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37-556: Although the MLD was formed in 1914, with the building of a seaplane base at De Mok , Texel , it developed slowly in the inter-war years due to limited budget. After the graduation of the first pilot group in 1915, on August 18, 1917, the MLD was founded under official decree and De Mok became the main base. At this time, the emphasis was on seaplane operations in the Dutch East Indies where Dornier Wal aircraft enabled patrols of

74-494: A Supermarine Sea Otter flying boat was carried, it was replaced by a Sikorsky S-51 helicopter. From 1958, she operated with an ASW/Strike profile with up to 14 Grumman TBF Avenger ASW/torpedo bombers, 10 Hawker Sea Hawk fighters (a first generation naval jet fighter considered by the larger naval powers to be undersized and nearly obsolete at the time of delivery to the Dutch) and 2 Sikorsky S-55 ASW helicopters. In 1960,

111-675: A few Japanese aircraft and inflicted some casualties on Japanese personnel on the ground. That was not enough to stop the Japanese, and eventually the MLD was forced to evacuate to Ceylon and Australia. They lost 95% of their aircraft and 50% of their personnel. On March 3, 1942, nine MLD Dornier and Catalina flying boats were destroyed in the Japanese air attack on Broome , in Australia. About 58 MLD personnel were killed, wounded, or missing. Later that year, on July 1 in Ceylon , 321 Squadron

148-728: A population of 13,643 in North Holland , Netherlands . It is the largest and most populated island of the West Frisian Islands in the Wadden Sea . The island is situated north of Den Helder , northeast of Noorderhaaks , and southwest of Vlieland . The name Texel is Frisian , but because of historical sound-changes in Dutch , where all -x- sounds have been replaced with -s- sounds (compare for instance English fox , Frisian fokse , German Fuchs with Dutch vos ),

185-408: A third of Texel is a protected nature reserve. A wetland called Utopia has been designed for birds to nest in. Texel has an oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ) that is heavily influenced by its offshore position. The annual average high oscillation is between 5 °C (41 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). While winters are similar to mainland areas, summers remain cooler. The relative proximity to

222-609: A voyage to the Netherlands Antilles on 2 January 1950. Embarked on Karel Doorman was Prince Bernhard . The ships returned to the Netherlands on 4 May. In 1954, during a North American cruise, she visited Montreal, Quebec , Canada for an air show appearance. Early in 1959 the ship made a trip to the United States ( Newport, Rhode Island and Fort Lauderdale, Florida ) and then continued on to visit

259-501: Is 162.00 square kilometres. The highest point of the island is the dune "Bertusnol" (also "Nol van Bertus"), which is situated in the Dunes of Texel National Park , at 19.6 m. The dune landscape on Texel is an important habitat for wildlife. Notable areas include De Slufter , where the tide comes in and meets the dunes, forming a marshy environment rich in both fauna and flora. In winter, birds of prey and geese take up residence. About

296-405: Is neither navy nor air force. No. 7 Squadron is to become a small training squadron, while 860 Squadron will become much larger and is designated DHC's maritime squadron with a large navy component. NAS de Kooy was renamed Maritime Airstation de Kooy. Texel Texel ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈtɛsəl] ; Texels dialect: Tessel ) is a municipality and an island with

333-414: Is situated north of the city of Den Helder , northeast of the uninhabited island of Noorderhaaks , which is part of the municipality, and southwest of the island of Vlieland . The island of Texel was originally made up of two islands, Texel proper to the south and Eierland to the northeast, which were connected by shoals . In the early seventeenth century, the islands were connected by a dyke to keep

370-527: The North Sea from ravaging the coastal areas of Texel proper. In the mid-nineteenth century a polder completed the northern half of the island. Today, Texel forms the largest natural barrier between the North Sea and the Wadden Sea . The dune landscape along the western coast of the island is protected as Dunes of Texel National Park . The island is 23.7 km long and 9.6 km wide, its surface

407-494: The 1960 crisis, Indonesia prepared for a military action named Operation Trikora . For an invasion, the Indonesian Air Forces (TNI-AU) hoped to sink this aircraft carrier with Soviet-supplied Tupolev Tu-16KS-1 Badger naval bombers using AS-1 Kennel / KS-1 Kometa anti-ship missiles (six planes were intended for the attack on Karel Doorman ). This bomber launched missile strike mission was cancelled because of

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444-475: The 350th anniversary of the establishment of Japanese-Dutch diplomatic relations but, due to Indonesian and local protests, Japan withdrew its invitation. After the 1964 refit, Karel Doorman served the rest of her career mostly conducting NATO anti-submarine patrols in the north Atlantic, no longer carrying strike or fighter aircraft as part of her regular air wing. Karel Doorman also regularly conducted various exercises near Scotland during her career. During

481-657: The Antilles again. In 1960, during the Dutch decolonization and planned independence of Western New Guinea , a territory which was also claimed by Indonesia , Karel Doorman set sail along with two destroyers and a modified oil tanker to "show the flag". In order to avoid possible problems with Indonesia's ally Egypt at the Suez Canal , she instead sailed around the Horn of Africa. She arrived in Fremantle , Australia, where

518-484: The Netherlands. The intention was to return to the Netherlands and to participate in the war against Japan. After liberation, the main MLD base was established at Valkenburg , with De Kooy as the overhaul and repair base. The British escort carrier HMS  Nairana was obtained on a two-year loan from the Royal Navy and renamed HNLMS Karel Doorman . In March 1948 a light fleet carrier, HMS  Venerable ,

555-683: The Royal Netherlands Navy received 17 Canadian built Grumman S-2 Tracker ASW aircraft formerly used by the Royal Canadian Navy . Changing roles to a dedicated NATO antisubmarine warfare carrier, a wing of 8 Grumman S-2 Trackers and 6 Sikorsky S-58 ASW helicopters served aboard from 1961 until the 1968 shipboard fire and removal from Dutch service. From 1959, Dutch Sea Hawks were equipped with Sidewinder missiles that significantly enhanced and extended their air-to-air combat capabilities. While never engaged in combat,

592-655: The Wilton-Fijenoord shipyard in Rotterdam. In 1969, it was decided that the costs for repairing the damage in relation to the relatively short time Karel Doorman was still to serve in the fleet proved to be her undoing and she was sold to the Argentine Navy , renamed Veinticinco de Mayo , where she would later play a role in the 1982 Falklands War . In the late 1960s, the NATO anti-submarine commitment

629-495: The ceasefire between Indonesia and the Netherlands; this led to a Dutch withdrawal and United Nations temporary peacekeeping administration followed by handover of Western New Guinea to Indonesia. In 1964, following the settlement of issues threatening its former colonial territories and changes in the mission for the Royal Netherlands Navy within NATO , coupled with the huge costs for operating and maintaining an aircraft carrier, it

666-550: The end of the Second World War in 1945, the Georgian uprising on Texel took place on the island. Following a German decision to redeploy Georgian soldiers to the mainland, they revolted and killed hundreds of their German comrades while they slept. The uprising lasted from 5 April 1945 until 20 May 1945, two weeks after V-E Day . At that point, Canadian troops arrived and arranged for the two sides to separately leave

703-596: The island. For that reason, the uprising is often referred to as the final battle of the Second World War in Europe. Hundreds of Georgians who died fighting against the Germans are buried in a special cemetery on Texel commonly known as the "Russian cemetery". The municipality lies north of the mainland of the province of North Holland and west of the mainland of the province of Friesland . The island of Texel

740-575: The large archipelago in 1926. The perceived threat from Nazi Germany in the 1930s accelerated the development of air capability and the purchase of new equipment. The German invasion of the Netherlands on May 10, 1940, rapidly overwhelmed Dutch resistance and the MLD aircraft were redeployed to France before the Dutch formally surrendered on 15 May. Shortly after, the MLD was ordered to Britain, where Dutch personnel formed No. 320 Squadron RAF , Coastal Command , in June 1940. A second squadron, 321 Squadron ,

777-461: The local seamen's union went on strike in sympathy with Indonesia; the crew used the propeller thrust of aircraft chained down on deck to nudge the carrier into dock without tugs. In addition to her air wing, she was ferrying twelve Hawker Hunter fighters to bolster the local Dutch defence forces, which she delivered when she arrived at Hollandia, New Guinea. Karel Doorman was also to have visited Yokohama , Japan during this Asian cruise to celebrate

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814-812: The mainland still renders heat bursts to reach Texel with five months having recorded temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F). While the island is relatively rainy, the precipitation is generally quite even and moderate throughout most of the year although there is a dry peak in late spring and a rain peak in autumn. The tourism industry forms a substantial part of the economy in Texel. Approximately 70% of activities on Texel are in some way related to tourism. Popular forms of tourism on Texel include cycling, walking, swimming and horse riding. Farming (sheep, potatoes, dairy, tulips, and grain) and fishing (primarily from Oudeschild ) are traditional. The municipal council of Texel consists of 15 seats, which are divided as follows (from

851-476: The most recent election results in 2022 : Transport around the island is typically by bicycle, bus (Texelhopper) or car. The island has an extensive cycle path network. It is connected to the mainland via a ferry operated by Royal TESO from Den Helder , and by air via Texel International Airport . The ferry Texelstroom uses 80% compressed natural gas . HNLMS Karel Doorman (R81) HNLMS Karel Doorman (R81) ( Dutch : Hr.Ms. Karel Doorman (R81) )

888-495: The name is typically pronounced Tessel in Dutch. The All Saints' Flood (1170) created the islands of Texel and Wieringen from North Holland . In the 13th century Ada, Countess of Holland was held prisoner on Texel by her uncle, William I, Count of Holland . Texel received city rights in 1415. The first Dutch expedition to the Northwest Passage departed from the island on the 5th of June, 1594. Texel

925-520: The same name while in Dutch service. In 1955-58 she was rebuilt with an 8° angled flight deck, new elevators, new island, 40 mm anti-aircraft guns, steam catapult, and all new aviation facilities and electronics were fitted, including a Dutch-built new radar. At the same time, a similar Dutch rebuild was done to her sister ship, the Minas Gerais . Karel Doorman , frigate Johan Maurits van Nassau , and light cruiser Jacob van Heemskerck made

962-673: Was a Colossus -class aircraft carrier of the Royal Netherlands Navy . Formerly the British ship HMS  Venerable , she was sold to the Netherlands in 1948 as a light attack carrier. In 1960, she was involved in the decolonization conflict in Western New Guinea with Indonesia . In the mid 1960s, her role was changed to anti-submarine warfare carrier and only ASW aircraft and helicopters were carried. An engine room fire took her out of service in 1968. She

999-644: Was also formed, but later merged with 320 Squadron. Other MLD personnel served on MAC ships in the Fleet Air Arm 's 860 and 861 Naval Air Squadrons , flying the Fairey Swordfish . At this time efforts were made to strengthen the MLD in the Dutch East Indies . When the war started in December 1941, the MLD numbered 130 aircraft. The main types were 37 Dornier Do 24 K-1 flying boats and 36 Consolidated PBY-5 Catalina flying boats. The major base

1036-634: Was announced that NAS Valkenburg would close in 2006. All the Orions were sold to Germany (8) and Portugal (5). Naval squadrons 320 and 321 were disbanded. In 2008, the navy helicopters (Westland Lynx) and crews of naval squadrons 7 and 860 based at NAS de Kooy were transferred to the Defence Helicopter Command (DHC) as were the Dutch Air Force helicopters. All Dutch military helicopters are now under one single command which

1073-545: Was at Morokrembangan Naval Air Base near Soerabaja in eastern Java . The MLD had secondary bases as well as seaplane tenders that enabled it to spread out and cover the entire Netherlands East Indies. It was organized into 18 squadrons (GVT, Groep Vliegtuigen ) of about three aircraft each to provide reconnaissance, anti-submarine patrols, convoy escort in support of Dutch forces. The MLD did not have radar. The MLD fought about 95 combat actions, sank one Japanese ship (the destroyer Shinonome ), damaged some others, shot down

1110-489: Was decided to withdraw her from the operational fleet by the early 1970s. This was to coincide with the arrival of long range maritime patrol aircraft that were to take over the ASW role Karel Doorman had been tasked to perform ever since the start of the 1960s. A boiler room fire on 26 April 1968 removed her from Dutch service. To repair the fire damage, new boilers were transplanted from the incomplete HMS  Leviathan , at

1147-659: Was involved in the Battle of Camperdown during the French Revolutionary Wars . During the First World War in 1914, the Battle off Texel took place off the coast of Texel. On the night of 31 August 1940, the sea to the northwest of Texel was the scene of the sinking of two Royal Navy destroyers and the severe damage of a third by German mines in what is known as the Texel Disaster . At

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1184-945: Was involved in the Battle of Scheveningen (1653) during the First Anglo-Dutch War and the Battle of Texel (1673) during the Third Anglo-Dutch War . During the American Revolutionary War , Texel was used as a port by Continental Navy officer John Paul Jones after the battle of Flamborough Head off the Yorkshire coast in September 1779. In the battle, Jones captured the Royal Navy frigate Serapis , which he sailed to Texel for desperately needed repairs. This event further complicated Anglo-Dutch relations. In 1797, Texel

1221-851: Was known as the group aircraft . Helicopters were stationed in De Kooy and on ships and were known as the group helicopters . 860 Squadron remained in service to operate the remaining NH90 helicopters, but as part of the Defence Helicopter Command . In the late 1960s, the aircraft carrier was replaced in the anti-submarine role by a squadron of Westland Wasp helicopters operated from anti-submarine frigates. These helicopters were replaced by Westland Lynxs , and these were replaced themselves by NH90 helicopters. 320 and 321 Squadrons operated 19 Neptunes (1961–1982) and 9 Breguet Atlantic (1969–1984), which were later replaced by 13 Lockheed P-3 Orion CUP (1982–2005). In 2003, it

1258-630: Was purchased from the Royal Navy to replace the loaned one, and also renamed HNLMS  Karel Doorman . Aircraft carried aboard included the fighter-reconnaissance and anti-submarine Fairey Firefly . The main roles of the MLD were maritime patrol, anti-submarine warfare and search and rescue. From 1953, with the creation of NATO, the MLD received substantial aid from the US, including 12 Lockheed PV-2 Harpoon , Lockheed P2V Neptune , Grumman TBF Avenger and 43 Grumman S-2 Tracker (1955–1974) aircraft. 320 and 321 Squadrons were stationed at NAS Valkenburg and

1295-647: Was re-formed under the command of Willem van Prooijen, with MLD Catalinas. The PBYs in Australia were transferred to Ceylon, and the surviving Dorniers were sold to the Australian government. The flight school was relocated to the United States. The Royal Netherlands Military Flying School (see nl:Royal Netherlands Military Flying School ) was established in the United States , at Jackson Field (also known as Hawkins Field), Jackson, Mississippi , operating lend-lease aircraft, training all military aircrew for

1332-500: Was sold to Argentina in 1969 and renamed ARA  Veinticinco de Mayo . Built at Cammell Laird in Birkenhead on 3 December 1942, Venerable was launched just over a year later and commissioned on 17 January 1945. In 1948, Venerable ' s short career in the Royal Navy came to an end when she was sold to the Netherlands and recommissioned as HNLMS Karel Doorman , replacing a smaller Nairana -class escort carrier of

1369-446: Was taken over by a squadron of Westland Wasp helicopters operated from six Van Speijk -class anti-submarine frigates and two squadrons of shore based maritime patrol aircraft. These were one squadron of Breguet Atlantique sea-reconnaissance aircraft and one of P-2 Neptunes . First deploying as an attack carrier with 24 World War II era propeller driven Fairey Firefly strike fighters and Hawker Sea Fury fighters, for sea rescue

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