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105-532: The Meteor was developed from the Merlin by W. A. Robotham and his chassis design and development division at Clan Foundry, Belper , as they were not involved in aero-engine work and his engineers were under-used. With the aid of engineers from Leyland , who were engaged in tank work, he considered RR's two V12s; the Kestrel , while having more power than the existing " Liberty " or Meadows engines, did not provide

210-415: A knock sensor that monitors if knock is being produced by the fuel being used. In modern computer-controlled engines, the ignition timing will be automatically altered by the engine management system to reduce the knock to an acceptable level. Octanes are a family of hydrocarbons that are typical components of gasoline. They are colorless liquids that boil around 125 °C (260 °F). One member of

315-521: A Rolls-Royce Merlin origin, the Meteor was very lightly stressed and reliable. W. A. Robotham was surprised and pleased when in 1963 Duncan Sandys said " I regard the adoption of the Meteor tank engine as the absolute turning-point in the history of British tank development " , at the opening of the Rolls-Royce aero engine factory at East Kilbride. Sandys had been wartime Parliamentary Secretary to

420-483: A community station that broadcasts on 107.2 FM in the Amber Valley and online. Octane rating An octane rating , or octane number , is a standard measure of a fuel 's ability to withstand compression in an internal combustion engine without causing engine knocking . The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating. Octane rating does not relate directly to

525-493: A cow's moo from their windows, doorways and gardens while following social distancing guidelines. The idea quickly caught the imagination of the people and Belper and spread rapidly around the town. Many residents fashioned their own devices for amplifying their moos, which became known as 'Moocraphones', 'Didgerimoos', Megamoophones' and 'Saxamoophones'. Following coverage on BBC radio and on BBC Online, 'The Moo' attracted media attention worldwide. Residents uploaded their 'moos' to

630-413: A flame wave initiate at the spark plug and then "travel in a fairly uniform manner across the combustion chamber" with the expanding gas mix pushing the piston throughout the entirety of the power stroke. A stable gasoline and air mix will combust when the flame wave reaches the molecules, adding heat at the interface. Knock occurs when a secondary flame wave forms from instability and then travels against

735-543: A further Methodist church at Openwoodgate, as well as Belper Community Church which meets at Whitemoor Day Centre three times a month. Babington Hospital provides health services to the local people. The town has a fire station, with one fire engine crewed by retained personnel. Belper Town F.C. play their home games at Christchurch Meadow and are currently in the Northern Premier League Premier Division . They are nicknamed

840-497: A go-to destination for locals and visitors alike." Belper won against towns and high streets such as Brighton , Colwyn Bay and many other places. Belper won a further award in the Champion High Street category in 2019. Belper Singers are an experienced chamber choir of some 25 voices, who sing both sacred and secular works. They give about five performances a year, including singing in various cathedrals. Belper

945-471: A large community event with a parade, music and arts activities. The annual Belper Arts Trail is an artist led initiative which aims for artists to exhibit and promote their work. It began in 2014 when two artists wanted to help strengthen the local artistic community and to find interesting and creative solutions to the lack of dedicated space in Belper for artists to exhibit. Utilising every possible space as

1050-440: A lighter fuel that's less prone to autoignition is a wise "insurance policy". For the same reasons, those lighter fuels which are better solvents are much less likely to cause any "varnish" or other fouling on the "backup" spark plugs. In almost all general aviation piston engines, the fuel mixture is directly controlled by the pilot, via a knob and cable or lever similar to (and next to) the throttle control. Leaning — reducing

1155-504: A new structure designed to be fireproof. Further extensions followed, culminating in the East Mill in 1913 – a present-day Belper landmark. Although no longer used to manufacture textiles the mill still derives electricity from the river, using turbine-driven generators. Strutt had previously patented his "Derby Rib" for stockings, and the plentiful supply of cotton encouraged the trade of framework knitting which had been carried on in

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1260-486: A relatively low octane rating; the isomer iso-octane causes less knocking because it is more branched and combusts more smoothly. In general, branched compounds with a higher intermolecular force (e.g., London dispersion force for iso-octane) will have a higher octane rating, because they are harder to ignite. Octane isomers such as n-octane and 2,3,3-trimethylpentane have an octane rating of -20 and 106.1, respectively ( RON measurement). The large differences between

1365-695: A rugged tank engine". But the Ford V8 had "teething problems", which were not overcome until after the Normandy landings in 1944. Development started with the use of recovered Merlin engine parts from crashed aircraft. While unsuitable for re-use in aircraft, the Rolls-Royce chassis division had begun collecting and refurbishing them in the hope of finding a use. Robotham was approached by Henry Spurrier, of Leyland Mechanization and Aero, to ask about help with tank powerplants. Based on Spurrier's requirement,

1470-648: A similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel mixture, higher engine speed, and variable ignition timing to further stress the fuel's knock resistance. Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern pump gasoline will be about 8 to 12 lower than the RON, but there is no direct link between RON and MON. See the table below. In most countries in Europe, and in Australia and New Zealand,

1575-692: A venue over the Arts Trail weekend art can now be found in a variety of unusual spaces. With Belper and Derbyshire overflowing with artistic talent it was felt that Belper really needed an interactive trail of creativity which has now grown each year to become a key Derbyshire event. The trail takes place annually over the May Day Bank Holiday. Belper has become well-known for its festivals with festivals such as "Belper Goes Green" (a musical event that aims to raise awareness of environmental problems and aims to share ways of reducing our impact on

1680-443: Is Bessalone Hill at 182 metres (597 ft) to the north. It also maintains radio masts. Pinchom's Hill is north of Bargate, by Sandbed Lane. It is 169 metres (554 ft) in height. Belper's economy was traditionally reliant on manufacturing industry and numerous goods were made in the town. Cotton spinning and textile production were major employers virtually for much of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The large East Mill and

1785-519: Is a certificate of character and reputation without precedent or equal. Beaverbrook. An order for 1,000 engines followed with, and a new tank design specification was created: A27M, splitting design of the Meteor powered Cromwell away from Leyland to Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRC&W). They resolved the cooling problems, ultimately delivering before Leyland's version, although production leadership later switched back to Leyland when BRC&W could not keep up with demand. The Meteor

1890-480: Is a measured and/or calculated rating of the fuel's ability to resist autoignition, the higher the octane of the fuel, the harder that fuel is to ignite and the more heat is required to ignite it. The result is that a hotter ignition spark is required for ignition. Creating a hotter spark requires more energy from the ignition system, which in turn increases the parasitic electrical load on the engine. The spark also must begin earlier in order to generate sufficient heat at

1995-493: Is a mixture of many hydrocarbons and often other additives). Octane ratings are not indicators of the energy content of fuels. (See Effects below and Heat of combustion ). They are only a measure of the fuel's tendency to burn in a controlled manner, rather than exploding in an uncontrolled manner. Where the octane number is raised by blending in ethanol, energy content per volume is reduced. Ethanol energy density can be compared with gasoline in heat-of-combustion tables. It

2100-480: Is also home to a weekly folk club welcoming singers, instrumentalists, poets, readers and audience members. Two traditional dance teams make their home in the town: Heage Windmillers (rapper) and Makeney Morris (Cotswold morris). Andy Sneap (born in Belper) is a Grammy-winning music producer, songwriter and guitarist with British heavy metal band Hell . He is one of the most active and successful music producers in

2205-522: Is considered to be the engine that, for the first time, gave British tanks ample, reliable power. Replacing the earlier Liberty L-12 licence-built by Nuffield and used in the Crusader, the Meteor engine in the Cromwell tank provided almost twice the performance in virtually the same 1,650-cubic-inch (27.0 L) displacement. Reliability was significantly improved against previous tank engines. With

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2310-425: Is derived from testing the gasoline in ordinary multi-cylinder engines (rather than in a purpose-built test engine), normally at wide open throttle. This type of test was developed in the 1920s and is still reliable today. The original RdON tests were done in cars on the road, but as technology developed the testing was moved to chassis dynamometers with environmental controls to improve consistency. The evaluation of

2415-427: Is ignited only near the end of the compression stroke by electric spark plugs . Therefore, being able to compress the air/fuel mixture without causing detonation is important mainly for gasoline engines. Using gasoline with lower octane than an engine is built for may cause engine knocking and/or pre-ignition . The octane rating of aviation gasoline was extremely important in determining aero engine performance in

2520-546: Is part of the Derwent Valley Heritage Way. The reserve is placed on a reoccurring flood plain which makes it an attractive place for wildlife, especially wading birds. Hillside is to the west of Belper Lane End, and contains the highest point of the parish at 214 metres (702 ft). Firestone Hill is to the west of the town by the parish boundary at 191 metres (627 ft). Several masts for communications are positioned there. Another local feature

2625-411: Is possible for a fuel to have a Research Octane Number (RON) more than 100, because iso-octane is not the most knock-resistant substance available today. Racing fuels, avgas , LPG and alcohol fuels such as methanol may have octane ratings of 110 or significantly higher. Typical "octane booster" gasoline additives include MTBE , ETBE , iso-octane and toluene . Lead in the form of tetraethyllead

2730-435: Is the octane number of the fuel. For example, gasoline with the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of 90% iso-octane and 10% heptane would have an octane rating of 90. A rating of 90 does not mean that the gasoline contains just iso-octane and heptane in these proportions, but that it has the same detonation resistance properties (generally, gasoline sold for common use never consists solely of iso-octane and heptane; it

2835-459: Is thought that this was important for the de Ferrers family, who were ironmasters in Normandy. By the reign of Henry VIII Belper had grown to a substantial size. It is recorded that in 1609 fifty-one people died of plague . However, in a Parliamentary Commissioners' report of 1650 regarding Duffield and its chapelries, Belper is described as "a hamlet appertaining to Duffield". From at least

2940-511: The Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger tank. The Rolls-Royce chassis division, which had commenced the Meteor design, evolved into its Tank Division at Belper and was involved with the overall design of four versions of the Cromwell tank, using a standard set of components. Early prototypes were produced by Rolls-Royce. In 1941, Leyland, which had an order for 1,200 Meteor engines, was still advocating its own diesel tank engine for

3045-601: The Ministry of Supply and Robotham who resigned from the Ministry in 1943 wrote that Sandys was knowledgeable on army matters. With the introduction of the Meteor engine in the Cromwell, originally intended for the 340 horsepower (250 kW) Liberty, the boost to 550 horsepower (410 kW) gave the vehicle exceptional mobility and speed. This increase in power made it possible to integrate greater armour on following tanks. Designers and military planners started to consider

3150-604: The Second World War . In 1938, A. B. Williamson had developed a substance for conditioning silk stockings; the introduction of nylon stockings after the Second World War seemed to make it redundant, but mechanics and fitters had discovered its usefulness in cleaning hands and it is still marketed by Deb Group as Swarfega . Before 1983 the town gave its name to the Belper constituency , which from 1945 to 1970

3255-557: The four-stroke cycle . In a simple explanation, the forward moving wave of combustion that burns the hydrocarbon + oxygen mixture inside the cylinder like a wave that a surfer would wish to surf upon is violently disrupted by a secondary wave that has started elsewhere. The shock wave of these two separate waves creates the characteristic metallic "pinging" sound, and cylinder pressure increases dramatically. Effects of engine knocking range from inconsequential (incremental heating plus power loss) to completely destructive (detonation while one of

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3360-423: The ideal gas law . Higher compression ratios necessarily add parasitic load to the engine, and are only necessary if the engine is being specifically designed to run on high-octane fuel. Aircraft engines run at relatively low speeds and are " undersquare ". They run best on lower-octane, slower-burning fuels that require less heat and a lower compression ratio for optimum vaporization and uniform fuel-air mixing, with

3465-596: The "headline" octane rating prominently displayed on the pump is the RON, but in Canada, the United States, and Mexico, the headline number is the simple mean or average of the RON and the MON, called the Anti-Knock Index ( AKI ), and often written on pumps as (R+M)/2 . AKI is also sometimes called PON (Pump Octane Number). Because of the 8 to 12 octane number difference between RON and MON noted above,

3570-436: The 13th century there were forges in the Belper and Duffield areas and iron-working became a major source of income, particularly nail making. By the end of the 18th century there were around 500 workshops in the town supplying nails to the newly built textile mills . The workshops were eventually superseded by machinery during the 19th century. Some of the nail-makers' houses are still in existence and form part of local tours of

3675-551: The AKI shown in Canada and the United States is 4 to 6 octane numbers lower than elsewhere in the world for the same fuel. This difference between RON and MON is known as the fuel's sensitivity, and is not typically published for those countries that use the Anti-Knock Index labelling system. See the table in the following section for a comparison. Another type of octane rating, called Observed Road Octane Number ( RdON ),

3780-525: The Chapel of St Thomas, it was rededicated to St John during the reign of King Henry VIII . St John's Chapel is still in use today and is thought to be the oldest building still standing in Belper though it is now used for council meetings rather than church services. The coal deposits of Derbyshire are frequently associated with ironstone within the clay substrate. Initially obtained from surface workings, it would later have been mined in shallow bell pits. It

3885-695: The Cromwell tank. It would deliver only 350 hp (260 kW), but Leyland was concerned with the problem of sufficient cooling for the Meteor within the confines of the tank engine bay. When Leyland withdrew its support, Robotham took the problem to Ernest Hives . Hives took the problem to the Ministry of Supply , telling Lord Beaverbrook that he already had his hands full making Merlin aero engines, and Rolls-Royce would want £1 million to its credit and 'no interference' to make tank engines, The Beaver telegrammed back: OHMS Ministry of Supply to W. Hives Nightingale Road Rolls-Royce Derby The British Government has given you an open credit of one million pounds. This

3990-531: The Derbyshire County Cricket League in 1991. In 2009, members from two of the town's poetry groups completed a poetry trail in memory of local poet Beth Fender, who died in 2002. Beth's Poetry Trail consists of 20 poems situated in a variety of locations in the town, such as outside Belper Library. Poems by Emily Dickinson , Philip Larkin and Spike Milligan are included on the trail, as well as Beth's own poetry. In 2014, Belper

4095-565: The Derwent Valley Line' are campaigning for more such services. The town is served by regular bus services to Derby and surrounding towns and villages as well as longer routes to Manchester and London. The major operator is Trent Barton who operate the bus garage on Bridge Street. The oldest church still used for its original purpose is the Belper Unitarian Church, built in 1788. The present Methodist church

4200-669: The Liberty Mark VI version in the Crusader tank . It retained the Merlin dual ignition system — each cylinder had two spark plugs , driven from separate magnetos . On 6 April 1941, the first Merlin prepared for tank use was despatched to Aldershot in a modified Crusader tank, which was tested on the Army standard speed course behind Farnborough. A "maximum revolution recorder" recorded "something in excess of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h)". The officers with stopwatches at each end of

4305-636: The Nailers as a reference to the historical nail manufacturing industry in the town. Belper Rugby Club play their home games at Strutt's Playing Field and are currently competing in RFU Midlands 3 East (North). The club was founded in 1975. Belper United F.C. is a football club based in Belper, Derbyshire, England. They are currently members of the United Counties League Division One and play at Christchurch Meadow,

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4410-458: The Rolls-Royce team's fresh look at tank development, had a major impact on British tank design. As development of the engine progressed, the Rolls-Royce team became more and more involved in development of the tank. Despite his lack of experience in tank design or warfare, Robotham was made Chief Engineer of Tank Design in the Ministry of Supply and joined the Tank Board. He was involved in

4515-779: The Whitemoor estate. The A6 is the major through-road of the town and runs parallel to the River Derwent to the west. Belper railway station is situated on the Midland Main Line . Regular trains between Derby and Matlock on the Derwent Valley Line are almost the only services to stop there, although one main line service to and from Sheffield stops on weekdays at times designed to assist Belper residents working in Sheffield. The group 'Friends of

4620-404: The aircraft of World War II . The octane rating affected not only the performance of the gasoline, but also its versatility; the higher octane fuel allowed a wider range of lean to rich operating conditions. In spark ignition internal combustion engines , knocking (also knock , detonation , spark knock , pinging , or pinking ) occurs when combustion of some of the air/fuel mixture in

4725-403: The available air) or "lean of peak" (less fuel, leaving some oxygen in the exhaust) as either will keep the fuel-air mixture from detonating prematurely. Because of the high cost of unleaded, high-octane avgas , and possible increased range before refueling, some general aviation pilots attempt to save money by tuning their fuel-air mixtures and ignition timing to run "lean of peak". Additionally,

4830-526: The century also brought the motor car, CH218, owned by Mr. James Bakewell of The Elms being possibly the first. Belper remained a textile and hosiery centre into the 20th century. Meanwhile, other companies were developing: iron founding led to Park Foundry becoming a leader in the solid-fuel central-heating market; Adshead and Ratcliffe had developed Arbolite putty for iron-framed windows; Dalton and Company, which had been producing lubricating oils, developed ways of recovering used engine oil proving useful during

4935-413: The cylinder does not result from propagation of the flame front ignited by the spark plug , but when one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front. The fuel-air charge is meant to be ignited by the spark plug only, and at a precise point in the piston's stroke. Knock occurs when the peak of the combustion process no longer occurs at the optimum moment for

5040-421: The decreased air density at higher altitudes (such as Colorado) and temperatures (as in summer) requires leaning (reduction in amount of fuel per volume or mass of air) for the peak EGT and power (crucial for takeoff). The selection of octane ratings available at filling stations can vary greatly between countries. Due to its name, the chemical "octane" is often misunderstood as the only substance that determines

5145-482: The definition of octane rating. The following table lists octane ratings for various other fuels. Higher octane ratings correlate to higher activation energies : the amount of applied energy required to initiate combustion. Since higher octane fuels have higher activation energy requirements, it is less likely that a given compression will cause uncontrolled ignition, otherwise known as autoignition, self-ignition, pre-ignition, detonation, or knocking. Because octane

5250-462: The desirable 20  bhp per ton (producing only 475 bhp on "pool" petrol) required, so the 1,030 bhp (770 kW) Merlin III was chosen. Also, the Merlin was being produced in two factories, and some components not suitable for an aero engine could be used in a "derated" Meteor engine (unlike an aero engine, a tank engine did not require continuous maximum power, even when driven hard). Robotham

5355-597: The direct measurements required for research or motor octane numbers. An octane index can be of great service in the blending of gasoline. Motor gasoline, as marketed, is usually a blend of several types of refinery grades that are derived from different processes such as straight-run gasoline, reformate, cracked gasoline etc. These different grades are blended in amounts that will meet final product specifications. Most refiners produce and market more than one grade of motor gasoline, differing principally in their anti-knock quality. Being able to make sufficiently accurate estimates of

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5460-640: The east, 1 mile from the centre of Belper. A small eastern portion, centred around Openwood Road and the Kilburn Lane section of the A609 road, containing the historic Ireton Houses cottages, and bordered by the A38 , is contained within Denby parish. This is a rural district lying west of the River Derwent and just north of Belper and Mount Pleasant. It contains a nature reserve on a nineteen-acre site. The nearby lane

5565-631: The employment problems arising from the contraction of the earlier industries. In 1985, the company relocated to a new site a few miles away in Swanwick . Today, the main employment sectors are retail and services although some manufacturing industry remains. The main shopping area is centred on King Street and Bridge Street. The town has three supermarkets, the Co-operative, Morrisons and Aldi. There are two discount shops, Poundland and B&M Bargains. There are smaller Tesco and Co-op supermarkets on

5670-527: The end of the war. Belper 53°01′44″N 1°28′30″W  /  53.029°N 1.475°W  / 53.029; -1.475 Belper ( / ˈ b ɛ l p ər / ) is a town and civil parish in the local government district of Amber Valley in Derbyshire , England, located about 7 miles (11 km) north of Derby on the River Derwent . Along with Belper, the parish includes

5775-507: The engine. Lighter and "thinner" fuel also has a lower specific heat , so the practice of running an engine "rich" to use excess fuel to aid in cooling requires richer and richer mixtures as octane increases. Higher-octane, lower-energy-dense "thinner" fuels often contain alcohol compounds incompatible with the stock fuel system components, which also makes them hygroscopic . They also evaporate away much more easily than heavier, lower-octane fuel which leads to more accumulated contaminants in

5880-649: The engine. Rover became disillusioned. Backed by the MAP who were unable to force Power Jets to become part of Rover, Hives struck a deal in December 1942 with Spencer Wilks of Rover to trade W.2B/23 production and the Rover jet design team at Barnoldswick for the Rolls-Royce tank engine factory in Nottingham and production of the Meteor, to become officially effective on 1 April 1943. In 1943, an acute shortage of blocks

5985-401: The evaluation of the anti-knock quality of gasoline. Such substitute methods include FTIR, near infrared on-line analyzers, and others. Deriving an equation that can be used to calculate ratings accurately enough would also serve the same purpose, with added advantages. The term Octane Index is often used to refer to the use of an equation to determine a theoretical rating, in contradistinction to

6090-444: The first prototype Meteor engine (and subsequent production of Mark 1 engines) was assembled on the basis of recovered Merlin parts. The major change for tank use was to reverse the direction of engine rotation. Automotive gearboxes ran the opposite way to an aircraft propeller and changing direction required modification of the camshaft lobes (most Merlins were "right-hand tractor", i.e. the propeller rotated clockwise when viewed from

6195-406: The fuel system. It is typically the hydrochloric acids that form due to that water and the compounds in the fuel that have the most detrimental effects on the engine fuel system components, as such acids corrode many metals used in gasoline fuel systems. During the compression stroke of an internal combustion engine, the temperature of the air-fuel mix rises as it is compressed, in accordance with

6300-595: The home of Belper Town. Belper Meadows Cricket Club was founded in 1880 and still plays on Christchurch Meadows, formerly the private ground of Mr G H Strutt, which it took as its home when the ground on Derwent Street on which the Belper Cricket Club founded in 1857 had played became unavailable. The club was a founder member (1970) and three times champion of the Central Derbyshire Cricket League before that league merged with

6405-449: The ignition spark coming as late as possible in order to extend the production of cylinder pressure and torque as far down the power stroke as possible. The main reason for using high-octane fuel in air-cooled engines is that it is more easily vaporized in a cold carburetor and engine and absorbs less intake air heat which greatly reduces the tendency for carburetor icing to occur. With their reduced densities and weight per volume of fuel,

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6510-562: The internet and a number of creative responses followed including songs, craft projects and poems. By early May, The Belper Moo had been participated in by thousands of residents for over 50 days. The Moo was resurrected during the November 2020 lockdown. Belper has an annual Pride event, supporting the LGBT community, usually the first Saturday in August. This started in 2019 and has grown into

6615-446: The lifespan of engines. In 1927, Graham Edgar devised the method of using iso-octane and n-heptane as reference chemicals, in order to rate the knock resistance of a fuel with respect to this isomer of octane, thus the name "octane rating". By definition, the isomers iso-octane and n-heptane have an octane rating of 100 and 0, respectively. Because of its more volatile nature, n-heptane ignites and knocks readily, which gives it

6720-420: The low place" based on their different liturgical traditions. Belper's churches are intertwined in a group known as "Churches Together" in which they work together on events etc. Belper's Parish led by Rev. Ann Stratton consists of St. Peters' Church, St. Swithun's Church, and St Mark's Church. The town is also home to Belper Baptist Church , a spiritualist, a Roman Catholic , Belper Congregational Church and

6825-657: The lower of the two. One is referred to as the "aviation lean" rating, which for ratings up to 100 is the same as the MON of the fuel. The second is the "aviation rich" rating and corresponds to the octane rating of a test engine under forced induction operation common in high-performance and military piston aircraft. This utilizes a supercharger , and uses a significantly richer fuel/air ratio for improved detonation resistance. The most common currently used fuel, 100LL , has an aviation lean rating of 100 octane, and an aviation rich rating of 130. The RON/MON values of n- heptane and iso-octane are exactly 0 and 100, respectively, by

6930-401: The manufacture of spare parts. Future engines for British tanks were manufactured by the engine division Rolls-Royce Diesels of Shrewsbury , which in 1969 had a seven-figure unfulfilled order for Meteor spares . It was acquired by Perkins in the 1980s. Perkins was taken over by Caterpillar Inc in 1997. Previously British tanks had been regarded as underpowered and unreliable and the Meteor

7035-550: The metal music genre, with over 100 albums produced at his Backstage Recording studios in the rural outskirts of the town. The Belper Moo began in March 2020, in response to the nationwide lockdown prompted by the COVID-19 crisis . Started by Belper resident Jasper Ward, it was advertised on social media as a means of 'fighting lockdown stress, boredom and loneliness'. At 6.30pm, every evening, Belper residents were encouraged to mimic

7140-445: The mixture from its maximum amount — must be done with knowledge, as some combinations of fuel mixture and throttle position (that produce the highest ) can cause detonation and/or pre-ignition , in the worst case destroying the engine within seconds. Pilots are taught in primary training to avoid settings that produce the highest exhaust gas temperatures, and run the engine either "rich of peak EGT " (more fuel than can be burned with

7245-659: The most successful British tank engines. In 1942, after the British Tank Mission visit to America in April, there was some pressure from British car and commercial vehicle manufacturers to adopt the new 500 bhp (370 kW) Ford V8 tank engine (to be used in the M4 Sherman tank) for use in British tanks, rather than the Meteor then under development, because an adapted aero engine "would not be suitable as

7350-479: The octane family, 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (iso-octane), is used as a reference standard to benchmark the tendency of gasoline or LPG fuels to resist self-ignition. The octane rating of gasoline is measured in a test engine and is defined by comparison with the mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (iso-octane) and normal heptane that would have the same anti-knocking capability as the fuel under test. The percentage, by volume, of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in that mixture

7455-401: The octane number by either of the two laboratory methods requires a special engine built to match the tests' rigid standards, and the procedure can be both expensive and time-consuming. The standard engine required for the test may not always be available, especially in out-of-the-way places or in small or mobile laboratories. These and other considerations led to the search for a rapid method for

7560-493: The octane rating (or octane number) of a fuel. This is an inaccurate description. In reality, the octane rating is defined as a number describing the stability and ability of a fuel to prevent an engine from unwanted combustions that occur spontaneously in the other regions within a cylinder (i.e., delocalized explosions from the spark plug). This phenomenon of combustion is more commonly known as engine knocking or self-ignition, which causes damage to pistons over time and reduces

7665-470: The octane rating of gasoline is not directly related to the power output of an engine. Using gasoline of a higher octane than an engine is designed for cannot increase its power output. Octane became well known in American popular culture in the 1960s, when gasoline companies boasted of "high octane" levels in their gasoline advertisements. The compound adjective "high-octane", meaning powerful or dynamic,

7770-404: The octane rating that will result from blending different refinery products is essential, something for which the calculated octane index is specially suited. Aviation gasolines used in piston aircraft engines common in general aviation have a slightly different method of measuring the octane of the fuel. Similar to an AKI, it has two different ratings, although it is usually referred to only by

7875-418: The octane ratings for the isomers show that the compound octane itself is clearly not the only factor that determines octane ratings, especially for commercial fuels consist of a wide variety of compounds. "Octane" is colloquially used in the expression "high-octane". The term is used to describe a powerful action because of the association with the concept of "octane rating". This is a misleading term, because

7980-544: The other obvious benefit is that an aircraft with any given volume of fuel in the tanks is automatically lighter. And since many airplanes are flown only occasionally and may sit unused for weeks or months, the lighter fuels tend to evaporate away and leave behind fewer deposits such as "varnish" (gasoline components, particularly alkenes and oxygenates slowly polymerize into solids). Aircraft also typically have dual "redundant" ignition systems which are nearly impossible to tune and time to produce identical ignition timing, so using

8085-453: The path of the primary flame wave, thus depriving the power stroke of its uniformity and causing issues including power loss and heat buildup. The other rarely-discussed reality with high-octane fuels associated with "high performance" is that as octane increases, the specific gravity and energy content of the fuel per unit of weight are reduced. The net result is that to make a given amount of power , more high-octane fuel must be burned in

8190-419: The planet), "Belper Games" (a festival where people compete in several challenges), "Belper Food Festival" (where stalls showcasing local business' food and dishes are put up around the town), and "Belper Music Festival" (where businesses have music on inside or outside their premises showing off local musicians and bands.) These events have become an annual occasion which help to boost the local economy throughout

8295-586: The possibility of a Universal tank , able to undertake both high-armour ( Infantry tank ) and high-mobility (Cruiser tank) roles. Ultimately, this resulted in the Centurion tank and evolved into the main battle tank concept. The Meteor was used in the following vehicles: The Meteor was also used as the propulsion for the experimental Helmore Projector, later known as the Helmover, a 30 ft long remote controlled torpedo. It never reached deployment before

8400-466: The power output or the energy content of the fuel per unit mass or volume, but simply indicates the resistance to detonating under pressure without a spark. Whether or not a higher octane fuel improves or impairs an engine's performance depends on the design of the engine. In broad terms, fuels with a higher octane rating are used in higher-compression gasoline engines , which may yield higher power for these engines. The added power in such cases comes from

8505-415: The proper time for precise ignition. As octane, ignition spark energy, and the need for precise timing increase, the engine becomes more difficult to "tune" and keep "in tune". The resulting sub-optimal spark energy and timing can cause major engine problems, from a simple "miss" to uncontrolled detonation and catastrophic engine failure. Mechanically within the cylinder, stability can be visualized as having

8610-467: The rear). For the Meteor, the Merlin supercharger , reduction gear and other equipment were removed from its crankshaft, greatly simplifying its construction. Many aircraft-specific parts were deleted, such as the propeller reduction gear and the aircraft-style starter. That meant the dimensions of the engine became similar to the Nuffield Liberty engine, and it would fit into the space for

8715-399: The results with those for mixtures of iso-octane and n-heptane. The compression ratio is varied during the test to challenge the fuel's antiknocking tendency, as an increase in the compression ratio will increase the chances of knocking. Another type of octane rating, called Motor Octane Number ( MON ), is determined at 900 rpm engine speed instead of the 600 rpm for RON. MON testing uses

8820-449: The run were meant to signal each other by dropping handkerchiefs, but were so nonplussed that neither got a timing. Some spectators by the course took fright, running away and leaping over a hedge. The corporal driving kept his foot down, and failed to take a corner on the run-off section at the end, decapitating a telegraph pole and spreading coils of wire in all directions. So the concept was proved, surpassing all expectations. The engine

8925-469: The small factory of 2,000 men was producing 40 types of engine. To make enough Meteors for the Cromwell build programme, Rolls-Royce agreed to move Meteor production to the Rover Company at Tyseley and Morris at Coventry . Rolls-Royce was also aiding the development of production jet engines at Rover , but progress there was slow and there were disputes between Power Jets designers of

9030-621: The smaller North Mill are now all that remain of the industry and are preserved as part of the Derwent Valley Mills world heritage site . During the Second World War, Rolls-Royce based the Merlin aero engine design team and Robotham 's engine design division developing the Meteor tank engine at Belper. After the Second World War, J. W. Thornton, the chocolate maker, moved into the town from Sheffield , which helped to alleviate

9135-697: The time of the Norman occupation, Belper was part of the land centred on Duffield held by the family of Henry de Ferrers . The Domesday Book of 1086 records a manor of "Bradley" which is thought to have stood in an area of town now known as the Coppice. At that time it was probably within the Forest of East Derbyshire which covered the whole of the county east of the Derwent . It was possibly appropriated by William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby at some time after it

9240-403: The town and support local small businesses. Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East Midlands and ITV Central . Television signals are received from the local relay TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Derby on 104.5 FM, Smooth East Midlands on 101.4 FM, Capital East Midlands on 102.8 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Midlands on 106 FM and Amber Sound FM ,

9345-492: The town and surrounding villages since the middle of the previous century. Mechanisation arrived about 1850, but by that time the fashion for stockings for men was disappearing. However elaborately patterned stockings, for ladies especially, were coming into vogue, and the output of the Belper "cheveners" was much in demand. The construction of the North Midland Railway in 1840 brought further prosperity. Belper

9450-582: The town. The industrialist Jedediah Strutt , a partner of Richard Arkwright , built a water-powered cotton mill in Belper in the late 18th century: the second in the world at the time. With the expansion of the textile industry Belper became one of the first mill towns . In 1784 Strutt built the North Mill and, across the road, the West Mill. In 1803 the North Mill was burnt down and replaced by

9555-459: The valves is still open). Knocking should not be confused with pre-ignition —they are two separate events with pre-ignition occurring before the combustion event. However, pre-ignition is highly correlated with knock because knock will cause rapid heat increase within the cylinder eventually leading to destructive pre-detonation. Most engine management systems commonly found in automobiles today, typically electronic fuel injection (EFI), have

9660-605: The village of Milford and the hamlets of Bargate , Blackbrook, and Makeney. As of the 2011 Census , the parish had a population of 21,823. Originally a centre for the nail-making industry since the Middle Ages, Belper expanded during the early Industrial Revolution to become one of the first mill towns with the establishment of several textile mills ; as such, it forms part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site . At

9765-481: The way the engine is designed to compress the air/fuel mixture, and not directly from the rating of the gasoline. In contrast, fuels with lower octane (but higher cetane numbers ) are ideal for diesel engines because diesel engines (also called compression-ignition engines) do not compress the fuel, but rather compress only air, and then inject fuel into the air that was heated by compression. Gasoline engines rely on ignition of compressed air and fuel mixture, which

9870-433: Was also envisaged that the Meteor would use some components rejected on quality grounds for the Merlin, but suitable for a derated Meteor engine. Many of these rejected parts while not meeting strict standards for airworthiness , were perfectly adequate for use in ground vehicles where the crew or operators were not subject to the inherent hazards involved in flight. To increase production, Meadows produced some Meteors but

9975-627: Was at pains to point out that Rolls-Royce could not manufacture the engines, so would not benefit commercially. On 27 April 1941, the Directorate of Tank Design (DTD) supported production of the Meteor, eventually placing orders direct with Rolls-Royce to maintain development in connection with the Cromwell tank . A new tank specification, A27M, was produced for design of the Meteor-powered tank. The Meteor engine went on to become one of

10080-624: Was commissioned for use in the new Cromwell tank and changes were made to the Cromwell development programme to accommodate it. To enable fitting it in-line with a Merrit-Brown gear (and steering) box, the engine was lowered. A new flat sump was created, the oil pumps changed and the crankshaft lined up with the new gearbox. The new engine had cast pistons, rather than forged ones, and was de-rated to around 600 bhp (447 kW), running on lower- octane pool petrol instead of high-octane avgas (aviation fuel) . British Thomson-Houston (BTH) magnetos were changed for Simms units. The engine, and

10185-481: Was disafforested in 1225 and became part of Duffield Frith . The town's name is thought to be a corruption of Beaurepaire – meaning beautiful retreat – the name given to a hunting lodge, the first record of which being in a charter of 1231. This would have been the property of Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster who died in 1296, the record of his estate mentioning "a capital mansion". The chapel built at that time still exists. Originally consecrated in 1250 as

10290-530: Was elected for Mid-Derbyshire. Belper is 8 miles (13 km) north of Derby and is in the valley of the River Derwent . The town had a population of 20,548 living in 8,790 households according to the 2001 census . As well as Belper itself, the civil parish also includes the communities and hamlets of: The hamlet of Blackbrook is located 2 miles (3 km) west of Belper on the A517 Ashbourne road. The adjoining community of Openwoodgate lies to

10395-498: Was initially produced by Rolls-Royce but manufacturing capacity was severely limited due to the demand for Merlin engines. Early units were still manufactured using recovered Merlin parts and many early Meteors still showed crash damage. When engine manufacturing needed to increase output, brand new engines had to be made. Because weight saving was not so important for a tank engine, some of the Merlin's more expensive light-alloy components were replaced with cheaper, steel versions. It

10500-857: Was met by dismantling surplus older marks of Merlin. Rover took over the Meteor in January 1944 and in 1946 the British Government made Rover responsible for research and development of large military engines. In this role, Rover continued the development and production of the Meteor Mk IVb and various derivatives, including the Meteorite V8 and the M120 V12. Rover ceased this activity in 1964, having produced approximately 9,000 engines. The Land Rover success required more manufacturing capacity, so Rolls-Royce again became responsible for

10605-486: Was once a common additive, but concerns about its toxicity have led to its use for fuels for road vehicles being progressively phased out worldwide beginning in the 1970s. The most common type of octane rating worldwide is the Research Octane Number ( RON ). RON is determined by running the fuel in a test engine at 600 rpm with a variable compression ratio under controlled conditions, and comparing

10710-435: Was opened on 28 June 1807 and was originally built to hold 1,400 worshippers. St Peter's Church , a prominent landmark in the town, was built in 1824 to replace the smaller 13th century St John's Chapel which is now used as a town council and heritage chamber. A second Anglican church, Christ Church , was built in 1850. A local saying calls St Peter's "the low church in the high place" and Christ Church "the high church in

10815-579: Was presented with the High Street of the Year award for the Market Town category, as well as winning the award overall. The judges stated "Belper is blessed with a wonderful history as a World Heritage Site but has much to offer as a thriving market town as well." The judges felt that this outstanding application demonstrates how much more can be done to transform an outwardly successful town centre into

10920-695: Was the first place in the UK to get gas lighting, at a works erected by the Strutts at Milford . Demand was such that in 1850, the Belper Gas and Coke Company was formed, with a works in the present Goods Road. Electricity followed in 1922 from the Derby and Nottingham Electrical Power Company's works at Spondon . The first telephones came in 1895 from the National Telephone Company. The end of

11025-460: Was the seat of George Brown , the deputy leader of the Labour Party. Administratively, Belper town council manages first tier local government services, Amber Valley Borough and Derbyshire County councils providing successively higher level services. In 2019, MP Pauline Latham (Conservative Party) was reelected as MP for mid-Derbyshire. In 2024, MP Jonathan Davies ( Labour Party )

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