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63-746: Rohmer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Ann Rohmer (born 1958), Canadian television personality Éric Rohmer (1920–2010), French film director Paul Rohmer (1876–1977), French physician Richard Rohmer (born 1924), Canadian military aviator and novelist Sax Rohmer (1883–1959), English novelist Stascha Rohmer (born 1966), German philosopher Fictional [ edit ] Betty Rohmer , fictional character in Dead Like Me See also [ edit ] Roamer (disambiguation) Romer (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

126-634: A "television service" in the eyes of the CRTC since 2000, when it allowed its network licence to expire. CBC, Radio-Canada , TVA and Aboriginal Peoples Television Network are the only official television networks in Canada (CTV was issued a separate network licence in 2001 to continue to provide programming to CHFD Thunder Bay, CJBN Kenora, and CITL Lloydminster). CTV lost significant coverage in British Columbia and Newfoundland and Labrador at

189-499: A car accident at the age of 14. Although this ended her skating career, it has not stopped her from playing tennis , being an aerobics instructor and participating in both water and downhill skiing . For her primary and secondary education, Rohmer attended the Branksome Hall all-girls private school before transferring to the public Northern Secondary School in her final year of high school, graduating in 1974. As

252-592: A cooperative group to share Canadian programming among the stations. This led to the July 1960 formation of the Independent Television Organization (ITO), consisting of the eight newly licensed private stations and CFRN, each having one vote in the ITO's operations regardless of the size of its audience (CFTM, being a French-language station and therefore having little reason to collaborate with

315-500: A daily interactive talk show after City News at Noon that gave viewers the chance to comment on specific news. In February 2002, she also took on hosting duties for CP24's new real estate show, Hot Property . She has also hosted Animal House Calls . Rohmer sometimes filled-in as host of HomePage for Jee-Yun Lee and Perfect Fit for Tonya Rouse. She also anchored the new CP24 program More On CP24 (added news coverage during commercial breaks of Citytv's Breakfast Television ),

378-657: A former partner in CTV (via ATV), and at that point one of Canada's largest broadcasters. While CTVglobemedia kept CHUM's radio stations along with the A-Channel television stations and most of CHUM's specialty channels, the Citytv stations were sold off to Rogers as required by the conditions the CRTC placed upon CTV when approving the CHUM purchase. Bell Globemedia was renamed CTVglobemedia on January 1, 2007. In March 2009, CTV became

441-1682: A full Global station, adopting a schedule similar to nearby Global station CKND-DT in Winnipeg. The move left CITL-DT in Lloydminster as the sole remaining CTV affiliate not owned by the network until 2014. It was announced in June 2014, that CKPR-DT in Thunder Bay, Ontario would change affiliations from CBC to CTV on September 1, 2014, resulting in Thunder Bay having a CTV affiliate again. On May 20, 2015, Corus Entertainment announced an agreement with Bell Media to switch its three CBC affiliates in Ontario to CTV: CHEX-DT Peterborough , CHEX-TV-2 Oshawa , and CKWS-DT Kingston . The affiliation switch went into effect on August 31, 2015. The network's programming consists mainly of hit American series (such as The Amazing Race , The Big Bang Theory , Blue Bloods , Castle , CSI , The Good Doctor , Grey's Anatomy , The Mentalist , The Michael J. Fox Show , Unforgettable and The X Factor ), but it has also had success with Canadian-made shows such as Due South , Power Play , Degrassi: The Next Generation , Corner Gas , Instant Star , The Eleventh Hour , Flashpoint , The Listener , Canadian Idol , MasterChef Canada and The Amazing Race Canada . CTV also regularly produces and airs Canadian-made television movies, often based on stories from Canadian news or Canadian history, under

504-424: A multi-year agreement with Viacom , expanding on past programming agreements between the two channels. Canadian users attempting to visit Comedy Central websites are redirected to The Comedy Network's website, and vice versa for American users. The Canadian channel kept its own brand name, but the agreement is otherwise very similar to the earlier CTV/Viacom deal for MTV Canada . Historically, CTV Sports existed as

567-461: A program produced by Crossroads Christian Communications , for the 2019/2020 season. She currently hosts two shows on York Region radio station CFMS-FM , The Feed , a weekly local newsmagazine show covering York Region, and interview show In Conversation with Ann Rohmer . On August 19, 2022, she registered to run as a candidate for Toronto City Council but ended her campaign on August 28 due to "unforeseen family issues". Her name remained on

630-527: A stand-alone division; with CTV's purchase of cable network TSN in 2001, TSN has assumed responsibility for all sports output on CTV since. In early 2005, CTV was part of the consortium that won the Canadian broadcast rights to Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics hosted by Canada itself and the London 2012 Summer Olympics . CBC had consistently won Olympic broadcast rights from the 1996 Summer Olympics through to

693-413: A university student, she began acting in television commercials as a means of earning extra money. Her desire to write and edit the scripts sparked a desire to work as a television presenter. During the 1970s, she worked as a flight attendant for Air Canada . In 1979, she landed her first major television gig hosting the syndicated program ShowBiz where she interviewed celebrities. Afterwards, she

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756-534: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Ann Rohmer Rohmer's father is Richard Rohmer , an officer with the Royal Canadian Air Force . She grew up in Don Mills . Her mother was Mary Olivia Whiteside Rohmer, a grade school teacher. Rohmer was trained by top figure skating coach Sheldon Galbraith, Rohmer competed at the provincial level until she was involved in

819-508: The 2008 Summer Olympics , the 1996 Summer Olympics being held in their main fiction TV series source, the United States. CTV and V (now Noovo and previously TQS) were the primary broadcasters, with TSN , RDS and Sportsnet providing supplementary coverage. CTV promised to broadcast 22 hours per day of event coverage during the 2012 Olympics; regular CTV programming was reallocated to CTV's secondary television system CTV Two during

882-534: The Live 8 concerts, which was watched by over 10.5 million people – nearly one-third the country's population – at some point during the day; however, the average audience was much lower. According to at least one source, it was the most-watched program by this standard in Canadian history. On June 27, 2007, CTV and The Comedy Network gained exclusive Canadian rights to the entire Comedy Central library of past and current programs on all electronic platforms, under

945-441: The surname Rohmer . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohmer&oldid=1073251139 " Categories : Surnames French-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

1008-443: The 'Live at Noon' newscast and various CP24 weekday talk shows. In March 2009 she began hosting CP24 Breakfast . In June 2010, Rohmer resigned her primary duties at CP24. She received an on-air sendoff and a massive party to celebrate her career at the station. Her new position was supposed to be outside broadcasting. But in the fall of 2010, she returned to her regular weekday morning anchoring duties at CP24. CP24 did not address

1071-514: The BBG in April 1960 to pitch a second-station network proposal of his own. Under his plan, at least 51% of the shares of the network would be owned by various prominent Bay Street investors who had previously backed his Toronto station bid; only 49% would be reserved for the network's affiliates to purchase, if they wished. The BBG – and particularly its chair Andrew Stewart (who at the time also served as

1134-566: The CBC opened its own stations or added rebroadcasters of nearby O&O stations. In a unique twist, the original Saskatchewan affiliate, CHAB/CHRE, was bought by the CBC in 1969 (and eventually changed its calls to CBKT , with the Regina station as the main station), allowing Regina's original station, CKCK-TV , to join CTV. Its attempt to expand to the United States ended when Buffalo's three network affiliates threatened legal action, forcing WNYP off

1197-497: The CBC's television service . Calgary and Edmonton were served by privately owned CBC affiliates ; the other six markets by CBC owned-and-operated stations (O&Os). The nine winners, in order of their first sign-on, were: The first eight stations were privately owned; the Edmonton station was a CBC O&O, thus CFRN-TV , the existing local station, would lose its CBC affiliation once CBXT signed on. Even before his station

1260-478: The ITO faced off in a series of meetings with the BBG. The ITO decided not to follow through with a formal network application, but the stations – particularly Baton, which said it had no interest in participating in CTN and believed it could still be successful without one – continued to indicate various concerns with the viability of Caldwell's proposal. Ultimately, the BBG granted a licence to CTN, conditional on securing

1323-560: The ITO, not CTV. In many cases, CTV found itself competing with its own stations for the rights to programming. Caldwell's departure in 1965 did little to alleviate the situation, and CTV soon found itself on the verge of bankruptcy. In 1966, the network's affiliates (which by this time included CJON-TV in St. John's , CKCO-TV in Kitchener , CHAB-TV/CHRE-TV in Moose Jaw / Regina , and

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1386-971: The Olympics. On May 22, 2007, it was announced that CTV had acquired the broadcast rights to the National Football League early-afternoon Sunday games, the full NFL playoffs, and the Super Bowl , starting with the 2007 NFL season , effectively ending a lengthy association between the NFL and Global . TSN, a sports channel co-owned with CTV, airs primetime NFL games and produces the CTV broadcasts in tandem with CBS and Fox . CTV carries its high-definition feed broadcasting at 1080i . The following CTV stations are available in HD on digital terrestrial television (DTT): On November 19, 2003, CTV launched an HD simulcast of its Toronto station CFTO-DT, with

1449-513: The affiliation of six of the eight ITO stations. Baton's opposition to the CTN reversed in early 1961, soon after CFTO won the broadcast rights to the Canadian Football League Eastern Conference for the 1961 and 1962 seasons. Baton's original plan was to operate a temporary network to distribute the games incorporating CFTO, other independent stations, and CBC affiliates in smaller markets (assuming

1512-677: The air. CTV made a name for itself in news coverage when it convinced star CBC news anchor Lloyd Robertson to switch networks in 1976. (Robertson served as the network's main anchorman until 2011). Its weekly newsmagazine series, W5 , has been a fixture on the network since 1966, predating the similar American program 60 Minutes by two years. In the 1970s, CTV often bought rights to pop and rock songs to serve as theme music for its programming, rather than commissioning original themes. Most notably, W5 used an instrumental portion of Supertramp 's " Fool's Overture ", Canada AM used an instrumental version of The Moody Blues ' "Ride My See-Saw",

1575-423: The ballot, however, as the deadline to withdraw had passed. Rohmer has married and divorced three times, including to Canadian downhill skier and Olympic medalist Steve Podborski : they were married from 1984 until their divorce in 1986. Rohmer has received the following awards: CTV Television Network The CTV Television Network , commonly known as CTV (an acronym of Canadian Television since

1638-562: The banners CTV Signature Series or CTV Movie . News programming consists of the nightly CTV National News ; national morning program Your Morning on CTV stations in Eastern Canada; local morning program CTV Morning Live on CTV stations in Western Canada; local newscasts branded as CTV News ; and newsmagazines W-Five and Question Period , which interviews politicians and recaps political events during

1701-647: The beginning of the 21st century, starting with a major television realignment in Vancouver . In 2000, Canwest Global bought the television stations of Western International Communications , which owned long-standing CTV affiliates CHAN in Vancouver and CHEK-TV in Victoria . A year later, after its CTV contract ran out, Canwest made CHAN the Global owned-and-operated station for British Columbia, taking advantage of CHAN's massive network of repeaters that cover 97% of

1764-485: The deal, Baton was allowed to vote Electrohome's shares in addition to its own. The following year, Baton acquired Electrohome's share of the joint venture, and separately acquired ATV from CHUM. This gave Baton a 57.2% controlling interest in the network, triggering a put option allowing the remaining affiliates, WIC (which by this time owned both CHAN and CFCF) and Moffat (owner of CKY), to sell their CTV shares to Baton without selling their stations, which they did. Baton

1827-613: The duration of the Caldwell era, yet nonetheless would later claim to have been a "charter member" of the network. The network finally launched as the CTV Television Network on October 1, 1961. The CBC had objected to the network's initial name, apparently claiming it had exclusive rights to the term "Canadian", and therefore the letters "CTV" have no official expanded meaning. The CTV network's first night on-air began with Harry Rasky 's promotional documentary on

1890-581: The early 1980s through the mid-1990s despite the presence of CFCF; the CJOH rebroadcaster reaches the western portion of the Montreal area. CTV's cooperative structure regularly led to conflicts between the network's owner-affiliates. In particular, the owners of CFCF, CJOH, and especially CHAN felt that Baton Broadcasting , owners of flagship CFTO in Toronto, dominated production of network programming. In

1953-483: The fees for additional CTV programming beyond what CJON claimed it could pay. Newfoundland Broadcasting also did not want to continue to carry CTV's national advertising during these programs. At the start of the 2002–03 season, CJON became an independent station and dropped most CTV programming except for national newscasts; in exchange, it provides news coverage of Newfoundland and Labrador events to CTV. In recent years, all of CTV's non-news programming has disappeared from

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2016-482: The first Canadian television network to offer its programming online in high definition . CTV affiliate CHFD in Thunder Bay , Ontario left the network on February 12, 2010, after being unable to reach an agreement on new affiliation terms; CHFD instead became a full-time Global affiliate. CFTO was offered as part of the basic package to Thunder Bay cable subscribers for the duration of the 2010 Winter Olympics ;

2079-483: The four Northern Ontario stations, known collectively as CTV Northern Ontario (then known as MCTV), each had their local news production cut back in the early 2000s to one single centrally produced newscast for each region, with only brief inserts for news of strictly local interest. This was a controversial move in all of the affected communities, especially in Northern Ontario where MCTV's newscasts were

2142-660: The game show Definition used Quincy Jones ' " Soul Bossa Nova " and the CTV Movie used the Keith Mansfield instrumental "Statement" from the KPM Musichouse library. For most of its first four decades, CTV did not have what could be considered a main schedule outside of news programming. The differences were enough that Ottawa's CJOH used a rebroadcaster in Cornwall to feed cable systems in Montreal from

2205-554: The governing body of Canadian broadcasting, effectively ending the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 's (CBC) dual role as regulator and broadcaster. The new board's first act was to take applications for "second" television stations in Halifax , Montreal (in both English and French ), Ottawa , Toronto , Winnipeg , Calgary , Edmonton , and Vancouver in response to an outcry for an alternative to

2268-627: The logo ident of 1998), is a Canadian English-language terrestrial television network. Launched in 1961 and acquired by BCE Inc. in 2000, CTV is Canada's largest privately owned television network and is now a division of the Bell Media subsidiary of BCE. It is Canada's largest privately or commercially owned network consisting of 22 owned-and-operated stations nationwide and two privately owned affiliates, and has consistently been placed as Canada's top- rated network in total viewers and in key demographics since 2002, after several years trailing

2331-723: The mid-1980s, Baton began a drive to take over CTV by buying as many affiliates as possible. Having already bought CFQC-TV in Saskatoon in 1971, Baton purchased additional stations in Saskatchewan – including CTV affiliates CKCK-TV Regina, CICC-TV Yorkton , and CIPA-TV Prince Albert – in 1986. Baton then purchased CJOH in 1988, followed by the MCTV and Huron Broadcasting stations, which included four CTV affiliates in Northern Ontario , in 1990. One caveat, however,

2394-429: The network attempted to alter its affiliation agreement in a way that Newfoundland Broadcasting found unfair. Since joining CTV, CJON had aired the base network schedule essentially for free since CTV paid it for the airtime. The station then bought additional CTV programming and sold all advertising. However, CTV tried to make CJON pay for the base schedule as well, with no possibility of airtime payments. It also increased

2457-469: The network's first and only U.S. affiliate, WNYP-TV in Jamestown, New York ) sought permission to buy the network and run it as a cooperative. The BBG was initially skeptical of the proposal. Since CFTO was by far the largest and richest station (it was more than double the size of the next-largest station, Montreal's CFCF-TV), the BBG feared that CFTO would dominate CTV if the stations were allowed to buy

2520-463: The network, and provide a path for a single company to eventually take control. The restructuring took effect in January 1993, and CTV converted from a cooperative to a corporation. Seven of the owner-affiliates invested equally, yielding a 14.3% stake in the network for each; however, Newfoundland Broadcasting, owner of CJON, decided not to invest further and effectively relinquished its vote, reducing

2583-635: The network. CHAN owner Western International Communications purchased Selkirk Communications and Allarcom, which together owned several independent stations in Alberta and Ontario. CHUM Limited , owner of the CTV-affiliated ATV system serving the Maritimes, already owned independent station CITY-TV in Toronto, and by this point had begun launching national cable channels like MuchMusic . Even Baton added some stations outside of CTV, with

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2646-496: The network. To alleviate these concerns, the affiliates promised that each station owner would have one vote regardless of its audience share. The board readily approved the proposal, and by the start of the 1966–67 season, the stations owned their network. The network also began broadcasting in colour on September 1, 1966. By the mid-1970s, CTV had expanded its footprint across Canada, mostly by twinstick arrangements in smaller cities, and with CBC affiliates switching to CTV once

2709-440: The new network. That was followed by a fall season preview program. CTV's initial 1961–1962 season began with the following programs, five of which were Canadian productions: Other series such as Telepoll and A Kin to Win were introduced later in the inaugural season. At first, flagship CFTO was the only station that carried programming live. During CBC's off-hours, CTV used CBC's microwave system to send programming to

2772-455: The number of active voting members to seven. As part of the restructuring, the stations also agreed to reduce the number of hours of network programming, allowing Baton and WIC to program more of their stations' schedules with their own acquisitions. In 1996, Baton acquired CFCN from Rogers Communications . Significantly, Baton also acquired Rogers' CTV vote. It also started a joint venture with Electrohome , owner of CFRN and CKCO. As part of

2835-542: The only locally oriented news programs in those markets. In 2000, typical of the ownership consolidation trend at the time, BCE Inc. acquired CTV, Netstar Communications , and The Globe and Mail newspaper, combining them into a media division known as Bell Globemedia (BGM). BGM also subsequently acquired a minority share in the French-language network TQS , which broadcasts in Quebec . CTV has legally been

2898-404: The other stations, would soon withdraw from the group; it would later emerge as the flagship of the first private French-language network, TVA ). The ITO soon resolved to apply for a network licence to link these second stations. However, the ITO faced opposition from Spence Caldwell , a former CBC executive and one of the unsuccessful applicants for the Toronto licence, who had first approached

2961-595: The past because of cutbacks to its small-market stations. In the late 1990s, cuts were made to the news staff and productions at CTV's two small-market Saskatchewan stations, CICC-TV in Yorkton and CIPA-TV in Prince Albert . These stations currently simulcast supper-hour and late-night news from CKCK and CFQC respectively, placing local inserts into the newscasts. Similarly, the four Maritime stations, known collectively as CTV Atlantic (then known as ATV), and

3024-568: The president of the University of Alberta ) – was not in favour of a station-owned network, fearing that any such network would be dominated by Toronto's CFTO. Although it did not immediately approve Caldwell's proposal, it soon set several conditions on such a network that effectively made Caldwell's group the only feasible applicant. That fall, the Caldwell group (now named the Canadian Television Network , or CTN) and

3087-792: The profanity, violence and sexual content of Nip/Tuck , The Sopranos and The Osbournes —which, unlike originating broadcaster MTV , CTV aired uncensored. It has broadcast MTV programming live, starting with the MTV's New Year of Music special during New Year's 2005/2006. In late 2003, CTV started broadcasting select American programmes in 16:9 (widescreen) high definition . It later began airing Canadian programs in this format, such as Degrassi . Currently, only CFTO and CIVT have dedicated HD feeds (sometimes marketed as CTV HD East and West respectively), but both are available nationally via cable and satellite, and do not differ otherwise from their analog counterparts. On July 2, 2005, CTV broadcast 20 hours of

3150-647: The province. CTV shifted its programming to CIVT-TV , an independent station it already owned. Unlike CHAN, CIVT has only one transmitter covering the metropolitan areas of Vancouver and Victoria, and has to rely on cable and satellite to reach the rest of the province. CIVT is either carried on a higher channel number or unavailable altogether in the Mountain Time Zone portion of British Columbia, where CTV relies on CFCN-DT or CFRN-DT as its main carriers. Meanwhile, in 2002, CJON-TV (known as "NTV") in St. John's dropped its 38-year CTV affiliation after

3213-456: The public network released its affiliates to carry the game). Although the plan was neither officially rejected or approved, various uncertainties eventually led John Bassett to decide to sign an affiliation agreement with CTN instead to ensure the games would air. Most of the other second stations followed suit, with the exception of CHAN in Vancouver, which agreed to carry several network programs but never officially signed on as an affiliate for

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3276-541: The purchase or launch of three independent stations in southwestern Ontario in 1992–93. It also began competing with the network for some program acquisitions in 1992, and in 1994 launched the Baton Broadcast System (BBS) as a parallel programming brand for both its CTV affiliates and independent stations. After several years of contentious negotiations between the eight remaining owner-affiliates, by late 1992 they had reached an agreement to recapitalize

3339-435: The reason for her return, or even the fact that she had returned to the anchor desk. She continued to host Animal House Calls and Hot Property . In November 2015, Rohmer announced her retirement on CP24 after 35 years of broadcasting, and 17 years at CP24. In 2016 however, she returned to CP24 as a fill-in anchor for a year before leaving for a final time in 2017. Rohmer was the co-host of Context Beyond The Headlines ,

3402-420: The rest of the country on tape delay. Eventually, a second microwave channel opened up, enabling live programming from coast to coast. The Caldwell-led management team immediately ran into financial trouble, and relations between the network and its stations were not smooth at first since CTV had essentially been the product of a forced marriage. For example, most of the rights to American programming rested with

3465-437: The rival Global Television Network in key markets. Bell Media also operates additional CTV-branded properties, including the 24-hour national cable news network CTV News Channel and the secondary CTV 2 television system . There has never been an official full name corresponding to the initials "CTV"; prior to CTV's launch in 1961, it was given the proposed branding of "Canadian Television Network" (CTN), but that branding

3528-488: The station had otherwise been available only on the digital cable timeshifting package, leaving CTV without a presence on basic cable in the market. On September 10, 2010, BCE Inc. announced it would purchase the remaining shares of CTVglobemedia for $ 1.3 billion (CAD). On April 1, 2011, CTVglobemedia was officially renamed Bell Media. On December 1, 2011, CJBN-TV in Kenora , Ontario dropped all CTV programming and became

3591-486: The station, and since then virtually all primetime programs aired on that station are from rival Global. CTV does not currently have a de facto affiliate in that province, with most Newfoundlanders having to rely on cable and satellite (usually from CTV Atlantic) for its programming. In September 2005, CTV announced an agreement with MTV Networks that saw the launch of MTV Canada . In July 2006, CTV parent Bell Globemedia announced plans to acquire CHUM Limited , itself

3654-464: The week. As well, in recent years, CTV has purchased Canadian broadcast rights to a number of American cable series, such as The Sopranos , Nip/Tuck , Punk'd , The Daily Show , The Colbert Report , and The Osbournes . In many cases, CTV has been one of the few conventional broadcast networks in the world to air these series in prime time, which has attracted some controversy from Canadian media watchdogs and parents groups who object to

3717-596: Was dropped before the network's launch when the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) objected to it, claiming exclusive rights to the term "Canadian". In 1958, Prime Minister John Diefenbaker 's government passed the Broadcasting Act , which established the Board of Broadcast Governors (BBG), a forerunner to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), as

3780-652: Was hired by the Global Television Network as a co-host on the magazine show That's Life which lasted from 1983 to 1987. Rohmer was then hired as a sports anchor for CBC ; following that she was a features reporter on CTV 's Canada AM for two years. In 1986, she joined Citytv as the City Pulse Weekend sports anchor. In 1989, she became the original host of Breakfast Television . In October 2001, Rohmer moved to CP24 where she became news anchor and also hosted City Online ,

3843-405: Was licensed, John W. H. Bassett , the chief executive of the ultimately successful Toronto applicant Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting , had expressed interest in participating in the creation of a second television network, "of which we see the Toronto station as anchor". Indeed, Baton had already begun quietly contacting the successful applicants in other cities to gauge their interest in forming

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3906-399: Was now full owner of the CTV network and immediately began plastering the CTV brand across its stations, even on non-network programming, and dropped its secondary BBS brand. The company changed its name to CTV Inc. in 1998, and eventually acquired two of the final three large-market stations, CKY and CFCF (it replaced the third, CHAN, as discussed below). CTV has attracted some controversy in

3969-427: Was the "one owner, one vote" provision of the cooperative's bylaws. Any acquisition of one station by an existing station owner triggered an automatic redistribution of the acquired station's shares among the other owners. As a result, even though it owned 11 of CTV's 24 affiliates, Baton still had only had one vote out of eight. Around the same time, several CTV owner-affiliates were expanding their holdings outside of

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