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58-443: The magazine published mainly new novels (not necessarily the first publication), mostly by Soviet writers, but there were also translations of "ideologically suitable" western writers. It was an inexpensive edition printed on a cheap, brown newspaper paper of size about C4 without illustrations, hence the name. The magazine published over 1200 novels and short stories by 700 authors and several collections of verses. The magazine

116-438: A "Compass of Motives" in a discussion on the combination of human compounded motives and quoted him as saying, "The motives that lead us to do anything might be arranged like the thirty-two winds and might be given names on the same pattern: for instance, 'food-food-fame' or 'fame-fame-food'.” Lichtenberg is not read by many outside Germany. Leo Tolstoy held Lichtenberg's writings in high esteem, expressing his perplexity of "why

174-456: A B format and the next larger A format (just like C sits between A and the next larger B). The remaining formats fit in between all these formats, such that the sequence of formats A4, E4, C4, G4, B4, F4, D4, *H4, A3 is a geometric progression , in which the dimensions grow by a factor 2 16 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{16}]{2}}} from one size to the next. However, this SIS standard does not define any size between

232-619: A D format and the next larger A format (called *H in the previous example). Of these additional formats, G5 (169 × 239 mm) and E5 (155 × 220 mm) are popular in Sweden and the Netherlands for printing dissertations, but the other formats have not turned out to be particularly useful in practice. They have not been adopted internationally and the Swedish standard has been withdrawn. The Swedish and German D series basically contain

290-411: A few pages. Lichtenberg became a hunchback as a child owing to a malformation of his spine suffered from a fall. This left him unusually short, even by 18th-century standards. Over time, this malformation grew worse, ultimately affecting his breathing. In 1777, he met Maria Stechard, then aged 13, who lived with the professor permanently after 1780. She died in 1782. Their relationship was made into

348-514: A large electrophorus to generate static electricity through induction . One of the largest made, it was 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in diameter and could produce 38-centimetre (15 in) sparks. With it, he discovered the basic principle of modern xerography copy machine technology . By discharging a high voltage point near an insulator , he was able to record strange, tree-like patterns in fixed dust. These Lichtenberg figures are considered today to be examples of fractals . A crater on

406-839: A novel by Gert Hofmann , which was translated by his son Michael Hofmann into English with the title Lichtenberg and the Little Flower Girl . In 1783, the following year, Lichtenberg met Margarethe Kellner (1768–1848). He married her in 1789, to give her a pension , as he thought he was to die soon. They had six children: Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1786–1845), Louise Wilhelmina Lichtenberg (1789–1802), Agnes Lichtenberg (1793–1820), Augusta Friederike Lichtenberg (1795–1837), Heinrich August Lichtenberg (1797–1836) and Christian Wilhelm Lichtenberg (1799–1860), and she outlived him by 49 years. In 1799, Lichtenberg died in Göttingen after

464-438: A physicist, and created a satirical poster that was intended to prevent Philadelphia from performing his exhibition in Göttingen. The placard, called “ Lichtenberg's Avertissement ,” described extravagant and miraculous tricks that were to be performed. As a result, Philadelphia left the city without a performance. Based on his visits to England, his Briefe aus England , with admirable descriptions of David Garrick 's acting, are

522-460: A powerful satire, Über die Pronunciation der Schöpse des alten Griechenlandes . For Laurence Sterne 's wit on the bigotry of the clergy , in his novel Tristram Shandy , Lichtenberg condemned him as a scandalum ecclesiae (a scandal for the Church). In 1777, Lichtenberg opposed the apparent misrepresentation of science by Jacob Philadelphia . Lichtenberg considered him to be a magician, not

580-435: A result, B0 is 1 metre wide, and other sizes of the series are a half, a quarter, or further fractions of a metre wide: in general, every B size has exactly one side of length 1 m 2 n {\displaystyle {\frac {1\operatorname {m} }{2^{n}}}} for n ∈ N {\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} } . That side is the short side for B0, B2, B4, etc., and

638-528: A sheet is folded, the length to width ratio does not change. Briefly after the introduction of the metric system , a handful of new paper formats equivalent to modern ones were developed in France, having been proposed by the mathematician Lazare Carnot , and published for judicial purposes in 1798 during the French Revolution . These were never widely adopted, however: Early in the 20th century,

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696-546: A short illness at the age of 56. At Georg Christoph Lichtenberg was 17 brothers and sisters, most of whom died in infancy. The "scrapbooks" ( Sudelbücher in German ) are notebooks, in the tradition of commonplace books or waste books , which Lichtenberg kept from his student days until the end of his life. Each volume was accorded a letter of the alphabet from A, which began in 1765, to L, which broke off at Lichtenberg's death in 1799. These notebooks first became known to

754-444: A sliding window of size 2) will automatically correspond to the dimensions of a standard paper format in the series. The tolerances specified in the standard are The German standard DIN 476 was published on 18 August 1922 and is the original specification of the A , B and C sizes . In 1991, it was split into DIN 476-1 for the A and B formats and 476-2 for the C series. The former has been withdrawn in 2002 in favor of adopting

812-462: A standard, DIN 198, that was just a table of recommended A series formats for a number of business applications. The 1976 edition of this standard introduced a size 2 ⁄ 3 A4 198 mm × 210 mm and suggested it for some forms and slips. The Swedish standard SIS 01 47 11 generalized the ISO system of A , B , and C formats by adding D, E, F, and G formats to it. Its D format sits between

870-463: Is also a Exceptional Elongated Sizes (Third Choice). These sizes are obtained by increasing the shorter dimensions of a sheet of the ISO-A series to lengths that are multiples of the shorter dimensions of the chosen basic sheet. These sizes are used when a very large or extra elongated sheet is needed. Georg Christoph Lichtenberg Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1 July 1742 – 24 February 1799)

928-521: Is continued in Russia . This Soviet Union –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a literary magazine published in Europe is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about magazines . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . Paper size Paper size standards govern

986-546: Is defined as having an area of 1 m ; given an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} , the dimensions of A0 are: or, rounded to the nearest millimetre, 1,189 mm × 841 mm (46.8 in × 33.1 in). A series sizes are related in that the smaller dimension of a given size is the larger dimension of the next smaller size, and folding an A series sheet in half in its larger dimension—that is, folding it in half parallel to its short edge—results in two halves that are each

1044-495: Is only very roughly 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} . The short side of the size is always 4 mm longer than the long side of the next smaller size. The long side of the size is always exactly – i.e. without further rounding – twice as long as the short side of the next smaller size. The Bureau of Indian Standards recommends the "ISO-A series" size of drawing sheet for engineering drawing works. The Bureau of Indian Standards specifies all

1102-493: Is proven as follows: where a is the long side and b is the short side. The aspect ratio for the new dimensions of the folded paper is: The advantages of basing a paper size upon an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} were noted in 1786 by the German scientist and philosopher Georg Christoph Lichtenberg . He also observed that some raw sizes already adhered to that ratio so that when

1160-688: Is the C series of ISO 269 . The international paper size standard is ISO 216 . It is based on the German DIN 476 standard for paper sizes. Each ISO paper size is one half of the area of the next larger size in the same series. ISO paper sizes are all based on a single aspect ratio of the square root of 2 , or approximately 1:1.41421. There are different series, as well as several extensions. The following international paper sizes are included in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): A3 , A4 , A5 , B4 , B5 . There are 11 sizes in

1218-576: Is the Shiroku-ban and the Kiku paper sizes. The Chinese standard GB/T 148–1997, which replaced GB 148–1989, documents the standard ISO series, A and B, but adds a custom D series. This Chinese format originates from the Republic of China (1912–1949) . The D series is not identical to the German or Swedish D series. It does not strictly follow the same principles as ISO paper sizes: The aspect ratio

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1276-460: Is used to print two US letter or A4 pages side by side using imposition ; four pages would be printed on B2, eight on B1, etc. The C series is defined in ISO 269 , which was withdrawn in 2009 without a replacement, but is still specified in several national standards. It is primarily used for envelopes. The area of C series sheets is the geometric mean of the areas of the A and B series sheets of

1334-568: The ISO B-series ), so the length ratio is approximately 1.22 times the length of the corresponding A-series paper. The aspect ratio of the paper is the same as for the A-series paper. Both A- and B-series paper are widely available in Japan, Taiwan and China, and most photocopiers are loaded with at least A4 and either one of A3, B4, and B5 paper. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) only supports

1392-642: The Moon is named Lichtenberg in his honour. His life and works are fictionalized in French novelist Pierre Senges's Fragments de Lichtenberg (2008; English translation, 2017). He proposed the standardized paper size system used globally today except in Canada and the US defined by ISO 216 , which has A4 as the most commonly used size. Robert Wichard Pohl , a 20th-century successor of Lichtenberg in Göttingen and one of

1450-599: The University of Göttingen . In 1769 he became extraordinary professor of physics , and six years later ordinary professor . He held this post till his death. Invited by his students, he visited England twice, from Easter to early Summer 1770 and from August 1774 to Christmas 1775, where he was received cordially by George III and Queen Charlotte . He led the King through the royal observatory in Richmond , upon which

1508-510: The supercentenarian Francesco Hupazoli 's life), titles of books to read, autobiographical sketches, and short or long reflections, including keen observations on human nature, in the manner of the 17th-century French moralists . Those reflections helped him earn his posthumous fame as one of the best aphorists in Western intellectual history. Some scholars have attempted to distill a system of thought of Lichtenberg's scattered musings, but he

1566-623: The 1976 revision for compatibility with photography sizes: C8 closely matches 6×9 photos , and C9 and C10 closely match 7×7 and 5×5 slides , respectively. DIN 476 provides for formats larger than A0, denoted by a prefix factor. In particular, it lists the formats 2A0 and 4A0, which are twice and four times the size of A0 respectively. However, ISO 216:2007 notes 2A0 and 4A0 in the table of Main series of trimmed sizes (ISO A series) as well: "The rarely used sizes [2A0 and 4A0] which follow also belong to this series." DIN 476 also used to specify slightly tighter tolerances than ISO 216: There used to be

1624-594: The A series, designated A0–A10, all of which have an aspect ratio of a b = 2 ≈ 1.41421 … {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{b}}={\sqrt {2}}\approx 1.41421\ldots } , where a is the long side and b is the short side. Since A series sizes share the same aspect ratio ( 2 ) , {\displaystyle ({\sqrt {2}}),} they can be scaled to other A series sizes without being distorted, and two sheets can be reduced to fit on exactly one sheet without any cutoff or margins. The A0 base size

1682-677: The Germans of the present day neglect this writer so much." The Chinese scholar and wit Qian Zhongshu quotes the Scrapbooks in his works several times. As a satirist, Lichtenberg takes high rank among the German writers of the 18th century. His biting wit involved him in many controversies with well-known contemporaries, such as the Swiss physiognomist Johann Kaspar Lavater whose science of physiognomy he ridiculed, and Johann Heinrich Voss , whose views on Greek pronunciation called forth

1740-458: The ISO standard, e.g. DIN C6/C5 (also known as C65) is 114 mm × 229 mm where the common side to C5 and C6 is 162 mm. This format allows an envelope holding an A-sized paper folded in three, e.g. for the C65, an A4. The α {\displaystyle \alpha } variables are the distinct first terms in the three geometric progressions of the same common ratio equal to

1798-591: The Lord a thousand times for having made me become an atheist." Arthur Schopenhauer admired Lichtenberg greatly for what he had written in his notebooks. He called him one of those who "think ... for their own instruction", who are "genuine 'thinkers for themselves' in both senses of the words". Other admirers of Lichtenberg's notebooks include Friedrich Nietzsche , Sigmund Freud , Ludwig Wittgenstein and Jacques Barzun . Sigmund Freud (in his "Why War?” letter to Albert Einstein) mentioned Lichtenberg's invention of

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1856-486: The founders of solid state physics used a similar research programme, in which the experiment was an essential part of narrating scientific knowledge. Works published during his lifetime Complete works in German English translations Not only are the two longest chapters in the novel (Trim's sermon and Slawkenbergius's tale) concerned with the bigotry of the orthodox clergy, but, even more significantly,

1914-525: The great figures of that era, including Goethe and Kant . In 1784, Alessandro Volta visited Göttingen especially to see him and his experiments. Mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss sat in on his lectures. In 1793, he was elected a member of the Royal Society . Lichtenberg was prone to procrastination . He failed to launch the first hydrogen balloon . He always dreamed of writing a novel à la Fielding 's Tom Jones , but never finished more than

1972-409: The international standard as DIN EN ISO 216, but part 2 has been retained and was last updated in 2008. The first and the second editions of DIN 476 from 1922 and 1925 also included a D series. The smallest formats in the original specifications for each series were A13, B13, C8, and D8. Sizes A11 through A13 were no longer listed in the 1930 edition, nor were B11 through B13. C9 and C10 were added in

2030-609: The king proposed that he become professor of philosophy. He also met with participants of Cook 's voyages. Great Britain impressed him, and he subsequently became a well-known Anglophile. One of the first scientists to introduce experiments with apparatus in their lectures, Lichtenberg was a popular and respected figure in contemporary European intellectual circles. He was one of the first to introduce Benjamin Franklin 's lightning rod to Germany by installing such devices in his house and garden sheds. He maintained relations with most of

2088-414: The long side for B1, B3, B5, etc. While less common in office use, the B series is used for a variety of applications in which one A-series size would be too small but the next A-series size is too large, or because they are convenient for a particular purpose. The B-series is widely used in the printing industry to describe both paper sizes and printing press sizes, including digital presses . B3 paper

2146-483: The more faltering its theories become. It is always good though not to abandon them instantly. For every hypothesis which used to be good at least serves the purpose of duly summarizing and keeping all phenomena until its own time. One should lay down the conflicting experience separately, until it has accumulated sufficiently to justify the efforts necessary to edifice a new theory. (Lichtenberg: scrapbook JII/1602) Lichtenberg, an atheist, satirized religion saying "I thank

2204-753: The most attractive of his writings published during his lifetime. From 1778 onward, Lichtenberg published the Göttinger Taschen Calender and contributed to the Göttingisches Magazin der Wissenschaften und Literatur , which he edited for three years (1780–1782) with J. G. A. Forster . The Göttinger Taschen Calender , beside being a usual Calendar for everyday usage, contained not only short writings on natural phenomena and new scientific discoveries (which would be termed popular science today), but also essays in which he contested quackery and superstition. It also contained attacks on

2262-513: The most popular of the Japanese sizes, JIS-B4 and JIS-B5 . A popular size for books, dubbed AB, combines the shorter edges of A4 and B4. Another two with an aspect ratio approximating 16:9 are 20% narrower variants of A6 and B6, respectively, the latter resulting from cutting JIS B1 into 4 × 10 sheets (thus "B40"). There are also a number of traditional paper sizes, which are now used mostly by printers. The most common of these old series

2320-527: The ratio was used to specify the world format starting with 1 cm as the short edge of the smallest size. Walter Porstmann started with the largest sizes instead, assigning one an area of 1 m (A0) and the other a short edge of 1 m (B0). He thereby turned the forgotten French sizes (relatively few in number) into a logically-simple and comprehensive plan for a full range of paper sizes, while introducing systematic alphanumeric monikers for them. Generalized to nothing less than four series, this system

2378-572: The recommendations for engineering drawing sheets in its bulletin IS 10711: 2001. The Bureau extended the ISO-A series with a Special Elongated Sizes (Second Choice). These sizes are achieved by increasing the shorter dimensions of a sheet of the ISO A series to lengths that are multiples of the shorter dimensions of the chosen basic sheet; in effect, all of the Indian elongated sizes emulate having several regular-size sheets joined on their long edge. There

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2436-500: The same number; for instance, the area of a C4 sheet is the geometric mean of the areas of an A4 sheet and a B4 sheet. This means that C4 is slightly larger than A4, and slightly smaller than B4. The practical usage of this is that a letter written on A4 paper fits inside a C4 envelope, and both A4 paper and C4 envelope fits inside a B4 envelope. Some envelope formats with mixed sides from adjacent sizes (and thus an approximate aspect ratio of 2:1) are also defined in national adaptations of

2494-507: The same sizes but are offset by one, i.e. DIN D4 equals SIS D5 and so on. The Japanese standard JIS P 0138 defines two main series of paper sizes. The JIS A-series is identical to the ISO A-series except that it has slightly different tolerances. The area of B-series paper is 1.5 times that of the corresponding A-paper (instead of the factor 2 = 1.414... {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}=1.414...} for

2552-532: The size of an A0 sheet, so if it is made from 80-g/m paper, it weighs 1 ⁄ 16 of 80 g, which is 5 g. The B series paper sizes are less common than the A series. They have the same aspect ratio as the A series: However, they have a different area. The area of B series sheets is in fact the geometric mean of successive A series sheets. B1 is between A0 and A1 in size, with an area of 1 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}} m , or about 0.707 m . As

2610-492: The size of sheets of paper used as writing paper, stationery, cards, and for some printed documents. The ISO 216 standard, which includes the commonly used A4 size, is the international standard for paper size. It is used across the world except in North America and parts of Central and South America, where North American paper sizes such as " Letter " and " Legal " are used. The international standard for envelopes

2668-452: The size of the next smaller A series size. As such, a folded brochure of a given A-series size can be made by folding sheets of the next larger size in half, e.g. A4 sheets can be folded to make an A5 brochure. The fact that halving a sheet with an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} results in two sheets that themselves both have an aspect ratio of 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}

2726-412: The square root of two. Each of the three geometric progressions (corresponding to the three series A , B , and C ) is formed by all possible paper dimensions (length and width) of the series arranged in decreasing order. This interesting arrangement of dimensions is also very useful—not only does it form a geometric progression with easy-to-remember formulae, but also each consecutive pair of values (like

2784-436: The standard spread to South America and was adopted by Uruguay (1942), Argentina (1943) and Brazil (1943), and afterwards spread to other countries: By 1975, so many countries were using the German system that it was established as an ISO standard, as well as the official United Nations document format. By 1977, A4 was the standard letter format in 88 of 148 countries. Today the standard has been adopted by all countries in

2842-476: The standard textbook for physics in German. From 1794 to 1799 he published an Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche , in which he described the satirical details in William Hogarth 's prints. As a physicist, Lichtenberg is remembered for his investigations in electricity , for discovering branching discharge patterns on dielectrics , now called Lichtenberg figures . In 1777, he built

2900-514: The tree-like electrical discharge patterns now called Lichtenberg figures . Georg Christoph Lichtenberg was born in Ober-Ramstadt near Darmstadt , Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt , the youngest of 17 children. His father, Johann Conrad Lichtenberg  [ de ] (1689–1751), was a pastor ascending through the ranks of the church hierarchy, who eventually became superintendent for Darmstadt . Mother of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg

2958-522: The whole novel, which breathes tolerance, is implicitly concerned with the same thing. And the bigotry of the orthodox (Anglican) clergy was as much Schopenhauer's hobby-horse as the arts of fortification were Uncle Toby's. He was obsessed by it, as his vitriolic comments on Samuel Johnson – and on the Anglican clergy – show. Lichtenberg condemned Sterne as a 'scandalum ecclesiae'; no doubt it was precisely this that Schopenhauer appreciated. He also shared, to

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3016-604: The world after the man's death, when the first and second editions of Lichtenbergs Vermischte Schriften (1800–06 and 1844–53) were published by his sons and brothers. After the initial publications, however, notebooks G and H, and most of notebook K, were destroyed or disappeared. Those missing parts are believed to have contained sensitive materials. The manuscripts of the remaining notebooks are preserved in Göttingen University. The notebooks contain quotations of passages that struck Lichtenberg (like his recension of

3074-567: The world except the United States and Canada. In Mexico, Costa Rica , Colombia , Venezuela , Chile, and the Philippines , the US letter format is still in common use, despite their official adoption of the ISO standard. The weight of an A-series sheet of a given paper weight can be calculated by knowing the ratio of its size to the A0 sheet. For example, an A4 sheet is 1 ⁄ 16

3132-579: The “ Sturm und Drang ” writers. In the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment , he strove to educate the common people to use logic, wit and the power of their own senses. In 1784 he took over the publication of the textbook Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre ("Foundations of the Natural Sciences") from his friend and colleague Johann Christian Erxleben upon his premature death in 1777. Until 1794, three further editions followed, which for many years, remained

3190-728: Was Henriette Katharina Lichtenberg, nee Eckhardt (1696–1764), daughter of pastor Johann Peter Eckhardt (1659–1702). Unusually for a clergyman in those times, he seems to have possessed a fair amount of scientific knowledge. Lichtenberg was educated at his parents' house until 10 years old, when he joined the Lateinschule in Darmstadt. His intelligence became obvious at a very early age. He wanted to study mathematics, but his family could not afford to pay for lessons. In 1762, his mother applied to Ludwig VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt , who granted sufficient funds. In 1763, Lichtenberg entered

3248-511: Was a German physicist , satirist , and Anglophile . He was the first person in Germany to hold a professorship explicitly dedicated to experimental physics . He is remembered for his posthumously published notebooks, which he himself called Sudelbücher  [ de ] , a description modelled on the English bookkeeping term " waste books " or "scrapbooks", and for his discovery of

3306-499: Was introduced as a DIN standard (DIN 476) in Germany in 1922, replacing a vast variety of other paper formats. Even today, the paper sizes are called "DIN A4" ( IPA: [diːn.ʔaː.fiːɐ̯] ) in everyday use in Germany and Austria. The DIN 476 standard spread quickly to other countries. Before the outbreak of World War II , it had been adopted by the following countries in Europe: During World War II,

3364-406: Was not a professional philosopher, and had no need to present, or to conceive, a consistent philosophy. The scrapbooks reveal a critical and analytical way of thinking and emphasis on experimental evidence in physics, through which he became one of the early founders and advocates of modern scientific methodology. The more experience and experiments are accumulated during the exploration of nature,

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