Misplaced Pages

#611388

88-701: Trier in Rhineland-Palatinate , whose history dates to the Roman Empire , is the oldest city in Germany . Traditionally it was known in English by its French name of Treves . The first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence of linear pottery settlements dating from the early Neolithic period. Since the last pre-Christian centuries, members of the Celtic tribe of

176-628: A de jure French city. In 1801, Napoleon Bonaparte signed a concordate with Pope Pius VII , thus stopping defamations of clerics and making Trier a diocese . Its territory was identical with the Département de la Sarre, much smaller than the Archbishopric of Trier had been until 1794. In 1802, the Frenchman Charles Mannay became first bishop of the new founded diocese and, in 1803, the first Holy Mass since 1794

264-400: A UNESCO World Heritage Site . With an approximate population of 110,000, Trier is the fourth-largest city in its state, after Mainz , Ludwigshafen , and Koblenz . The nearest major cities are Luxembourg City (50 km or 31 mi to the southwest), Saarbrücken (80 kilometres or 50 miles southeast), and Koblenz (100 km or 62 mi northeast). The University of Trier ,

352-519: A vehicle-ramming attack . The Ehrang/Quint district of Trier was heavily damaged and flooded during the 16 July 2021 floods of Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg. Trier sits in a hollow midway along the Moselle valley, with the most significant portion of the city on the east bank of the river. Wooded and vineyard -covered slopes stretch up to the Hunsrück plateau in the south and

440-620: A city of any importance. By the first half of the second century another major structure, a Roman circus , had reached truly monumental proportions. Trier rose in importance during the Empire's third-century crisis , as the chief city of the province of Gallia Belgica . From 271 to 274 AD, Trier was the second city of the breakaway Gallic Empire , at first under Postumus , who was proclaimed in Cologne, then under his ephemeral successor, Victorinus , who made his base at Trier, where he had rebuilt

528-569: A claim to being the oldest city in Germany. The honour of being named after the Emperor was only locally shared by Augsburg and Augst in northern Switzerland . Following the reorganisation of the Roman provinces in Germany in 16 BC, Emperor Augustus decided that the city should become the capital of the province of Belgica . Shortly before AD 100, an amphitheatre was built, the signal sign of

616-518: A collective outburst of fury. The people began to build barricades and wave the red flag . There were even reports that a statue of the Prussian king was smashed into pieces. Trier was on the eve of a civil war when the commander of the VIII Prussian army corps arrived and threatened to shell Trier. After being confronted with superior Prussian military power, the citizens gave up and removed

704-626: A garrison, the bishop used the aid of French troops to regain Trier two times in 1632 and 1645, interrupted by a surprise Spanish attack in 1635 and 10 years of Spanish occupation and imprisonment of the bishop, an event that served as a pretext to start the Franco-Spanish War . The cathedral chapter finally disempowered the bishop in 1649 using mercenaries and Lorrain troops against the bishop's French auxiliary forces. Trier experienced peace until 1673 when French troops besieged and occupied

792-514: A large house with a mosaic proclaiming his position as tribune in Postumus' Gallic Praetorian Guard ; the city served again as capital under the emperors Tetricus I and II . From the second half of the 3rd century onwards, Trier was the seat of an archbishopric ; the first bishop being Eucharius . In the year 275, the city was destroyed in an invasion by the Alamanni . Diocletian recognized

880-577: A staging post for British soldiers headed for German prisoner-of-war camps . Trier was heavily bombed and bombarded in 1944. The city became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate after the war. The university , dissolved in 1797, was restarted in the 1970s, while the Cathedral of Trier was reopened in 1974 after undergoing substantial and long-lasting renovations. Trier officially celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1984. On 1 December 2020 , 5 people were killed by an allegedly drunk driver during

968-622: A starving city without walls and only 2,500 inhabitants. During the War of the Spanish Succession in 1702, Trier was occupied again by a French army. In 1704-05 an allied British - Dutch army commanded by the Duke of Marlborough passed Trier on its way to France. When the campaign failed, the French came back to Trier in 1705 and stayed until 1714. After a short period of peace, the War of

SECTION 10

#1732776326612

1056-644: A total of 8.9 square kilometres. At the beginning of the 4th century AD, Trier was the residence of the Roman Emperor and, with an estimated 80,000 inhabitants, the largest city north of the Alps . Through the Middle Ages and up until the start of the Modern Age , numerous wars, epidemics and famines caused the city's population to drop to only 2,677 in 1697. The population began to increase once more in

1144-752: Is also used for river cruises. A new passenger railway service on the western side of the Mosel is scheduled to open in December 2024. Major sports clubs in Trier include: Trier is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg , Saarbrücken and Metz (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg and France ). Trier is twinned with: Heinz Monz: Trierer Biographisches Lexikon . Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz 2000. 539 p.  ISBN   3-931014-49-5 . Fausta Flavia Maxima Fausta Augusta (died 326 AD)

1232-514: Is central to the greater region encompassing Saar-Lor-Lux ( Saarland , Lorraine and Luxembourg ), Rhineland-Palatinate, and Wallonia . The first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence of linear pottery settlements dating from the early Neolithic period. Since the last pre-Christian centuries, members of the Celtic tribe of the Treveri settled in the area of today's Trier. The city of Trier derives its name from

1320-567: Is set against Crispus, as in the anonymous Epitome de Caesaribus , or conversely her adultery, perhaps with the stepson who was close to her in age, is suggested. According to the Latin Epitome de Caesaribus and the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius (as epitomized by Photius), Fausta was executed by being locked in a bath which was over heated, in connection with the death of Crispus, which "people [thought]"

1408-740: Is the only tomb of an apostle to be located in Europe north of the Alps , thus making Trier together with Rome in Italy (burial place of St. Peter the apostle) and Santiago de Compostela in Spain (tomb of St. James ) one of three major places of pilgrimage in Europe for Catholics . In 882, Trier was sacked by the Vikings , the Great Danish Army , who burnt most churches and abbeys. This

1496-679: The Eifel in the north. The border with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is some 15 km (9 mi) away. Listed in clockwise order, beginning with the northernmost; all municipalities belong to the Trier-Saarburg district Schweich , Kenn and Longuich (all part of the Verbandsgemeinde Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße ), Mertesdorf , Kasel , Waldrach , Morscheid , Korlingen and Gusterath (all in

1584-701: The Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine , with six administrative districts. Trier became seat of one these district administrations, the Regierungsbezirk Trier . Because of the new political situation and the new customs frontiers in the West, the economy of Trier began a steady decline that was to last until 1840. The Province of the Lower Rhine was merged into the Rhine Province in 1822. The influential philosopher and revolutionary Karl Marx

1672-629: The Humboldt Gymnasium Trier , Max Planck Gymnasium , Auguste Viktoria Gymnasium , Angela Merici Gymnasium , Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium and the Nelson-Mandela Realschule Plus , Kurfürst-Balduin Realschule Plus , Realschule Plus Ehrang . Trier has a municipal theatre, Theater Trier , for musical theatre, plays and dance. Trier station has direct railway connections to many cities in

1760-622: The Middle Ages , the archbishop-elector of Trier was an important prince of the Church who controlled land from the French border to the Rhine . The archbishop-elector of Trier also had great significance as one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire . Because of its significance during the Roman and Holy Roman empires, several monuments and cathedrals within Trier are listed as

1848-571: The Ruwer River and the Moselbahn to Bullay (near Zell ) were built later. A sign of increasing prosperity were the first trade fairs in modern Trier in 1840 and 1842. During the revolutions of 1848 in the German states , Trier also saw protests and conflicts. The city council sent a letter to King Frederick William IV of Prussia , demanding more civic liberties. The lawyer Ludwig Simon

SECTION 20

#1732776326612

1936-600: The Treveri in the 1st century BC and establishing Augusta Treverorum about 16 BC. The name distinguished it from the empire's many other cities honoring the first Roman emperor , Augustus . The city later became the capital of the province of Belgic Gaul ; after the Diocletian Reforms , it became the capital of the prefecture of the Gauls , overseeing much of the Western Roman Empire . In

2024-531: The Treveri settled in the area of today's Trier. The Romans under Julius Caesar first subdued the Treveri in 58 to 50 BC. No later than 16 BC, at the foot of the hill later christened the Petrisberg, upon which a military camp had been set up in 30 BC and abandoned again a few months later, the Romans founded the city of Augusta Treverorum ("City of Augustus in the land of the Treveri "), which has

2112-757: The Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer ), Hockweiler , Franzenheim (both part of the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land ), Konz and Wasserliesch (both part of the Verbandsgemeinde Konz ), Igel , Trierweiler , Aach , Newel , Kordel , Zemmer (all in the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land ). The Trier urban area is divided into 19 city districts . For each district there is an Ortsbeirat (local council) of between 9 and 15 members, as well as an Ortsvorsteher (local representative). The local councils are charged with hearing

2200-519: The Vogt of the archbishopric, which developed its own seal in 1149. The Archbishop of Trier was, as chancellor of Burgundy , one of the seven Electors of the Holy Roman Empire , a right which originated in the 12th or 13th century, and which continued until the French Revolution . From the 10th century and throughout the Middle Ages , Trier made several attempts to achieve autonomy from

2288-470: The War of Palatinate Succession in 1688, many cities in the electorate were systematically destroyed in 1689 by the French Army. Nearly all castles were blown up and the only bridge across the Moselle in Trier was burnt. King Louis XIV of France personally issued the order for these acts of destruction but also gave the command to spare the city of Trier. As the French Army retreated in 1698, it left

2376-461: The 1970s include the discontinuation of the 99-year-old "Trierische Landeszeitung" newspaper on March 31, 1974, and the reopening of the restored Cathedral of Trier on May 1 of that same year. From May 24 to 27 1984, Trier officially celebrated its 2,000th anniversary. In 1986, Roman Trier (the amphitheater , Barbara Baths , Imperial Baths , Constantine Basilica , Igel Column , Porta Nigra , Roman bridge , Dom St. Peter and Liebfrauenkirche )

2464-663: The 4th century, Trier was one of the largest cities in the Roman Empire with a population around 75,000 and perhaps as much as 100,000. The Porta Nigra ("Black Gate") dates from this era. A residence of the Western Roman emperor , Roman Trier was the birthplace of Saint Ambrose . Sometime between 395 and 418, probably in 407 the Roman administration moved the staff of the Praetorian Prefecture from Trier to Arles . The city continued to be inhabited but

2552-632: The Archbishopric of Trier, but was ultimately unsuccessful. In 1212, the city received a charter from Emperor Otto IV , which was confirmed by Conrad IV . In 1309, however, it was forced to once again recognise the authority of the Archbishop, who was at that time the imposing Baldwin of Luxembourg , son of the Count of Luxemburg. Elected in 1307 when he was only 22 years old, Baldwin was the most important Archbishop and Prince-Elector of Trier in

2640-593: The Middle Ages. He was the brother of the German King and Emperor Henry VII and his grandnephew Charles would later become German King and Emperor as Charles IV . He used his family connections to add considerable territories to the Electorate of Trier and is also known to have built many castles in the region. When he died in 1354, Trier was a prospering city. The status of Trier as an archbishopric city

2728-507: The Polish Succession started in 1734; the following year Trier was again occupied by the French, who stayed until 1737. The last Prince-Elector, Clement Wenceslaus of Saxony , relocated to Koblenz in 1786. In August 1794, French Republican troops took Trier. This date marked the end of the era of the old electorate. Churches, abbeys and clerical possessions were sold or the buildings put to practical use, such as stables. With

History of Trier - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-658: The Roman Museum in Trier) can be viewed as an update. Trier Founded by the Romans in the late 1st century BC as Augusta Treverorum ("The City of Augustus among the Treveri "), Trier is considered Germany's oldest city. It is also the oldest seat of a bishop north of the Alps . Trier was one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire during the Tetrarchy period in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries. In

2904-746: The Roman West. A new stadium was added to the amphitheater , to stage chariot races . Under the rule of Constantine the Great (306–337), the city was rebuilt and buildings such as the Palastaula (known today as the Constantine Basilica ) and the Imperial Baths ( Kaiserthermen ), the largest surviving Roman baths outside Rome, were begun under Constantius and completed c 314, constructed by his son Constantine, who left Trier in

2992-615: The administration of the Trier-Saarburg district and the seat of the ADD ( Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion ), which until 1999 was the borough authority of Trier, and the Academy of European Law (ERA) are all based in Trier. It is one of the five " central places " of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with Luxembourg, Metz and Saarbrücken, fellow constituent members of the QuattroPole  [ de ] union of cities, it

3080-732: The barricades. Some citizens were jailed for their democratic attitude; Ludwig Simon emigrated like many others and died in Switzerland . Trier became part of the German Empire during the Prussian-led unification of Germany in 1871. In September 1944 during the Second World War , Trier was only a short distance from the frontline fighting and was subjected to almost daily bombardment by American artillery . Allied forces carried out three large-scale aerial attacks on

3168-584: The cathedral) having been secured at the end of the 10th century, Archbishop Theoderich I and his successor Arnold II later set about surrounding the city by walls. This curtain wall, which followed the path now taken by the Alleenring , enclosed 1.38 square kilometres. In 1473, Emperor Frederick III and Charles the Bold , Duke of Burgundy convened in Trier. In this same year, the University of Trier

3256-425: The city and the electoral archbishopric was dissolved. After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, Trier passed to the Kingdom of Prussia . Karl Marx , the German philosopher and one of the founders of Marxism , was born in the city in 1818. As part of the Prussian Rhineland , Trier developed economically during the 19th century. The city rose in revolt during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states , although

3344-428: The city during the Thirty Years' War . The bishop was imprisoned by Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor for his support for France between 1635 and 1645. In later wars between the Empire and France, French troops occupied the city during the Nine Years' War , the War of the Spanish Succession , and the War of the Polish Succession . After conquering Trier again in 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars , France annexed

3432-421: The city later in the same year. On December 19 at 15:30, 30 British Lancaster bombers dropped 136 tonnes of high-explosive bombs over Trier. Two days later, on December 21 at 14:35, 94 Lancasters and 47 American fighter-bombers dropped 427 tonnes of ordnance (high-explosive, incendiary and napalm bombs). Another two days after that, 700 tonnes of bombs were released over the city. According to research by

3520-480: The city on June 7, 1969, did the population once more reach its prewar level. This reorganisation in fact pushed the number of inhabitants beyond the 100,000 mark, which accorded the city of Trier Großstadt status. On June 30, 2005, the population of Trier according to official records of the Rhineland-Palatinate state authorities was 99,685 (registered only by Hauptwohnsitz and after comparison with other regional authorities). The following overview illustrates

3608-436: The city's different population levels, according to the current size of the city area. Up until 1801, these figures are mostly estimates; after this date they have been sourced from census results or official records of state authorities. From 1871 onwards, these statistics correspond to the "present population", from 1925 to the "resident population" and from 1987 to the "population resident at main domicile ". Prior to 1871,

History of Trier - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-477: The city. They fortified it heavily and destroyed all churches, abbeys and settlements in front of the city walls for military reasons. Despite their efforts, they were forced to leave by Imperial troops after the Battle of Konzer Brücke in 1675 In 1684, with the War of the Reunions , an era of French expansion began. Trier was again captured in 1684; all walls and fortresses were destroyed this time. After Trier and its associated electorate were yet again taken during

3784-505: The connection of overheated bathing with contemporaneous techniques of abortion, a suggestion that implies an unwanted, adulterous pregnancy from her relationship with Crispus and a fatal accident during the abortion. Constantine I ordered the damnatio memoriae of Fausta and Crispus around 326 with the result that no contemporary source records details of her fate: " Eusebius , ever the sycophant, mentions neither Crispus nor Fausta in his Life of Constantine , and even wrote Crispus out of

3872-445: The course of the 18th century, reaching 8,829 in 1801. The onset of industrialisation in the 19th century accelerated this growth. In 1900, the city was home to over 43,000 people. By 1939, this figure had doubled to over 88,000. The Second World War cost Trier roughly 35% of its population (30,551 people) and the number of inhabitants had dropped to 57,000 by 1945. Only through the incorporation of several surrounding localities into

3960-444: The demarcation of the Imperial Circles was definitively established. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) did initially not touch Trier. Warfare reached the city as part of the French–Habsburg rivalry and the conflict between townspeople and the archbishop Philipp Christoph von Sötern . The city asked the Spanish government in Luxemburg for help against the bishop's absolutist tendencies in 1630. While Spain sent troops and installed

4048-413: The early 8th century. As a result of the Treaty of Verdun in 843, by which the grandsons of Charlemagne divided his empire into three parts, Trier was incorporated into the Kingdom of Lorraine ( Lotharingia ). After the death of Lothair II , ruler of Lorraine, Trier in 870 became part of the East Frankish Empire , later called Germany, under Henry I . Many abbeys and monasteries were founded in

4136-420: The early Frankish time, including St. Maximin, St. Martin, St. Irminen, St. Maria ad Martyres/St.Mergen and others. The only important abbey that survived wars and secularization by the French at the beginning of 1800 is the Benedictine abbey St. Matthias in the south of Trier. Here, the first three bishops of Trier, Eucharius , Valerius and Maternus are buried alongside the apostle Saint Matthias . This

4224-489: The end of the 290s. To seal the alliance between them for control of the Tetrarchy , Maximian married her to Constantine I in 307. Constantine at first tried to present Maximian’s suicide as an unfortunate tragedy, but later started spreading another version where Fausta was involved in her father’s downfall. Barnes observed that the story “shows clear signs of being invented during Constantine’s war against Maxentius.” During her marriage, she had 5 children. Fausta held

4312-403: The evil with a greater evil: having ordered baths to be heated above the normal level, he deposited Fausta in them and brought her out when she was dead. In Zonaras ' version written in the 12th century, Crispus' death was caused by Fausta's retaliatory accusation of rape following her unsuccessful sexual advances toward him. But when Constantine realized his innocence, he punished her, mirroring

4400-417: The final version of his Ecclesiastical History ( HE X.9.4)", Constantine's biographer Paul Stephenson observes. Although Julian praised Fausta in his panegyric to Constantius II , there is no other evidence of her memory being rehabilitated. Fausta is an important antagonist in Dorothy L. Sayers ' chronicle-play The Emperor Constantine (1951). In addition, Fausta was portrayed by Belinda Lee in

4488-502: The hands of his son Crispus. In 326, sections of the imperial family's private residential palaces were extended and converted to a large double basilica, the remains of which are still partly recognisable in the area of the Trier Cathedral ( Trierer Dom ) and the church " Liebfrauenkirche ". A demolished imperial palace has left shattered sections of painted ceiling, which scholars believe once belonged to Constantine's young wife, Fausta , whom he later put to death. From 318 onwards Trier

SECTION 50

#1732776326612

4576-428: The historian Adolf Welter, at least 420 people were killed in the December 1944 attacks on Trier. Numerous buildings were damaged. During the entire war, 1,600 houses in the city were completely destroyed. On March 2, 1945, the city surrendered to the U.S. 10th Armored Division with minimal resistance. At the end of April 1969, the old Roman road at the Porta Nigra was uncovered. Shortly afterward, on May 12, 1969,

4664-404: The important issues that affect the district, although the final decision on any issue rests with the city council. The local councils nevertheless have the freedom to undertake limited measures within the bounds of their districts and their budgets. The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants (December 31, 2009): Trier has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ), but with greater extremes than

4752-625: The invasions of 407 the Romans were able to reestablish the Rhine frontier and hold northern Gaul tenuously until the end of the 450s, when control was finally lost to the Franks and local military commanders who claimed to represent central Roman authority. During the early 5th century, sources indicate Trier was sacked four times by the Franks . According to Lanting & van der Plicht (2010), this happened in 411 (more probable than 407), 413, 421, and probably 428 or 435. The Huns under Attila also sacked Trier in 451. The city became definitively part of Frankish territory ( Francia Rhinensis ) around 485;

4840-436: The last Roman administrator of Trier was Arbogast . As a result of the conflicts of this period, Trier's population decreased from an estimated 80,000 in the 4th century to 5,000 at the beginning of the 6th century. By the end of the 5th century, Trier was under Frankish rule, first controlled by the Merovingian dynasty , then by the Carolingians . The city still maintained a small group of romance speaking inhabitants in

4928-411: The later Latin locative in Trēverīs for earlier Augusta Treverorum . According to the Archbishops of Trier , in the Gesta Treverorum , the founder of the city of the Trevians is Trebeta . German historian Johannes Aventinus also credited Trebeta with building settlements at Metz , Mainz , Basel , Strasbourg , Speyer and Worms . The historical record describes the Roman Empire subduing

5016-425: The marine versions of northern Germany . Summers are warm except in unusual heat waves and winters are recurrently cold, but not harsh. Precipitation is high despite not being on the coast. As a result of the European heat wave in 2003 , the highest temperature recorded was 39 °C on 8 August of that year. On 25 July 2019, a record-breaking temperature of 40.6 °C was recorded. The lowest recorded temperature

5104-412: The most successful exhibitions in Germany. The Ehrang/Quint district of Trier was heavily damaged and flooded during the July 16, 2021 floods of Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg. Formerly autonomous municipalities and territories that have been incorporated into the city of Trier. Some localities had already formed part of the urban area between 1798 and 1851. In 1798, the city area covered

5192-523: The myth of Phaedra and Hippolytus. Scholars have noted that if Crispus was found to be innocent, his condemnation of memory should have been lifted, but it was not. Although Hans Pohlsander dismissed the idea of Fausta’s death being accidental, viewing the condemnation of memory to be certain proof that Constantine intended to kill his wife, David Woods’ response was that, “Accidents continue to happen even to people deep in disgrace.” He suggested that Crispus and Fausta were not actually executed, offering

5280-430: The open-air wildlife enclosure in the Weisshaus forest was opened. The University of Trier was reestablished in 1970, initially as part of the combined university of Trier- Kaiserslautern . The evolution of Trier as a university city took a further step forward with the opening on April 1, 1974, of the Martinskloster student residence halls. In 1975, the university once more became independent. Other significant events of

5368-453: The other hand, suggests adultery as the reason: He killed Crispus, who had been deemed worthy of the rank of Caesar, as I have said before, when he incurred suspicion of having sexual relations with his stepmother Fausta, without taking any notice of the laws of nature. Constantine’s mother Helena was distressed at such a grievous event and refused to tolerate the murder of the young man. As if to soothe her [feelings] Constantine tried to remedy

SECTION 60

#1732776326612

5456-426: The peace treaties of Basel and Campo Formio in 1797, German hegemonic powers Prussia and Austria ceded all German territories on the left bank of the Rhine river to France. Trier became a de facto French city. The University of Trier was dissolved in the same year. In 1798, it became the capital of the newly founded French Département de la Sarre . With the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, Trier became also

5544-443: The population was recorded using inconsistent survey methods. ¹ Census figure There is not much literature in English on Trier. The three volumes on Trier's history published by the history department of the University of Trier between 1985 and 1996 represent a complete history including all researches up to the time when they were published. Clemens' 2007 book (Clemens is a history professor of Trier University, earlier he worked at

5632-496: The rebels were forced to concede. It became part of the German Empire in 1871. The synagogue on Zuckerbergstrasse was looted during the November 1938 Kristallnacht and later completely destroyed in a bomb attack in 1944. Multiple Stolperstein have been installed in Trier to commemorate those murdered and exiled during the Shoah . In June 1940 during World War II over 60,000 British prisoners of war, captured at Dunkirk and Northern France, were marched to Trier, which became

5720-412: The region. The nearest cities by train are Cologne, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. Via the motorways A 1 , A 48 and A 64 Trier is linked with Koblenz, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. The nearest commercial (international) airports are in Luxembourg (0:40 h by car), Frankfurt-Hahn (1:00 h), Saarbrücken (1:00 h), Frankfurt (2:00 h) and Cologne/Bonn (2:00 h). The Moselle is an important waterway and

5808-438: The title of nobilissima femina up until 324, when Constantine held her in high enough regard to grant her the title of augusta , which she received together with Constantine’s mother Helena . In 326, Fausta was put to death by Constantine, following the execution of Crispus , his eldest son by Minervina. The circumstances surrounding the two deaths were unclear. Various explanations have been suggested; in one, Fausta

5896-404: The urgency of maintaining an imperial presence in the Gauls, and established first Maximian , then Constantius Chlorus as caesars at Trier; from 293 to 395, Trier was one of the residences of the Western Roman Emperor , and its position required the monumental settings that betokened imperial government. A mint was immediately established by Constantius, which came to be the principal mint of

5984-453: Was a Roman empress. She was the daughter of Maximian and wife of Constantine the Great , who had her executed and excluded from all official accounts for unknown reasons. Historians Zosimus and Zonaras reported that she was executed for adultery with her stepson, Crispus . Fausta was the daughter of the emperor Maximian and his wife Eutropia . As her age is nowhere outright attested, scholarly estimates have ranged from 289/290 to

6072-501: Was born in Trier in 1818. His birthplace, the Karl-Marx-Haus , was opened in 1947 and renovated in 1983. From 1840 on, the situation of Trier began to improve as the neighbouring state of Luxembourg , an important market for Trier-made products, joined the German Customs Union in 1842. Trier, with a population of 15,500 at this time, produced mainly leather , cloth , wine and tobacco . Iron works were founded in Quint near Trier at this time. An important infrastructural improvement

6160-409: Was caused by Fausta's accusation of unclear nature. But Constantine, having obtained rule over the whole Roman Empire by remarkable success in wars, ordered his son Crispus to be put to death, at the behest (so people think) of his wife Fausta. Later he locked his wife Fausta in overheated baths and killed her, because his mother Helena blamed him out of excessive grief for her grandson. Zosimus , on

6248-417: Was celebrated in the Cathedral of Trier . Emperor Napoleon visited Trier in 1804. In this time, French Trier began to prosper. In 1814, the French era ended suddenly as Trier was taken by Prussian troops . After the defeat of Napoleon, the Franco-German borders of 1792 were restored in the 1814 and 1815 Paris peace treaties. The city was proclaimed part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815 and made part of

6336-609: Was confirmed in 1364 by Emperor Charles IV and by the Reichskammergericht ; the city's dream of self-rule came definitively to an end in 1583. Until the demise of the old empire, Trier remained the capital of the electoral Archbishopric of Trier, although not the residence of its head of state, the Prince-Elector. At its head was a court of lay assessors, which was expanded in 1443 by Archbishop Jacob I to include bipartisan mayors. The Dombering (curtain wall of

6424-581: Was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site titled " Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier ." Another cultural heritage site is St. Paulinus' Church , designed by Balthasar Neumann . During construction of an underground parking lot in October 1988, remnants of Roman fresco paintings were discovered beneath the Viehmarkt. On November 5, the Trier Observatory

6512-670: Was definitively established. In the years from 1581 to 1593, the Trier witch trials were held. It was one of the four largest witch trials in Germany alongside the Fulda witch trials , the Würzburg witch trial , and the Bamberg witch trials , perhaps even the largest one in European history. The persecutions started in the diocese of Trier in 1581 and reached the city itself in 1587, where it

6600-484: Was elected to represent Trier in the first German parliament in Frankfurt . After Prussian soldiers killed one citizen and wounded others in a melée, the situation escalated. The people of Trier hoisted black-red-gold flags as democratic symbols, rang the church bells, organized a militia and took away the signs of Prussian rule. A second melée between demonstrators and soldiers, which left two citizens dead, led to

6688-409: Was firm, as evidenced by the continuing operation of the imperial arms factory at Amiens . The Franks seized Trier from Roman administration in 459. In 870, it became part of Eastern Francia , which developed into the Holy Roman Empire . Relics of Saint Matthias brought to the city initiated widespread pilgrimages. The bishops of the city grew increasingly powerful and the Archbishopric of Trier

6776-609: Was founded in the city. From 1581 until 1593, intense witch persecutions , involving nobility as well as commoners, abounded throughout this region, leading to mass executions of hundreds of people. In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residences to Philippsburg Castle in Ehrenbreitstein , near Koblenz . A session of the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512, during which

6864-607: Was made in April 2006, when traces of building walls were unearthed during demolition works in the city centre. A large exhibition on the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great was the largest exhibition in Trier up to date. It ran from the 2nd of June to the 4th of November 2007. Some 1,600 pieces lend by 160 museums in 20 countries were on exhibit in three museums in Trier. In all 353,974 tickets were sold and all three museums counted 799,034 visitors, making it one of

6952-508: Was not as prosperous as before. However, it remained the seat of a governor and had state factories for the production of ballistae and armor and woolen uniforms for the troops , clothing for the civil service, and high-quality garments for the Court. Northern Gaul was held by the Romans along a line ( līmes ) from north of Cologne to the coast at Boulogne through what is today southern Belgium until 460. South of this line, Roman control

7040-478: Was officially inaugurated. In the course of excavation work on a further subterranean garage near the Roman bridge, a collection of 2,558 Roman gold coins was discovered on September 9, 1993. The coins have an estimated value of 2.5 million Euro . From April 22 to October 24, 2004, the State Garden Show was held on the Petrisberg heights and attracted 724,000 visitors. A new discovery of Roman remains

7128-482: Was recognized as an electorate of the empire, one of the most powerful states of Germany. The University of Trier was founded in the city in 1473. In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residence to Philippsburg Castle in Ehrenbreitstein , near Koblenz . A session of the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512, during which the demarcation of the Imperial Circles

7216-590: Was the birthplace of Saint Ambrose ca. 340, who later became the Bishop of Milan and was eventually named a Doctor of the Roman Catholic Church long after his death in 397. It is also where Saint Athanasius was first exiled by Constantine in 336. From 367 under Valentinian I Trier once more became an imperial residence until 375. It was the largest city north of the Alps . Gratian resided there for most of his reign until assassinated in 383. It

7304-575: Was the capital of Magnus Maximus , who ruled the prefecture of Gaul, as emperor from 383 to 388. Valentinian II visited the city. In 407, shortly after the invasion of Gaul by the Vandals , Alans and Suebi , the Gallic prefecture was relocated to Arles , on the Rhône . Roman Trier had been subjected to attacks by Germanic tribes from 350 onwards, but these had been repulsed by Emperor Julian . After

7392-594: Was the end of the systematically built Roman Trier. Medieval legend, recorded in 1105 in the Gesta Treverorum , makes Trebeta son of Ninus the founder of Trier . Also of medieval date is the inscription at the facade of the Red House of Trier market, being mentioned in the Codex Udalrici of 1125. From 902, when power passed into the hands of the archbishops, Trier was administered by

7480-681: Was the introduction of a shipping line operating with paddle-wheel steamers on the Moselle River , connecting Trier, Koblenz and Metz . The first railway line, linking Trier with Saarbrücken and Luxembourg was inaugurated in 1860, followed by the Trier- Cologne line across the Eifel in 1871 and the Moselle Railway to Koblenz in 1879. Minor lines to Bitburg via Irrel along the Sauer River , to Hermeskeil along

7568-598: Was the seat of the Gallic prefecture (the Praefectus Praetorio Galliarium ) which governed the western Roman provinces from Morocco to Britain. The praetorian prefects usually numbering 3–4, were the senior civilian officials taking precedence over all other officials and army officers. They were vice-regents of the emperors who alone with them could pronounce final verdicts. Constantine's son Constantius II resided here from 328 to 340. Roman Trier

7656-520: Was to lead to the death of about 368 people, and was as such perhaps the biggest mass execution in Europe in peacetime. This counts only those executed within the city itself. The exact number of people executed in all the witch hunts within the diocese has never been established; a total of 1,000 has been suggested but not confirmed. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the French-Habsburg rivalry brought war to Trier. Spain and France fought over

7744-582: Was −19.3 °C on February 2, 1956. Trier is known for its well-preserved Roman and medieval buildings, which include: Trier is home to the University of Trier , founded in 1473, closed in 1796 and restarted in 1970. The city also has the Trier University of Applied Sciences . The Academy of European Law (ERA) was established in 1992 and provides training in European law to legal practitioners. In 2010 there were about 40 Kindergärten , 25 primary schools and 23 secondary schools in Trier, such as

#611388