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57-572: [REDACTED] Look up ROM in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Rom , or ROM may refer to: Biomechanics and medicine [ edit ] Risk of mortality , a medical classification to estimate the likelihood of death for a patient Rupture of membranes , a term used during pregnancy to describe a rupture of the amniotic sac Range of motion , e.g. of joints in physiotherapy Computers and mathematics [ edit ] Android ROM ,

114-422: A mask ROM integrated circuit (IC), that cannot be electronically changed after manufacture. Although discrete circuits can be altered in principle, through the addition of bodge wires and the removal or replacement of components, ICs cannot. Correction of errors, or updates to the software, require new devices to be manufactured and to replace the installed device. Floating-gate ROM semiconductor memory in

171-632: A PC for firmware updates; for example, a digital audio player might be updated to support a new file format . Some hobbyists have taken advantage of this flexibility to reprogram consumer products for new purposes; for example, the iPodLinux and OpenWrt projects have enabled users to run full-featured Linux distributions on their MP3 players and wireless routers, respectively. ROM is also useful for binary storage of cryptographic data, as it makes them difficult to replace, which may be desirable in order to enhance information security . Since ROM (at least in hard-wired mask form) cannot be modified, it

228-569: A Yolngu ceremonial practice Other uses [ edit ] Return on margin , a judge of performance based on the net gain or net loss compared to the perceived risk Refuel On the Move , a DoD logistic action Epistle to the Romans , a book of the Bible commonly abbreviated Rom. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

285-512: A bit line to a word line. Consequently, ROM could be implemented at a lower cost-per- bit than RAM for many years. Most home computers of the 1980s stored a BASIC interpreter or operating system in ROM as other forms of non-volatile storage such as magnetic disk drives were too costly. For example, the Commodore 64 included 64 KB of RAM and 20 KB of ROM containing a BASIC interpreter and

342-524: A company can simply order a large batch of fresh PROM chips and program them with the desired contents at its designers' convenience. The advent of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), invented at Bell Labs in 1959, enabled the practical use of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) transistors as memory cell storage elements in semiconductor memory , a function previously served by magnetic cores in computer memory . In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon Sze of Bell Labs proposed that

399-399: A computer, each serving distinct roles. RAM, or Random Access Memory, is a temporary, volatile storage medium that loses data when the system powers down. In contrast, ROM, being non-volatile, preserves its data even after the computer is switched off. IBM used capacitor read-only storage (CROS) and transformer read-only storage (TROS) to store microcode for the smaller System/360 models,

456-859: A district of Morsbach in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Rom, Iran , a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran Royal Ontario Museum , a museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada The Rom , skatepark in Hornchurch, East London, England Romania , UNDP code and former IOC code Society [ edit ] Rom (plural Roma), one of the ethnic designations used by the Romani people rom, Romani language , language code ISO 639 alpha-2 Rom or ROM, system of Indigenous Australian customary law ROM ceremony ,

513-412: A file containing executable instructions of an Android OS Read-only memory , a type of storage media that is used in computers and other electronic devices ROM cartridge , a portable form of read-only memory ROM image , a computer file which contains a copy of the data from a read-only memory chip ROM (MUD) , a popular MUD codebase Request Of Maintainer , a request by the maintainer of

570-480: A file with software to be stored in a writable ROM device. For example, users modifying or replacing the Android operating system describe files containing a modified or replacement operating system as " custom ROMs " after the type of storage the file used to be written to, and they may distinguish between ROM (where software and data is stored, usually Flash memory ) and RAM. ROM and RAM are essential components of

627-411: A new role as a medium for mass storage or secondary storage of files. Mask ROM is a read-only memory whose contents are programmed by the integrated circuit manufacturer (rather than by the user). The desired memory contents are furnished by the customer to the device manufacturer. The desired data is converted into a custom photomask /mask layer for the final metallization of interconnections on

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684-431: A software package Engineering [ edit ] Range of motion , the distance that a movable object may normally travel while properly attached to another object RFID on metal , radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags which perform a specific function when attached to metal objects Rough order of magnitude , a type of cost estimation Fiction and entertainment [ edit ] Ethan Rom , one of

741-511: A specific part of the device, instead of the entire device. This can be done at high speed, hence the name "flash". All of these technologies improved the flexibility of ROM, but at a significant cost-per-chip, so that in large quantities mask ROM would remain an economical choice for many years. (Decreasing cost of reprogrammable devices had almost eliminated the market for mask ROM by the year 2000.) Rewriteable technologies were envisioned as replacements for mask ROM. The most recent development

798-416: A technical level the gains have been achieved by increasing parallelism both in controller design and of storage, the use of large DRAM read/write caches and the implementation of memory cells which can store more than one bit (DLC, TLC and MLC). The latter approach is more failure prone but this has been largely mitigated by overprovisioning (the inclusion of spare capacity in a product which is visible only to

855-406: A variety of other devices. In particular, many microprocessors have mask ROM to store their microcode . Some microcontrollers have mask ROM to store the bootloader or all of their firmware . Classic mask-programmed ROM chips are integrated circuits that physically encode the data to be stored, and thus it is impossible to change their contents after fabrication. It is also possible to write

912-436: Is NAND flash , also invented at Toshiba. Its designers explicitly broke from past practice, stating plainly that "the aim of NAND flash is to replace hard disks ," rather than the traditional use of ROM as a form of non-volatile primary storage . As of 2021 , NAND has nearly completely achieved this goal by offering throughput higher than hard disks, lower latency, higher tolerance of physical shock, extreme miniaturization (in

969-759: Is a thriving community engaged in the distribution and trading of such software for preservation/sharing purposes. Indigenous Australian customary law#Arnhem Land Indigenous Australian customary law or Indigenous Australian customary lore refers to the legal systems and practices uniquely belonging to Indigenous Australians of Australia, that is, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people . Indigenous peoples of Australia comprise two groups with very different histories, ethnicities and customs: Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders . Torres Strait Islanders are "strictly monogamous [and] mostly church-married". The most notable customary practice differing from usual practice among non-Indigenous Australians

1026-407: Is common practice to use rewritable non-volatile memory – such as UV- EPROM or EEPROM – for the development phase of a project, and to switch to mask ROM when the code has been finalized. For example, Atmel microcontrollers come in both EEPROM and mask ROM formats. The main advantage of mask ROM is its cost. Per bit, mask ROM was more compact than any other kind of semiconductor memory . Since

1083-413: Is only suitable for storing data which is not expected to need modification for the life of the device. To that end, ROM has been used in many computers to store look-up tables for the evaluation of mathematical and logical functions (for example, a floating-point unit might tabulate the sine function in order to facilitate faster computation). This was especially effective when CPUs were slow and ROM

1140-415: Is still applied to images of newer games distributed on CD-ROMs or other optical media. ROM images of commercial games, firmware, etc. usually contain copyrighted software. The unauthorized copying and distribution of copyrighted software is a violation of copyright laws in many jurisdictions, although duplication for backup purposes may be considered fair use depending on location. In any case, there

1197-584: Is that of adoption, known as kupai omasker , by members of the extended family or friends. The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to. Most studies have looked exclusively at Aboriginal law and lore, with regard to personal and social customs. Aboriginal customary law developed over time from accepted moral and social norms within Indigenous societies. They regulate human behaviour, mandate specific sanctions for non-compliance, and connect people with

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1254-511: Is used to store the basic bootstrapping firmware for the processor, as well as the various firmware needed to internally control self-contained devices such as graphic cards , hard disk drives , solid-state drives , optical disc drives , TFT screens , etc., in the system. Today, many of these "read-only" memories – especially the BIOS / UEFI – are often replaced with EEPROM or Flash memory (see below), to permit in-place reprogramming should

1311-550: The 360/85 , and the initial two System/370 models ( 370/155 and 370/165 ). On some models there was also a writeable control store (WCS) for additional diagnostics and emulation support. The Apollo Guidance Computer used core rope memory , programmed by threading wires through magnetic cores. The simplest type of solid-state ROM is as old as the semiconductor technology itself. Combinational logic gates can be joined manually to map n -bit address input onto arbitrary values of m -bit data output (a look-up table ). With

1368-651: The Electrotechnical Laboratory in 1972, went a long way to solving problem 4, since an EEPROM can be programmed in-place if the containing device provides a means to receive the program contents from an external source (for example, a personal computer via a serial cable ). Flash memory , invented by Fujio Masuoka at Toshiba in the early 1980s and commercialized in the late 1980s, is a form of EEPROM that makes very efficient use of chip area and can be erased and reprogrammed thousands of times without damage. It permits erasure and programming of only

1425-632: The KERNAL operating system. Later home or office computers such as the IBM PC XT often included magnetic disk drives, and larger amounts of RAM, allowing them to load their operating systems from disk into RAM, with only a minimal hardware initialization core and bootloader remaining in ROM (known as the BIOS in IBM-compatible computers). This arrangement allowed for a more complex and easily upgradeable operating system. In modern PCs, "ROM"

1482-716: The Queensland Government introduced a bill in parliament to legally recognise the Torres Strait Islander practice of traditional adoptions (kupai omasker), which was passed as the Meriba Omasker Kaziw Kazipa Act 2020 ("For Our Children's Children") on 8 September 2020. European settlers in Australia assumed the legal fiction of Australia as terra nullius during the period of colonisation. For that reason, lore

1539-512: The floating gate of a MOS semiconductor device could be used for the cell of a reprogrammable ROM, which led to Dov Frohman of Intel inventing erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) in 1971. The 1971 invention of EPROM essentially solved problem 3, since EPROM (unlike PROM) can be repeatedly reset to its unprogrammed state by exposure to strong ultraviolet light. Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), developed by Yasuo Tarui, Yutaka Hayashi and Kiyoko Naga at

1596-418: The 1960s, both ROM and its mutable counterpart static RAM were implemented as arrays of transistors in silicon chips; however, a ROM memory cell could be implemented using fewer transistors than an SRAM memory cell, since the latter needs a latch (comprising 5-20 transistors) to retain its contents, while a ROM cell might consist of the absence (logical 0) or presence (logical 1) of one transistor connecting

1653-597: The Britsoft era of video game development Rom (album) Places and structures [ edit ] River Rom , England Rom (river) , Switzerland and Italy Rom, Afghanistan , a village in Sar-e Pol province, Afghanistan Rom, Deux-Sèvres , a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France Rom (Mecklenburg) , a community in the district of Parchim, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany Rom,

1710-596: The High Court held that it would recognise customary legal rights to land; if and only if those legal rights had been maintained continuously since settlement, and not displaced by an inconsistent grant in title to another person (such as a grant in freehold ). Indigenous customary claims to land are regulated by the Native Title Act 1993 . Madayin is the customary law of the Yolngu people, which embodies

1767-774: The Others in the TV series Lost Rom (comics) , a Marvel Comics superhero based on the Parker Brothers toy of the same name Rom ( Star Trek ) , a Ferengi character in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Rom, a fictional character in Hyperdimension Neptunia Mk2 Runes of Magic , a popular MMORPG Rom, a boss in the videogame Bloodborne Read-Only Memory (publisher) , a British publisher of art books related to

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1824-466: The ROM chips, and the presence or absence of these features will represent either a 1 or a 0 bit, depending on the ROM design. Thus by design, any attempts to electronically change the data will fail, since the data is defined by the presence or absence of physical features or structures that cannot be electronically changed. For every software program, even for revisions of the same program, the entire mask must be changed, which can be costly. In mask ROM,

1881-596: The condemned could be denied mortuary rites. Customary law has not otherwise been relevant to the development of Australian common law by courts. Legislative bodies since the late-twentieth century have investigated the concept of incorporating Indigenous laws more formally into post-colonial legal systems. Reports by the Australian Law Reform Commission and the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia have discussed

1938-423: The contents of a Laser ROM by using a laser to alter the electrical properties of only some diodes on the ROM, or by using a laser to cut only some polysilicon links, instead of using a mask. By applying write protection , some types of reprogrammable ROMs may temporarily become read-only memory. There are other types of non-volatile memory which are not based on solid-state IC technology, including: Although

1995-660: The cost of an integrated circuit strongly depends on its size, mask ROM is significantly cheaper than any other kind of semiconductor memory. However, the one-time masking cost is high and there is a long turn-around time from design to product phase. Design errors are costly: if an error in the data or code is found, the mask ROM is useless and must be replaced in order to change the code or data. As of 2003 , four companies produce most such mask ROM chips: Samsung Electronics , NEC Corporation , Oki Electric Industry , and Macronix . Some integrated circuits contain only mask ROM. Other integrated circuits contain mask ROM as well as

2052-463: The data is physically encoded in the circuit, so it can only be programmed during fabrication. This leads to a number of serious disadvantages: Subsequent developments have addressed these shortcomings. Programmable read-only memory (PROM), invented by Wen Tsing Chow in 1956, allowed users to program its contents exactly once by physically altering its structure with the application of high-voltage pulses. This addressed problems 1 and 2 above, since

2109-478: The desirability of recognising customary law in matters involving Aboriginal Australians. In the Northern Territory , some statutes and courts make explicit reference to customary law where useful in identifying relationships and social expectations. These changes have sometimes been controversial, especially in cases where customary law is imprecise or infringes upon human rights . On 17 July 2020

2166-453: The drive controller) and by increasingly sophisticated read/write algorithms in drive firmware. Because they are written by forcing electrons through a layer of electrical insulation onto a floating transistor gate , rewriteable ROMs can withstand only a limited number of write and erase cycles before the insulation is permanently damaged. In the earliest EPROMs, this might occur after as few as 1,000 write cycles, while in modern Flash EEPROM

2223-418: The endurance may exceed 1,000,000. The limited endurance, as well as the higher cost per bit, means that Flash-based storage is unlikely to completely supplant magnetic disk drives in the near future. The timespan over which a ROM remains accurately readable is not limited by write cycling. The data retention of EPROM, EAROM, EEPROM, and Flash may be time-limited by charge leaking from the floating gates of

2280-721: The form of USB flash drives and tiny microSD memory cards , for example), and much lower power consumption. Many stored-program computers use a form of non-volatile storage (that is, storage that retains its data when power is removed) to store the initial program that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution (a process known as bootstrapping , often abbreviated to " booting " or "booting up"). Likewise, every non-trivial computer needs some form of mutable memory to record changes in its state as it executes. Forms of read-only memory were employed as non-volatile storage for programs in most early stored-program computers, such as ENIAC after 1948 . (Until then it

2337-431: The form of erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and flash memory can be erased and re-programmed. But usually, this can only be done at relatively slow speeds, may require special equipment to achieve, and is typically only possible a certain number of times. The term "ROM" is sometimes used to refer to a ROM device containing specific software or

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2394-604: The generations by means of cultural works such as songlines , stories and dance. Those cultural works are passed on by oral tradition . A report by the Australian Government in 1986 did not find any codified versions of Indigenous customary lore, but acknowledged that the existing knowledge of Indigenous Australian traditions may be sufficient to be considered as such. Before the arrival of Europeans, death sentences were carried out under Aboriginal customary law, either directly or through sorcery . In some cases

2451-442: The integrated circuit, although fuse re-growth was once a problem in some systems. The contents of ROM chips can be extracted with special hardware devices and relevant controlling software. This practice is common for, as a main example, reading the contents of older video game console cartridges . Another example is making backups of firmware/OS ROMs from older computers or other devices - for archival purposes, as in many cases,

2508-499: The invention of the integrated circuit came mask ROM . Mask ROM consists of a grid of word lines (the address input) and bit lines (the data output), selectively joined with transistor switches, and can represent an arbitrary look-up table with a regular physical layout and predictable propagation delay . Mask ROM is programmed with photomasks in photolithography during semiconductor manufacturing . The mask defines physical features or structures that will be removed, or added in

2565-400: The land and with each other, through a system of relationships. Indigenous customary law is not uniform across Australia, and systems differ greatly between language groups , clans, and regions. Within some Aboriginal Australian communities, the words "law" and "lore" are words used to differentiate between the Indigenous and post-colonial legal systems. The word "law" is taken to refer to

2622-514: The legal system introduced during the European colonisation of Australia , whereas the word "lore" is used to refer to the Indigenous customary system. Learned from childhood, lore dictates the rules on how to interact with the land, kinship , and community. Aboriginal customary lore is intertwined with cultural customs, practices, and stories from the Dreamtime . Customs are passed on through

2679-475: The memory cell transistors. Early generation EEPROM's, in the mid-1980s generally cited 5 or 6 year data retention. A review of EEPROM's offered in the year 2020 shows manufacturers citing 100 year data retention. Adverse environments will reduce the retention time (leakage is accelerated by high temperatures or radiation ). Masked ROM and fuse/antifuse PROM do not suffer from this effect, as their data retention depends on physical rather than electrical permanence of

2736-548: The memory chip (hence the name). Mask ROM can be made in several ways, all of which aim to change the electrical response of a transistor when it is addressed on a grid, such as: Mask ROM transistors can be arranged in either NOR or NAND configurations and can achieve one of the smallest cell sizes possible as each bit is represented by only one transistor. NAND offers higher storage density than NOR. OR configurations are also possible, but compared to NOR it only connects transistors to V cc instead of V ss . Mask ROMs used to be

2793-417: The most inexpensive, and are the simplest semiconductor memory devices, with only one metal layer and one polysilicon layer, making it the type of semiconductor memory with the highest manufacturing yield (the highest number of working devices per manufacturing run). ROM can be made using one of several semiconductor device fabrication technologies such as CMOS , nMOS , pMOS , and bipolar transistors . It

2850-405: The movement of jumper plugs to apply write-enable signals, and special lock/unlock command codes. Modern NAND Flash can be used to achieve the highest write speeds of any rewritable ROM technology, with speeds as high as 10 GB / s in an SSD. This has been enabled by the increased investment in both consumer and enterprise solid-state drives and flash memory products for higher end mobile devices. On

2907-858: The need for a firmware upgrade arise. However, simple and mature sub-systems (such as the keyboard or some communication controllers in the integrated circuits on the main board, for example) may employ mask ROM or OTP (one-time programmable). ROM and successor technologies such as flash are prevalent in embedded systems . These are in everything from industrial robots to home appliances and consumer electronics ( MP3 players , set-top boxes , etc.) all of which are designed for specific functions, but are based on general-purpose microprocessors . With software usually tightly coupled to hardware, program changes are rarely needed in such devices (which typically lack hard disks for reasons of cost, size, or power consumption). As of 2008, most products use Flash rather than mask ROM, and many provide some means for connecting to

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2964-459: The original chips are PROMs and thus at risk of exceeding their usable data lifetime. The resultant memory dump files are known as ROM images or abbreviated ROMs , and can be used to produce duplicate ROMs - for example to produce new cartridges or as digital files for playing in console emulators . The term ROM image originated when most console games were distributed on cartridges containing ROM chips, but achieved such widespread usage that it

3021-443: The relative speed of RAM vs. ROM has varied over time, as of 2007 large RAM chips can be read faster than most ROMs. For this reason (and to allow uniform access), ROM content is sometimes copied to RAM or shadowed before its first use, and subsequently read from RAM. For those types of ROM that can be electrically modified, writing speed has traditionally been much slower than reading speed, and it may need unusually high voltage,

3078-560: The title Rom . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rom&oldid=1246713354 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages ROM Strictly speaking, read-only memory refers to hard-wired memory, such as diode matrix or

3135-575: Was cheap compared to RAM. Notably, the display adapters of early personal computers stored tables of bitmapped font characters in ROM. This usually meant that the text display font could not be changed interactively. This was the case for both the CGA and MDA adapters available with the IBM PC XT. The use of ROM to store such small amounts of data has disappeared almost completely in modern general-purpose computers. However, NAND Flash has taken over

3192-450: Was explicitly ignored by Australian courts, both during and after the colonial era. In 1992, post-colonial law recognised Indigenous lore as giving rise to a valid legal claim in the Mabo decision , in which the legal fiction of terra nullius was discarded. While the court found that the crown held radical title over all land in Australia (including land subject to Indigenous legal claims),

3249-408: Was not a stored-program computer as every program had to be manually wired into the machine, which could take days to weeks.) Read-only memory was simpler to implement since it needed only a mechanism to read stored values, and not to change them in-place, and thus could be implemented with very crude electromechanical devices (see historical examples below). With the advent of integrated circuits in

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