at Schodt's renditions, forgetting that in the original Japanese most character and mecha names are written in katakana , and that there were, therefore, no "official spellings." Many years later, when the Gundam series was finally licensed in North America, the rights holders came up with

18354-609: Was presented as Soviet contribution into the fight against radical Islamism, completely contradicting both Soviet and post-Soviet narratives. Also, since 2014, Russian law enforcement started to prosecute public statements which do not comply with the current version of Russian history. Article 354.1 of Criminal Code of Russia which makes "rehabilitation of Nazism" a crime has been applied both to actual statements praising Nazism , but also to statements which recalled Nazi-Soviet cooperation 1939–1941 or Soviet war crimes conducted in other countries. In some cases article 20.3 of Code of

18492-428: Was rearranged and in some cases removed from some scenes. The vocal songs are rearranged also, especially in the closing credits of the second and third films. Bandai Visual has announced the re-release of the Mobile Suit Gundam films on DVD from new HD masters and with the original, theatrical, mono audio mix. This boxed set was released in Japan on December 21, 2007. On May 18, 2010, Bandai Entertainment re-released

18630-492: Was released on June 3, 2022. There have been three manga series based on Mobile Suit Gundam . One was written by Yū Okazaki between 1979 and 1980 and compiled into two volumes. Another is Mobile Suit Gundam 0079 by Kazuhisa Kondo. It was published in Dengeki Comics from 1993 to 2005 in a total of twelve tankōbon volumes. Viz Media published its first nine volumes in English between 2000 and 2003. The third manga

18768-560: Was taken down in March 2011. In August 2011 it was dismantled only to reopen in Odaiba, Tokyo on April 19, 2012. It stood Odaiba along with a gift shop called "Gundam Front Tokyo" until it was dismantled in March 2016. Most of the critical response to the series has been due to the setting and characters. John Oppliger observes that the characters of Amuro Ray , to whom the young Japanese of that time could easily relate, and Char Aznable , who

18906-433: Was the first of his work which featured humans as antagonists. The director commented he wanted to tell a story about war. He aimed to expose through art the horrors of the Japanese wartime aggression in Manchuria in 1939. Tomino did not wish to revise history and wanted to use the story to force viewers to confront the tragic realities of war. The director was originally unwilling to discuss the message of his work, expecting

19044-549: Was the first winner of the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize, in 1979 and the first half of 1980. In the top 100 anime from Animage , Gundam was twenty-fourth. The magazine Wizard listed the series as the second best anime of all time. By the end of 2007, each episode of the original TV series averaged a sales figure of 80,928 copies, including all of the different formats it was published in (VHS, LD, DVD, etc.). The first DVD box set sold over 100,000 copies in

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