A field army (also known as numbered army or simply army ) is a military formation in many armed forces, composed of two or more corps . It may be subordinate to an army group . Air armies are the equivalent formations in air forces , and fleets in navies . A field army is composed of 80,000 to 300,000 soldiers.
17-726: The Second Army was a field army of the Romanian Land Forces , created on 18 August 1916. Its successor is the 2nd Infantry Division . The Second Army was part of the Romanian offensive in Transylvania during the autumn of 1916. Following the failure of the offensive and due to the Central Powers counterattack, which led to the occupation of most of the country's territory, the Second Army, along with
34-725: A corps-level unit . Prior to 1945, this was the case with a gun ( 軍 ; 'army') within the Imperial Japanese Army , for which the formation equivalent in size to a field army was a hōmen-gun ( 方面軍 ; 'area army'). In the Soviet Red Army and the Soviet Air Forces , an army was subordinate in wartime to a front (an equivalent of army group ). It contained at least three to five divisions along with artillery, air defense, reconnaissance and other supporting units. It could be classified as either
51-650: A Romanian strategic victory, as the Austro-Hungarian forces failed to break through into the Trotuș Valley. On 1 June 1918, the Second Army was disbanded after Romania was forced to conclude the Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers. The Second Army was briefly reactivated between 20 June and 1 November 1940 during World War II , although it saw limited action. Its commander in those 4 months
68-523: A combined arms army (CAA) or tank army (TA); and while both were combined arms formations, the former contained a larger number of motorized rifle divisions while the latter contained a larger number of tank divisions . In peacetime, a Soviet army was usually subordinate to a military district . Modern field armies are large formations which vary significantly between armed forces in size, composition, and scope of responsibility. For instance, within NATO
85-435: A field army is composed of a headquarters, and usually controls at least two corps, beneath which are a variable number of divisions . A battle is influenced at the field army level by transferring divisions and reinforcements from one corps to another to increase the pressure on the enemy at a critical point. NATO armies are commanded by a general or lieutenant general . Mare%C8%99al (Romania) Mareșal ( Marshal )
102-717: A geographical name in addition to or as an alternative to a numerical name, such as the British Army of the Rhine , Army of the Potomac , Army of the Niemen or Aegean Army (also known as the Fourth Army). The Roman army was among the first to feature a formal field army, in the sense of a very large, combined arms formation, namely the sacer comitatus , which may be translated literally as "sacred escort". The term
119-653: A great cost, with the Romanians losing over 27,000 men, including 610 officers; the Germans lost 47,000 men. The motto of the Romanian Army during the battle was "Pe aicea nu se trece" (English: " You shall not pass "). At the same time, German and Austro-Hungarian forces launched an attack in the Oituz valley against forces of the Second Army. The Battle of Oituz lasted from 8 August to 22 August 1917 and ended with
136-477: Is derived from their being commanded by Roman emperors (who were regarded as sacred), when they acted as field commanders . While the Roman comitatensis (plural: comitatenses ) is sometimes translated as "field army", it may also be translated as the more generic "field force" or "mobile force" (as opposed to limitanei or garrison units). In some armed forces, an "army" is or has been equivalent to
153-666: Is the highest rank in the Army of Romania , the Romanian Armed Forces . It is the equivalent of a field marshal in other countries. The rank of mareșal can only be bestowed to a General or Admiral ( Romanian : amiral ), in time of war for exceptional military merits, by the President of Romania and confirmed by the Supreme Council of National Defense . Only three non-royal persons were bestowed
170-531: The Battle of Mărăști , which ended with the Romanians' victory after creating a breach 30 km (19 mi) wide and 20 km (12 mi) deep in the front, after nine days of fighting, between 22 July and 1 August. Field Marshal von Mackensen launched a counterattack on 6 August 1917, which led to the Battle of Mărășești ; the Romanians managed to resist against repeated German attacks until 8 September, when both sides ran out of fresh units. Victory came at
187-644: The 2nd Army was under command of general Ion Dândăreanu , and included the 9th "Mărășești" Constanța , 10th "Ștefan cel Mare" Iași and 67th "Siret" Brăila Mechanised Divisions, 32nd Tactical Missile Brigade Tecuci , 2nd Mountain Brigade Brașov and other smaller units. In 2000, the 2nd Army Command was restructured, becoming the Joint Operational Command, and later simply the Operational Command in 2001. In 2003, it became
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#1732781056701204-521: The 2nd Joint Operational Command Marshal Alexandru Averescu , an army Corps -level unit. In 2008, it was relegated to a division -level unit. In 2010, the Joint Operational Command Marshal Alexandru Averescu became the 2nd Infantry Division "Getica" . This new formation is composed of units formerly under the command of the 1st and 4th Infantry Divisions and is the heraldic successor of
221-486: The Second Army. Field army Specific field armies are usually named or numbered to distinguish them from "army" in the sense of an entire national defence force or land force. In English , the typical orthographic style for writing out the names field armies is word numbers , such as "First Army"; whereas corps are usually distinguished by Roman numerals (e.g. I Corps) and subordinate formations with ordinal numbers (e.g. 1st Division). A field army may be given
238-540: The rank mareșal to date: Alexandru Averescu , Constantin Prezan , and Ion Antonescu . The first two were Generals during World War I , and the last was General during World War II , and Ruler of Romania between the abdication of King Carol II (6 September 1940) and his arrest by King Michael I (23 August 1944). Of the Romanian kings, Ferdinand I , Carol II and Michael I were Marshals of Romania. King Carol I
255-450: The remnants of other Romanian military units, were forced to retreat into the region of Moldavia , the only Romanian territory unoccupied by enemy forces. The Second Army, among other units, underwent a process of reorganization and modernization in the winter of 1916–1917 as part of French General Henri Berthelot 's mission to revitalize the exhausted and decimated Romanian military. The Central Powers advance towards Moldavia
272-481: Was major general Nicolae Ciupercă . In June 1947, the Second Army was once again disbanded and units formerly under its command were transferred to the newly formed 2nd Military Region, headquartered at Bucharest . A similar process of conversion to "Military Regions" was applied to all Romanian Armies after the war. On 5 April 1960, the 2nd Military Region was disbanded and reformed as the 2nd Army Command. In 1980, its headquarters were relocated to Buzău . In 1989,
289-639: Was hampered by bad weather and poor infrastructure and as a result hostilities were only resumed in the summer of 1917. A plan to break through the lines of Field Marshal August von Mackensen 's German forces was elaborated, requiring a dual offensive from the First Army in the Nămoloasa sector and the Second Army in the Mărăști sector. Although the Nămoloasa offensive was canceled, the Second Army's attack led to
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