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59-576: It is uncertain when exactly the Duchy of Rome was established, but it was most likely in the late 7th century, given the lack of earlier references to such a territory. The dux of Rome was subservient to the Exarch of Ravenna , who wielded the highest imperial authority in Italy. Within the exarchate, the two chief districts were the country about Ravenna where the exarch was the centre of Byzantine opposition to

118-547: A Light rail line. Ternana Calcio is the main football club in the city. The club has twice played in Italy's first division Serie A (seasons 1972–1973 and 1974–1975 ). Ternana is currently playing in Serie B ( season 2021–2022 ). The club plays at the 22,000-seat Stadio Libero Liberati , named after Italian motorcycle racer Libero Liberati , who was born in Terni, won the 500cc World Championship in 1957, and died while he

177-471: A pragmatica sanctio pro petitione Vigilii (pragmatic sanction on the requests of Pope Vigilius ), the Prefecture of Italy returned, although not yet completely pacified, to Roman dominion. However, Sicily and Dalmatia were separated from the Prefecture of Italy: the former did not become part of any prefecture, being governed by a praetor dependent on Constantinople, while the latter was aggregated to

236-639: A company listed on STAR segment of Borsa Italiana , that is active in the renewable energy sector, and promotes and develops technological start-ups in the cleantech sector. Terni is connected with the A1 motorway , the European route E45 and National Road Flaminia by the RATO , a motorway junction. Terni railway station is part of the Ancona–Orte railway , and is also a junction station for two secondary lines,

295-440: A respite from Lombard attacks. The Lombards fell upon Ravenna , which they had already held from 731 to 735. The Exarch Eutychius had no other recourse than to seek the aid of the pope. Liutprand did in fact allow himself to be induced by Zachary to surrender the greater part of his conquests. Nor was it unimportant that these districts too once owed their rescue to the pope. Only a short time after Liutprand's death in 744, Zachary

354-534: Is a city in the southern portion of the region of Umbria , in Central Italy . It is near the border with Lazio . The city is the capital of the province of Terni , located in the plain of the River Nera . It is 104 kilometres (65 miles) northeast of Rome and 81 km south of the regional capital, Perugia . The Latin name means "between-two-rivers", in reference to its location on the confluence of

413-719: Is met. The Pope asked the Lombards for the return of Sutri for the sake of the Princes of the Apostles and threatened punishment by these sainted protectors. The pious Liutprand was undoubtedly susceptible to such pleas, but never to any consideration for the Greeks. For this reason he gave Sutri to Peter and Paul, that he might not expose himself to their punishment. What the Pope then did with it would be immaterial to him. The belief that

472-458: Is used in historiography in a double sense: "exarchate" in the strict sense denotes the territory under the direct jurisdiction of the exarch, i.e. the area of the capital Ravenna, but the term is mainly used to designate all the Byzantine territories in continental and peninsular Italy. According to the legal sources of the time, these territories constituted the so-called Provincia Italiae , on

531-668: The exercitus romanae militiae , who were the forerunners of the free armed burghers of the Italian cities of the Middle Ages . Other cities of the exarchate were organized on the same model. During the 6th and 7th centuries, the growing menace of the Lombards and the Franks , as well as the split between Eastern and Western Christendom inspired both by iconoclastic emperors and medieval developments in Latin theology and culminating in

590-738: The Liber pontificalis was erroneously interpreted to mean that in this gift the beginning of the States of the Church was to be recognized. This is incorrect inasmuch as the Popes continued to acknowledge the imperial government, and Greek officials appeared in Rome for some time longer. It is true, however, that here for the first time the association of ideas on which the States of the Church were to be constructed

649-708: The Lombards , and the Duchy of Rome, which embraced the lands of Southern Etruria north of the Tiber and of Latium to the south as far as the Garigliano (with the exception of Casinum and Aquinum ). There the Pope led the opposition to the Lombards. The strategic importance of the Duchy of the Pentapolis (Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Sinigaglia, Ancona) and the Duchy of Perugia lay in their ability to retain control of

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708-680: The Po (bordering territory of the duke of Venice , nominally in imperial service) and south to the Marecchia River , beyond which lay the Duchy of the Pentapolis on the Adriatic, also under a duke nominally representing the Emperor of the East. The exarchate was organised into a group of duchies ( Rome , Venetia , Calabria , Naples , Perugia , Pentapolis , Lucania , etc.) that were mainly

767-725: The Prefecture of Illyricum . Consequently, at the end of the conflict, the prefecture of Italy, also called Provincia Italiae by the Pragmatic Sanction as if to demonstrate a loss of importance, was reduced to only continental and peninsular Italy (Sardinia and Corsica, conquered by the Vandals in the century, after Justinian's reconquest they became part of the Praetorian prefecture of Africa ). Narses still remained in Italy with extraordinary powers and also reorganized

826-566: The Saracen Berbers in 847 but recovered in 871. Later after Sicily was conquered by Arabs the remnants were placed into newly established military/administrative themes of Calabria and Langobardia. Istria at the head of the Adriatic was attached to Dalmatia . Note: For some exarchs there exists some uncertainty over their exact tenure dates. Terni Terni ( / ˈ t ɛər n i / TAIR -nee ; Italian: [ˈtɛrni] ; Latin : Interamna (Nahars) )

885-513: The Terni–Sulmona railway (which links Terni with L'Aquila ) and the Terni–Sansepolcro railway ( FCU ) (which serves Perugia ). One of the most important national freight stations is located nearby. The local urban and suburban transport service, ATC, runs 90 bus lines. In the north of the city (Colleluna zone), there are works in progress on the line from Perugia to enable it to be used as

944-501: The Byzantines of continental and peninsular Italy), which necessarily entailed the militarization of Byzantine Italy . The necessities of war pushed military commanders to centralize powers, thus depriving the civil authorities which are no longer attested by sources starting from the second half of the 7th century. Thus the separation of civil and military powers introduced by Diocletian and Constantine disappeared. Byzantine Italy

1003-468: The Duchy of Rome, and seized four important frontier fortresses ( Blera , Orte , Bomarzo , and Amelia ), thereby cutting off communication with Perugia and Ravenna. This caused the pope in 739 to turn for the first time to the powerful Frankish kingdom, under the protection of which Boniface had begun his successful labours as a missionary in Germany. He sent to Charles Martel , "the powerful mayor of

1062-677: The Lombard incursions, the Roman possessions had fragmented into several isolated territories. In 580, Emperor Tiberius II reorganized them into five province eparchies : the Annonaria in northeastern Italy around Ravenna, Calabria , Campania , Aemilia and the Urbicaria around the city of Rome ( Urbs ). What would become the Republic of Venice was at some point created out of part of

1121-614: The Lombards fragmented into several autonomous duchies (the " Rule of the Dukes "). Emperor Justin II tried to take advantage of the Lombardian fragmentation in 576 by sending his son-in-law, Baduarius , to Italy. However, he was defeated and killed in battle, and the continuing crises in the Balkans and the East meant that another imperial effort at reconquest was not possible. Because of

1180-580: The Lombards), or Naples and Calabria (being overrun by the Lombard duchy of Benevento). In Rome, the pope was the real master. At the end, 740, the Exarchate consisted of Istria , Venetia, Ferrara , Ravenna (the exarchate in the limited sense), with the Pentapolis , and Perugia . These fragments of the province of Italy, as it was when reconquered for Justinian , were almost all lost, either to

1239-685: The Lombards, who finally conquered Ravenna itself in 751, or by the revolt of the pope, who finally separated from the Empire on the issue of the iconoclastic reforms . The relationship between the Pope in Rome and the Exarch in Ravenna was a dynamic that could hurt or help the empire. The Papacy could be a vehicle for local discontent. The old Roman senatorial aristocracy resented being governed by an Exarch who

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1298-670: The Lombards. Four years later, after the Franks drove the Lombards out, Pope Stephen II claimed the territory. The Pope's ally in the military action against the Lombards, Pepin the Short , King of the Franks, then donated the conquered lands back to the Papacy; this donation, which was confirmed by Pepin's son Charlemagne in 774, marked the beginning of the temporal power of the popes as the Patrimony of Saint Peter . The archbishoprics within

1357-512: The Nera river ( Ancient Umbrian Nahar , Latin : Nār, Nahar ) and the Serra stream. When disambiguation was needed, it was referred to as Interamna Nahars . Its inhabitants were known in Latin as Interamnātēs Na(ha)rtēs . Interamna was founded as an Ancient Roman town, albeit settlements in the Terni area well precede this occurrence. During the 19th century, steel mills were introduced and led

1416-418: The Papacy and Byzantium accelerated the disintegration of the exarchate. The armies, recruited from the local population, tended to take the pontiff's defense, and did not hesitate to turn on the exarch if he plotted against the Papacy. The Lombards took advantage of this to extend their conquests in an attempt to unify Italy under their domination. The exarchate fell in 751 with the Lombard conquest of Ravenna at

1475-656: The Roman territory (at first in the more restricted, but afterwards also in the wider sense) was defended by the Prince of the Apostles became more and more prevalent. In 738 the Lombard duke Transamund II of Spoleto captured the Castle of Gallese , which protected the road to Perugia to the north of Nepi. Pope Gregory III made a large payment to the duke to restore the castle to him. The pope then sought an alliance with Duke Transamund to protect himself against Liutprand. However, Liutprand conquered Spoleto, besieged Rome, laid waste

1534-545: The acrimonious rivalry between the Pope of Rome and the Patriarch of Constantinople , made the position of the exarch more and more untenable. Ravenna remained the seat of the exarch until the revolt of 727 over iconoclasm. Eutychius , the last exarch of Ravenna, was killed by the Lombards in 751. In 752, the northeastern portion of the Exarchate known as the Ducatus Pentapolis was conquered by King Aistulf of

1593-400: The autonomist tendencies of the local aristocracies and the ever-increasing temporal political role of the Church of Rome led to a progressive weakening of imperial authority in Italy. Byzantine Italy had now fragmented into a series of autonomous duchies outside the effective control of the exarch, whose authority no longer extended beyond the Ravenna area. Fiscal and religious conflicts between

1652-579: The basilica-sanctuary in his honour. The city was founded around the 7th century BC by the Umbrians Nahartes , in a territory inhabited (as testified by archaeological excavations) as early as the Bronze Age . The Iguvine Tablets describe these Nahartes as a strong, numerous people and as the most important enemy of the Umbrian people of Gubbio (Iguvium). In the 3rd century BC, Terni

1711-443: The basis of the fact that they too, until at least the end of the 7th century , fell under the jurisdiction of the exarch and were governed by duces or magistri militum under him. The exarchate was established around 584, the year in which the presence of an exarch in Ravenna is attested for the first time, as a consequence of the perpetual state of war with the Lombards (who in the meantime had stolen approximately two thirds of

1770-614: The border of the "five cities" in the Marches along the Adriatic coast, and reached even cities not on the coast, such as Forlì . All this territory, which lay on the eastern flank of the Apennines , was under the exarch's direct administration and formed the Exarchate in the strictest sense. Surrounding territories were governed by dukes and magistri militum ("masters of the soldiers") more or less subject to his authority. From

1829-535: The city to have a role in the Second Industrial Revolution in Italy. Because of its industrial importance, the city was heavily bombed during World War II by the Allies . It remains an industrial hub and has been nicknamed "The Steel City". Terni is also known as the "City of Lovers", as its patron saint, Saint Valentine , was born and became a bishop here, and the remains are preserved in

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1888-518: The city. The kingdom of Odoacer, the first Roman-barbarian kingdom to exist in Italy, was short-lived: in 493 Odoacer was defeated by the king of the Ostrogoths , Theodoric , who became the new lord of Italy. The new Ostrogothic Kingdom established by Theodoric continued to maintain, as previously, the Roman provincial and state organisation. Around the middle of the 6th century , Emperor Justinian I launched an impressive series of campaigns for

1947-526: The coastal cities in the Italian peninsula since the Lombards held the advantage in the hinterland. The civil and military head of these imperial possessions, the exarch himself, was the representative at Ravenna of the emperor in Constantinople . The surrounding territory reached from the River Po, which served as the boundary with Venice in the north, to the Pentapolis at Rimini in the south,

2006-617: The defensive, administrative and fiscal apparatus. Four military commands were allocated to defend the prefecture, one in Forum Iulii , one in Trento , one in the region of Lake Maggiore and Como and finally one in the Cottian and Graian Alps . In 568, the Lombards under King Alboin , together with other Germanic allies, invaded Northern Italy . The area had only a few years ago been completely pacified, and had suffered greatly during

2065-473: The districts between Ravenna and Rome, and with them communication over the Apennine Mountains. If this strategic connection were broken, it was evident that Rome and Ravenna could not singly maintain themselves for any length of time. This was also recognized by the Lombards. The same narrow strip of land broke the connection between their Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento and the main portion of

2124-533: The dukes of Rome: Exarch of Ravenna The Exarchate of Ravenna ( Latin : Exarchatus Ravennatis ; Greek : Εξαρχάτον τής Ραβέννας ), also known as the Exarchate of Italy , was an administrative district of the Byzantine Empire comprising, between the 6th and 8th centuries , the territories under the jurisdiction of the exarch of Italy ( exarchus Italiae ) resident in Ravenna. The term

2183-545: The exarchy's territory. The title of the Doge of Venice included the phrase dux Veneciarum provinciae , marking it as a province of the Byzantine Empire. By the end of the 6th century the new order of powers had settled into a stable pattern. Ravenna, governed by its exarch, who held civil and military authority in addition to his ecclesiastical office, was confined to the city, its port and environs as far north as

2242-524: The following year. Honorius, no longer feeling safe, moved to Ravenna and established the new capital of the Western Empire there. In 476 Ravenna fell due to a military coup d'état by the general Odoacer who, at the head of a militia of Heruli , Sciri , Rugii and Turcilingi mercenaries (i.e. the Germanic component of the imperial troops), ousted Romulus Augustulus and took possession of

2301-607: The former Lombard possessions associated with the Exarchate of Ravenna to the Papacy in what is referred to as the Donation of Pepin , marking the true beginning of the Papal States. The dukes were initially appointees of the exarch, but by mid-century they were created by the Pope. The office of Duke of Rome disappeared around 778–81, but there are scattered references to dukes among the Papal officers, who may be successors of

2360-576: The former exarchate, however, had developed traditions of local secular power and independence, which contributed to the fragmenting localization of powers. Three centuries later, that independence would fuel the rise of the independent communes. The southern portions of the exarchate including the imperial possessions at Naples, Calabria, and Apulia were reorganized as the Catepanate of Italy headquartered in Bari . These territories were ultimately lost to

2419-515: The great imperial officials became local landowners, the lesser owners of land were increasingly kinsmen or at least associates of these officials, and new allegiances intruded on the sphere of imperial administration. Meanwhile, the necessity for providing for the defence of the imperial territories against the Lombards led to the formation of local militias, who at first were attached to the imperial regiments, but gradually became independent, as they were recruited entirely locally. These armed men formed

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2478-498: The hands of the Lombard king Aistulf . In 395 Theodosius I bequeathed the throne of the Roman Empire to his two sons: Arcadius was Emperor of the East; Honorius became Western Roman Emperor . The Roman Empire would never return to a single ruler. The Prefecture of Italy suffered the invasion of barbarians in the 5th century : the first to cross the Alps was Alaric , king of the Visigoths . He arrived in Aquileia in 401 and from there headed for Milan , which he besieged

2537-431: The king's territories in the north. The Lombards made multiple attacks against this front to wrest control of the peninsula from the Byzantines. In 728 the Lombard King Liutprand took the Castle of Sutri , which dominated the highway at Nepi on the road to Perugia. However, Liutprand, softened by the entreaties of Pope Gregory II , restored Sutri "as a gift to the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul". This expression of

2596-460: The long Gothic War. The local Byzantine forces were weak and, after taking several towns, in 569 the Lombards conquered Milan . They took Pavia after a three-year siege in 572 and made it their capital. In subsequent years, they took Tuscany . Other military initiatives led by Faroald and Zotto , penetrated into Central and Southern Italy , where they established the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento . However, after Alboin's murder in 573,

2655-435: The palace" of the Frankish monarchy and the commander of the Franks in the famous battle at Tours , undoubtedly with the consent of the Greek dux, and appealed to him to protect the tomb of the Apostle. Charles Martel replied to the embassy and acknowledged the gifts, but was unwilling to offer aid against the Lombards, who were helping him against the Saracens. Accordingly, the successor of Gregory III, Pope Zachary , changed

2714-432: The perspective of Constantinople, the Exarchate consisted of the province of Italy. The Exarchate of Ravenna was not the sole Byzantine province in Italy. Byzantine Sicily formed a separate government, and Corsica and Sardinia , while they remained Byzantine, belonged to the Exarchate of Africa . The Lombards had their capital at Pavia and controlled the great valley of the Po . The Lombard wedge in Italy spread to

2773-408: The policy that had been previously followed toward the Lombards. He formed an alliance with Liutprand against Transamund, and in 741 received in return the four castles as the result of a personal visit to the camp of the king at Terni . Liutprand also restored a number of patrimonies that had been seized by the Lombards, and furthermore concluded a twenty years' peace with the Pope. The duchy now had

2832-434: The province. The presence of important industries made the city a favorite target for the Allied bombardments in World War II . On August 11, 1943, a raid by 44 USAAF bombers, which dropped 213 tons of bombs, devastated the city, killing 564 people. It was the first of the 57 airstrikes that destroyed or damaged 40% of Terni's buildings and killed 1,018 civilians. Despite this, industrial environment increased quickly after

2891-451: The reconquest of the West and in particular Italy. On the peninsula the emperor began the long and bloody war against the Ostrogoths . In 540 Ravenna, capital of the Goths and seat of the prefecture, was reconquered and the Byzantines began to appoint their own prefects there. The long campaign ended only in 552-554 with the decisive expedition of the general Narses . On 13 August 554, with the promulgation in Constantinople by Justinian of

2950-421: The same for centuries. After the Lombard conquest in 755, Terni lost prominence when it was reduced to a secondary town in the Duchy of Spoleto . In 1174, it was sacked by Frederick Barbarossa 's general, Archbishop Christian of Mainz . In the following century, Terni was one of the sites visited frequently by St. Francis to give sermons. In the 14th century Terni issued its own constitution, and from 1353

3009-437: The south, and established duchies at Spoleto and Beneventum ; they controlled the interior, while Byzantine governors more or less controlled the coasts. Piedmont , Lombardy , the interior mainland of Venetia , Tuscany and the interior of Campania belonged to the Lombards, and bit by bit the Imperial representative in Italy lost all genuine power, though in name he controlled areas like Liguria (completely lost in 640 to

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3068-400: The traditional industrial connotation of the city. In the 17th century, however, the population of Terni declined further due to plagues and famines. In the 19th century, Terni took advantage of the Industrial Revolution and of plentiful water sources in the area. New industries included a steelworks, a foundry , as well as weapons, jute and wool factories. In 1927, Terni became capital of

3127-424: The walls were enlarged, and new channels were opened. As with many of the Italian communes of the Late Middle Ages, it was beset by civil unrest between the partisans of the Guelphs and Ghibellines , and later between the Nobili and Banderari (Terni's bourgeoisie). It later joined the Papal States . In 1580, an ironwork , the Ferriera, was introduced to work the iron ore mined in Monteleone di Spoleto , starting

3186-403: The war. The city has three important industrial hubs: the first one is the Stainless Steel Area, called AST (part of the group ThyssenKrupp ) and is a wide area located in the east part of Terni. West of the town, there is a second industrial hub, known as "Area Polymer", with four different chemical multinational industries. The third industrial hub is Italeaf, which controls TerniEnergia,

3245-419: The waterfall. This caused flooding in the valley around Terni below. For a long time this became the cause of interminable quarrels between the cities of Rieti and Terni. The issue was so contentious between the two cities that the Roman Senate was forced to address it in 54 BC. Aulus Pompeius represented Terni, and Cicero represented Rieti. The Senate did nothing about the problem, and the problem remained

3304-404: Was conquered by the Romans and soon became an important municipium lying on the Via Flaminia and known under the name Interamna , meaning "between-two-rivers". In 271 BC the Roman consul Manius Curius Dentatus ordered the construction of a canal (the Curiano Trench) to divert the water from the marshes in the Rieti Valley and from Lake Velino over the natural cliff at Marmore , creating

3363-429: Was considered by many a meddlesome foreigner. Thus the exarch faced threats from outside as well as from within, hampering much real progress and development. In its internal history, the exarchate was subject to the splintering influences that were leading to the subdivision of sovereignty and the establishment of feudalism throughout Europe. Step by step, and in spite of the efforts of the emperors at Constantinople,

3422-405: Was divided into various military districts governed by duces or magistri militum dependent on the exarch of Italy, the military governor with full powers chosen by the emperor from among his generals or trusted officials to govern and defend the remaining territories italics. These districts gradually evolved into increasingly autonomous duchies. Starting from the second half of the 7th century,

3481-429: Was successful in further postponing the catastrophe. In 751 the Exarchate of Ravenna fell to the Lombards under King Aistulf . Rome, under Pope Stephen II , attempted diplomatic negotiations with Aistulf, and upon the failure of those negotiations, entreated King Pepin the Short of the Franks to intervene on its behalf. Pepin defeated the Lombards by 756 and granted the lands of the Duchy of Rome as well as some of

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