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99-486: William Hogarth FRSA ( / ˈ h oʊ ɡ ɑːr θ / ; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, engraver , pictorial satirist , social critic , editorial cartoonist and occasional writer on art. His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip -like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress , A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode . Familiarity with his work

198-446: A hanged stickman figure upon a wall, with the name "Tom Nero" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer. The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a Hackney coach driver. His coach has overturned with a heavy load and his horse is lying on the ground, having broken its leg. He is beating it with the handle of his whip; its eye severely wounded. Other people around him are seen abusing their work animals and livestock, and

297-800: A white hart , chained, and in an attitude of rest – which is repeated eighty-three times, without any of them being an exact copy of another. The largest clearspan medieval roof in England, Westminster Hall's roof measures 20.7 by 73.2 metres (68 by 240 ft). Oak timbers for the roof came from royal woods in Hampshire and from parks in Hertfordshire and from that of William Crozier of Stoke d'Abernon , who supplied over 600 oaks in Surrey , among other sources; they were assembled near Farnham , Surrey, 56 kilometres (35 mi) away. Accounts record

396-465: A Barn (1738). He may also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope 's Epistle to Lord Burlington , and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized. This print gave great offence, and was suppressed. However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth. In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition. The collection of six scenes

495-716: A Cold Climate. There are six schools in the RSA Family of Academies, all in the West Midlands, including Whitley Academy . The former RSA Academy in Tipton was also a member, until its disassociation in 2021. Past projects include delivering fresh drinking water to the developing world, rethinking intellectual property from first principles to produce a Charter (published as the Adelphi Charter ), investigating schemes to manage international migration and exploring

594-430: A child is being run over by the wheel of a dray , as the drayman dozes off on the job. In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers. The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by. One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she

693-590: A foreign leader to be invited to address both Houses of Parliament in Westminster Hall. Since the Second World War, the only leaders to have done so have been French president Charles de Gaulle in 1960, South African president Nelson Mandela in 1996, Pope Benedict XVI in 2010, U.S. president Barack Obama in 2011, Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi in 2012, and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy in 2023. President Obama

792-655: A learned artist supported by volumes of Shakespeare , Milton and Swift . In 1749, he represented the somewhat disorderly English troops on their March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children , now Foundling Museum ). Others works included his ingenious Satire on False Perspective (1754); his satire on canvassing in his Election series (1755–1758; now in Sir John Soane's Museum ); his ridicule of

891-409: A man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn. In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747), Hogarth shows the progression in the lives of two apprentices , one of whom

990-423: A manuscript called Apology for Painters ( c.  1761 ) and unpublished "autobiographical notes". Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns , and public buildings, and sold in printshops . Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera , the bourgeois tragedy , and especially, a new form of fiction called

1089-464: A matter of interest in the press. Danish professor Björn Lomborg , was chosen; his latest book, Cool It , suggests that the imminent demise of polar bears is a myth. As president of the RSA, Prince Philip's first choice of speaker was Ian Plimer , professor of mineral geology at Adelaide University, but this was rejected as too controversial, as Plimer argues that the theory of Anthropogenic Global Warming

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1188-459: A single huge open space, with a dais at the end. Richard's master builder Henry Yevele retained the original dimensions, refacing the walls, with fifteen life-size statues of kings placed in niches. The rebuilding had been begun by King Henry III in 1245, but by Richard's time had been dormant for over a century. Included in Richard's renovations are repetitions of his favourite heraldic badge –

1287-630: A truthful, vivid full-length portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram , for the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children , now in the Foundling Museum . This portrait, and his unfinished oil sketch of a young fishwoman, entitled The Shrimp Girl ( National Gallery, London ), may be called masterpieces of British painting . There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring . The engraved portrait of John Wilkes

1386-497: A variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage. Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class. All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form. The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield,

1485-438: Is Tim Eyles , and its chief executive since September 2021 is former Bank of England Chief Economist Andy Haldane . Fellowship is granted to applicants "who are aligned with the RSA's vision and share in our values." Some prospective fellows are approached by the RSA and invited to join in recognition of their work; some are nominated or "fast-tracked" by existing fellows and RSA staff, or by partner organisations such as

1584-402: Is a key part of its charitable mission to make world-changing ideas and debate freely available to all. Over 100 keynote lectures, panel discussions, debates, and documentary screenings are held each year, many of which are live-streamed over the web. Events are free and open to the public, and mp3 audio files and videos are made available on the RSA's website and YouTube page. Speakers on

1683-461: Is dedicated and hard working, while the other, who is idle, commits crime and is eventually executed. This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who worked hard were rewarded, such as the industrious apprentice who becomes Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series. The idle apprentice, who begins "at play in

1782-531: Is known. My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape. My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world. Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry

1881-459: Is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: "I remain yours till death." The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty , shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck. The dissection reflects the Murder Act 1751 , which allowed for the public dissection of criminals who had been hanged for murder. Hogarth

1980-473: Is so widespread that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as "Hogarthian". Hogarth was born in the City of London into a lower-middle-class family. In his youth he took up an apprenticeship with an engraver , but did not complete the apprenticeship. His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of payment of outstanding debts, an event that

2079-593: Is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge. Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving, Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual, mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture. They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation. Charles Lamb deemed Hogarth's images to be books, filled with "the teeming, fruitful, suggestive meaning of words. Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read." William Hogarth

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2178-613: Is unproven. On 14 January 2010, the RSA in partnership with Arts Council England hosted a one-day conference in London called "State of the Arts". A number of speakers from various disciplines from art to government gathered to talk about the state of the arts industry in the United Kingdom. Notable speakers included Jeremy Hunt MP, Shadow Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport , and his counterpart, Ben Bradshaw MP, who

2277-538: The Churchill Fellowship ; others make their own applications with accompanied references, which are reviewed by a formal admissions panel consisting of RSA trustees and fellowship councillors. Fellows of the RSA are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRSA . They also gain access to the RSA Library and to other premises in central London. Fellows pay an annual charitable subscription to

2376-703: The Confederation of British Industry to raise £1 million and government departments to provide £3 million. In July 2008, the RSA became a sponsor of an academy in Tipton , The RSA Academy , which opened in September 2008. A New building for the school was completed in September 2010. In 2021 it was announced that the school would no longer be associated with the RSA. Projects include Arts and Ecology, Citizen Power, Connected Communities, Design and Society, Education, Public Services, Social Brain, and Technology in

2475-666: The Earl of Strafford , the rebel Scottish lords of the 1715 and 1745 uprisings, and Warren Hastings . On the night of 10 May 1941 at the height of the Blitz, the Palace of Westminster was showered with incendiary bombs. Scottish politician Walter Elliot happened to be nearby, and directed firefighters to prioritise saving the medieval Hall rather than the Chamber of the House of Commons, whose roof

2574-549: The Foundling Hospital (1747, formerly at the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children , now in the Foundling Museum ); Paul before Felix (1748) at Lincoln's Inn ; and his altarpiece for St. Mary Redcliffe , Bristol (1755–56). The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain ) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France. Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since

2673-796: The Gin Act 1751 . Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding , may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings , and addressed the same issues. Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751), in which Hogarth depicts

2772-572: The National Training School for Music , was founded by the RSA. The RSA devised a scheme for commemorating the links between famous people and buildings, by placing plaques on the walls – these continue today as " blue plaques " which have been administered by a range of government bodies. The first of these plaques was, in fact, of red terracotta erected outside a former residence of Lord Byron (since demolished). The society erected 36 plaques until, in 1901, responsibility for them

2871-636: The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce , it was granted a Royal Charter in 1847, and the right to use the term "Royal" in its name by King Edward VII in 1908. Members of the society became known as 'Fellows' from 1914. In the nineteenth century, The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations was organised by Prince Albert , Henry Cole , Francis Henry, George Wallis , Charles Dilke and other members of

2970-667: The Strand in central London, had been purpose-designed by the Adam Brothers ( James Adam and Robert Adam ) as part of their innovative Adelphi scheme. The original building (6–8 John Adam Street) includes the Great Room, which features a magnificent sequence of paintings by Irish artist James Barry titled The Progress of Human Knowledge and Culture and portraits of the society's first and second presidents, painted by Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds respectively. On

3069-426: The novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success. Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: "painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes. He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting , and the very vigorous satirical traditions of

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3168-465: The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle . Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority. He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching

3267-619: The "grand style of painting" which avoids "minute attention" to the visible world. In Reynolds' Discourse XIV , he grants Hogarth has "extraordinary talents", but reproaches him for "very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style." Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole , was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints. Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan , executed in 1736–1737 for St Bartholomew's Hospital ; Moses brought before Pharaoh's Daughter , painted for

3366-539: The 19th century, it was regularly used for judicial purposes, housing three of the most important courts in the land: the Court of King's Bench , the Court of Common Pleas and the Court of Chancery . In the reign of Henry II (1154–1189) a royal decree established a fixed sitting of judges in the Hall. In 1215, Magna Carta stipulated that these courts would sit regularly in the Hall for the convenience of litigants. In 1875,

3465-586: The Crown in Westminster Hall on important public occasions. For example, Addresses were presented at Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee (1977), Golden Jubilee (2002) and Diamond Jubilee (2012), the Accession of Charles III (2022), the 300th anniversary of the Glorious Revolution (1988), and the fiftieth anniversary of the end of the Second World War (1995). It is considered a rare privilege for

3564-399: The English broadsheet and other types of popular print. In England the fine arts had little comedy in them before Hogarth. His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience. When analysing the work of the artist as a whole, Ronald Paulson says, "In A Harlot's Progress , every single plate but one is based on Dürer 's images of

3663-764: The English passion for cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759) ; his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762); his political anti-war satire in The Times , plate I (1762); and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764). In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King. Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753). In it, he professes to define

3762-1110: The Faculty is automatic for (and exclusive to) all RDIs and HonRDIs. The Faculty currently has 120 Royal Designers (RDI) and 45 Honorary Royal Designers (non-British citizens who are awarded the accolade of HonRDI): the number of designers who may hold the distinction of RDI at any one time is strictly limited. The Faculty consists of practitioners from fields as disparate as engineering, graphics, interaction, product, furniture, fashion, interiors, landscape, and urban design. Past and present members include Eric Gill , Enid Marx , Sir Frank Whittle , Sir Jonathan Ive , Dame Vivienne Westwood , Sir James Dyson , Sir Tim Berners-Lee , Manolo Blahnik , Naoto Fukasawa , Rei Kawakubo , Issey Miyake , Dieter Rams , Sergio Pininfarina , Alvar Aalto , Vico Magistretti , Walter Gropius , Charles Eames , Richard Buckminster Fuller , Saul Bass , Raymond Loewy , George Nelson , Paul Rand , Carlo Scarpa , Vuokko Nurmesniemi , Massimo Vignelli , Yohji Yamamoto , Peter Zumthor , and more. In Great Britain and Ireland,

3861-595: The Gormagons (1724); A Just View of the British Stage (1724); some book illustrations; and the small print Masquerades and Operas (1724). The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger , the popular Italian opera singers , John Rich 's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields , and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington 's protégé,

3960-590: The Grecian Venus doth but coarsely imitate." On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with Jane Thornhill at Paddington Church , against the wishes of her father, the artist Sir James Thornhill . Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time. However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress , some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through

4059-443: The RSA awarded the first distinctions of Royal Designers for Industry (RDI or HonRDI), reserved for "those very few who in the judgment of their peers have achieved 'sustained excellence in aesthetic and efficient design for industry ' ". In 1937, "The Faculty of Royal Designers for Industry" was established as an association with the object of "furthering excellence in design and its application to industrial purposes": membership of

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4158-598: The RSA building's rear frieze , the words "The Royal Society of Arts" are displayed (see photograph at right), although its full name is "The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce". The RSA has expanded into adjacent buildings, and now includes 2 and 4 John Adam Street and 18 Adam Street. The first occupant of 18 Adam Street was the Adelphi Tavern, which is mentioned in Dickens's The Pickwick Papers . The former private dining room of

4257-545: The RSA offers regional activities to encourage Fellows to address local topics of interest and to connect with other Fellows in their locality. The British Regions are: London, Central, North, Scotland, South East, South West, Wales and, Ireland. The RSA has a presence around the world under its RSA Global scheme with a notable presence in Australia, New Zealand and the United States. The RSA's public events programme

4356-402: The RSA's stage have included Ken Robinson , Al Gore , Sir David Attenborough , Alain de Botton , Michael Sandel , Nassim Nicholas Taleb , Martha Nussbaum , Desmond Tutu , Steven Pinker , Susan Cain , Dan Pink , Dan Ariely , Brene Brown , Slavoj Zizek , David Cameron , Yuval Noah Harari and Dambisa Moyo . The choice of speaker for the recent annual Presidential lecture has been

4455-465: The RSA. Alongside this, all new Fellows pay a one-off registration fee. Originally modelled on the Dublin Society for improving Husbandry, Manufacturers and other Useful Arts , the RSA, from its foundation, offered prizes through a Premium Award Scheme that continued for 100 years. Medals and, in some cases, money were awarded to individuals who achieved success in published challenges within

4554-451: The Second World War. In 2012, a new stained glass window commemorating Queen Elizabeth II's diamond jubilee was installed opposite this window, at the other end of the hall. Westminster Hall has also served ceremonial functions. From the twelfth century to the nineteenth, coronation banquets honouring new monarchs were held here. The last coronation banquet was that of King George IV , held in 1821; his successor, William IV , abandoned

4653-522: The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce), principally the sculptor Henry Cheere , to found an autonomous academy of arts to teach painting and sculpture. Prior to this a number of artists were members of the RSA, including Cheere and William Hogarth , or were involved in small-scale private art academies, such as the St Martin's Lane Academy . Although Cheere's attempt failed,

4752-538: The Tavern contains a magnificent Adam ceiling with painted roundels by the school of Kauffman and Zucchi. A major refurbishment in 2012 by Matthew Lloyd Architects won a RIBA London Award in 2013, and a RIBA English Heritage Award for Sustaining the Historic Environment, also in 2013. The origin of London's Royal Academy of Arts lies in an attempt in 1755 by members of the RSA (then simply known as

4851-580: The academy seems to have stopped operating in 1724, at around the same time that Vanderbank fled to France in order to avoid creditors. Hogarth recalled of the first incarnation of the academy: "this lasted a few years but the treasurer sinking the subscription money the lamp stove etc were seized for rent and the whole affair put a stop to." Hogarth then enrolled in another drawing school, in Covent Garden , shortly after it opened in November 1724, which

4950-617: The age of 10 was awarded a silver medal for his drawing of a dog. The RSA originally specifically precluded premiums for patented solutions. Today the RSA continues to offer premiums. The RSA awards three medals – the Albert Medal , the Benjamin Franklin Medal , and the Bicentenary Medal . Medal winners have included Nelson Mandela , Sir Frank Whittle , and Professor Stephen Hawking . In 1936,

5049-808: The architect and painter William Kent . He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket . In 1726, Hogarth prepared twelve large engravings illustrating Samuel Butler 's Hudibras . These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best early works, though they are based on small book illustrations. In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small " conversation pieces " (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from 12 to 15 inches (300 to 380 mm) high. Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family ( c.  1730 ), The Assembly at Wanstead House , The House of Commons examining Bambridge , and several pictures of

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5148-552: The case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728. Early satirical works included an Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme ( c.  1721 , published 1724), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720, known as the South Sea Bubble , in which many English people lost a great deal of money. In the bottom left corner, he shows Protestant , Roman Catholic , and Jewish figures gambling, while in

5247-527: The categories of Agriculture, Polite Arts, Manufacture, Colonies and Trade, Chemistry and Mechanics. Successful submission included agricultural improvements in the cultivation of crops and reforestation, devising new forms of machinery, including an extendable ladder to aid firefighting that has remained in use relatively unchanged, and artistic skill, through submissions by young students, many of whom developed into famous artists such as Edwin Landseer who at

5346-664: The characters he saw. Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St John's Gate , was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years. Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment. In 1720, Hogarth enrolled at the original St Martin's Lane Academy in Peter Court, London, which was run by Louis Chéron and John Vanderbank . He attended alongside other future leading figures in art and design, such as Joseph Highmore , William Kent , and Arthur Pond . However,

5445-509: The chief actors in John Gay 's popular The Beggar's Opera . One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm , whom he sketched two days before her execution. One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden 's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at

5544-541: The church yard" (plate 3), holes up "in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and "executed at Tyburn" (plate 11). The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself. For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs , such as for the first plate: Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of

5643-540: The consequences of alcoholism in Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751). Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage, English beer , in contrast to Gin Lane , in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society. There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the ' Gin Craze .' It started in

5742-411: The conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple. When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: "Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a portion ." However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death. Hogarth

5841-589: The courts were amalgamated into the High Court of Justice , which continued to have chambers adjacent to Westminster Hall until moved to the then new Royal Courts of Justice building in 1882. In addition to regular courts, Westminster Hall also housed important state trials, including impeachment trials and the state trials of King Charles I at the end of the English Civil War , William Wallace , Thomas More , Cardinal John Fisher , Guy Fawkes ,

5940-476: The creation of the Photographic Society of London in 1853. 51°30′33″N 0°07′20″W  /  51.509043°N 0.12215°W  / 51.509043; -0.12215 Westminster Hall#Westminster Hall The fabric of the hall is particularly notable for its hammerbeam roof , a form typical of English Gothic architecture which uses horizontal trusses to span large distances. The roof

6039-410: The cruel treatment of animals which he saw around him and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner. In the first print, there are scenes of boys torturing dogs, cats and other animals. It centers around a poorly dressed boy committing a violent act of torture upon a dog, while being pleaded with to stop, and offered food, by another well-dressed boy. A boy behind them has graffitied

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6138-534: The early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London. Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678 , which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers , whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in

6237-531: The eventual charter , called an 'Instrument', used to establish the Royal Academy of Arts over a decade later was almost identical to that drawn up by Cheere and the RSA in 1755. The RSA also hosted the first exhibition of contemporary art in 1760. Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds were among those who exhibited at this first exhibition, and were subsequently founder members of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1768. An 1852 photography exhibition led to

6336-507: The feasibility of a UK-wide personal carbon trading system. It still promotes the practice of inclusive design, and is working with artists to communicate ideas about environmental sustainability (for example, through one of the RSA's past projects, WEEE Man , and currently through the Arts and Ecology project). The RSA has been home to TEDxLambeth , a TEDx conference based in Lambeth, since October 2019. The RSA moved to its current home in 1774. The House, situated in John Adam Street, near

6435-426: The fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum , London, UK. When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work. The result

6534-442: The fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day . His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life. The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children. He

6633-428: The gate, with a "soldier's hand upon my shoulder", running him in. Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include The Enraged Musician (1741), the six prints of Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747). In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog, Trump (now also in Tate Britain ), which shows him as

6732-427: The hall was used for the lying in state of King Edward VII , followed by King George V in 1936, King George VI in 1952, Queen Mary in 1953, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 2002, and Queen Elizabeth II in 2022. Around 250,000 mourners filed past the coffin when Queen Elizabeth II lay in state, which resulted in the delamination of the Yorkstone floor. The two Houses have presented ceremonial Addresses to

6831-452: The home of John Conduitt , master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square . Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include A Midnight Modern Conversation (1733), Southwark Fair (1733), The Sleeping Congregation (1736), Before and After (1736), Scholars at a Lecture (1736), The Company of Undertakers (1736), The Distrest Poet (1736), The Four Times of the Day (1738), and Strolling Actresses Dressing in

6930-458: The idea because he deemed it too expensive. Since the late 19th century, the Hall has been used as a place for lying in state during state and ceremonial funerals. Such an honour is usually reserved for the Sovereign and for their consorts; the only non-royals to receive it in the twentieth century were Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts (1914), the 48 victims of the crash of the airship R101 (1930) and Winston Churchill (1965). In 1910

7029-443: The lives of his creations. Thus, as a "comic history painter", he often poked fun at the old-fashioned, "beaten" subjects of religious art in his paintings and prints. Hogarth also rejected Lord Shaftesbury 's then-current ideal of the classical Greek male in favour of the living, breathing female. He said, "Who but a bigot, even to the antiques , will say that he has not seen faces and necks, hands and arms in living women, that even

7128-592: The middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding. At the top is a goat, written below which is "Who'l Ride". The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder , while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company , which spent more time issuing stock than anything else. Other early works include The Lottery (1724) ; The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by

7227-474: The most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies. The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist. He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ... The dismal end

7326-487: The need to alleviate poverty and secure full employment . Notable Fellows (before 1914, Members) include Charles Dickens , Benjamin Franklin , Stephen Hawking , Karl Marx , Adam Smith , Marie Curie , Nelson Mandela , David Attenborough , Judi Dench , William Hogarth , John Diefenbaker , and Tim Berners-Lee . Today, the RSA has fellows elected from 80 countries worldwide. Founded in 1754 by William Shipley as

7425-673: The no.1 nonprofit YouTube channel worldwide. The first animation in the RSA Animate series was based on Renata Salecl 's speech delivered for RSA on her book about choice. The society offered the first national public examinations in 1882 that led to the formation of the RSA Examinations Board now included in the Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations Board . In 1876, a predecessor of the Royal College of Music ,

7524-491: The principles of beauty and grace which he, a real child of Rococo , saw realized in serpentine lines (the Line of Beauty ). By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature. For instance, Paul Sandby produced several caricatures against Hogarth's treatise. Hogarth wrote also

7623-456: The production and then consumption of domestic gin. In Beer Street , people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane , they are scrawny, lazy and careless. The woman at the front of Gin Lane , who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour , who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money. The prints were published in support of

7722-430: The same series, produced by French engravers, appeared in 1745. This moralistic warning shows the miserable tragedy of an ill-considered marriage for money. This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials. Marital ethics were the topic of much debate in 18th-century Britain. The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with

7821-423: The society as a celebration of modern industrial technology and design. In September 2023, RSA workers voted to strike for the first time in the organisation's 270 year history, saying management had entered into pay negotiations in "bad faith". The RSA's Patron was Elizabeth II . The RSA's president is Anne, Princess Royal (who replaced her father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , in 2011), its chairman

7920-450: The son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband. William Makepeace Thackeray wrote: This famous set of pictures contains

8019-513: The story of the Virgin and the story of the Passion ." In other works, he parodies Leonardo da Vinci 's Last Supper . According to Paulson, Hogarth is subverting the religious establishment and the orthodox belief in an immanent God who intervenes in the lives of people and produces miracles . Indeed, Hogarth was a Deist , a believer in a God who created the universe but takes no direct hand in

8118-423: The three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth. In them, Reynolds argues that this "connoisseur" has a "servile attention to minute exactness" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as "the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real." Reynolds rejected "this kind of imitation", favouring

8217-597: The two main Chambers, in which the government and opposition benches directly face each other, the seating in the Grand Committee Room is laid out in a U-shape, a pattern meant to reflect the non-partisan nature of the debates there. The hall is notable for its hammerbeam roof , which was commissioned for Richard II in 1393. It was built by the royal carpenter, Hugh Herland , and is considered "the greatest creation of medieval timber architecture" creating

8316-553: Was a bestseller. For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a history painter , but did not earn much respect in this field. The painter, and later founder of the Royal Academy of Arts , Joshua Reynolds , was highly critical of Hogarth's style and work. According to art historian David Bindman , in Dr Johnson 's serial of essays for London's Universal Chronicle , The Idler ,

8415-573: Was a founding Governor of the Foundling Hospital . Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce , commonly known as the Royal Society of Arts ( RSA ), is a London -based organisation. The RSA's mission expressed in the founding charter was to "embolden enterprise, enlarge science, refine art, improve our manufacturers and extend our commerce", but also of

8514-511: Was also a popular portrait painter . In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III , for which he was paid £200, "which was more", he wrote, "than any English artist ever received for a single portrait." With this picture Hogarth established the genre of theatrical portraiture as a distinctively British kind of history painting. In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat , afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success when turned into an etching. In 1740, he created

8613-590: Was also alight, and smashed through a door to the Hall with an axe so hoses could be brought in. The St Stephen's Porch end of the Hall displays under the stained glass window the Parliamentary War Memorial listing on eight panels the names of Members and staff of both Houses of Parliament and their sons killed serving in the First World War; the window itself, installed in 1952, commemorates members and staff of both Houses who died in

8712-535: Was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers. In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth . Morris heard that he was "an engraver, and no painter", and consequently declined the work when completed. Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court , where

8811-477: Was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, and Anne Gibbons. In his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields , where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products. Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching

8910-472: Was commissioned for Richard II in 1393 and built by the royal carpenter, Hugh Herland . It is the largest clearspan medieval roof in England, measuring 20.7 by 73.2 metres (68 by 240 ft). At the same time the rest of the hall was remodelled by the master mason Henry Yevele . The renovations include eighty-three unique depictions of Richard's favourite heraldic badge, a resting chained white hart . Westminster Hall has served numerous functions. Until

9009-424: Was entitled A Harlot's Progress and appeared first as paintings (now lost) before being published as engravings. A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting – the six scenes are chronological, starting with a meeting with a bawd and ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease . The inaugural series was an immediate success and

9108-491: Was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress . The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital . The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in

9207-737: Was initiated as a Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear. Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge. Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night',

9306-671: Was legally conveyed by deed to the National Trust . During the 1980s, the RSA worked with the Comino Foundation and established a Comino Fellowship Committee 'to change the cultural attitude to industry from one of lack of interest or dislike to one of concern and esteem'. This eventually led to a joint government/industry initiative to promote 1986 as "Industry Year", with the RSA and the Comino Foundation providing core funding of £250,000 – which persuaded

9405-586: Was run by Sir James Thornhill , serjeant painter to the king . On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, "the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital ... were during this time runing in my head", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral , and Greenwich Hospital . Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club , with Peter Tillemans , George Vertue , Michael Dahl , and other artists and connoisseurs. By April 1720, Hogarth

9504-474: Was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist. In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage A-la-Mode ( National Gallery, London ), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society. An engraved version of

9603-477: Was the first US president to be invited to use the Hall for an address to Parliament and Aung San Suu Kyi was the first non-head of state to be given the accolade of addressing MPs and peers in Westminster Hall. Following reforms in 1999, the House of Commons now uses the Grand Committee Room next to Westminster Hall as an additional debating chamber. (Although it is not part of the main hall, these are usually spoken of as Westminster Hall debates .) In contrast with

9702-598: Was then the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. Excerpts from the events programme form the basis for the 10-minute whiteboard animations as shown on the theRSAorg YouTube channel. The series was created as a way of making important, socially-beneficial ideas as accessible, clear, engaging and universal as possible. The series is produced and audio-edited at the RSA, and the animations are created by RSA Fellow Andrew Park at Cognitive. The first 14 of these had gained 46 million views as of 2011, making it

9801-545: Was transferred to the London County Council (which changed the colour of the plaques to the current blue) and, later, the Greater London Council (the G.L.C.) and, most recently, English Heritage. Similar schemes are now operated in all the constituent countries of the United Kingdom . In 1929, the society purchased the entire village of West Wycombe . After extensive repairs, the village

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