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35-523: Romagnol belongs to the Gallo-Italic family alongside Piedmontese , Ligurian and Lombard , forming with Emilian and as one of the two branches of the Emilian-Romagnol linguistic continuum. Further groupings of variants of Romagnol have not been set yet and both speakers and authors tend to refer to their own town or the nearest major province cities. The variants of Romagnol form

70-505: A Celtic substratum and a Germanic , mostly Lombardic , superstrate , Gallo-Italian descends from the Latin spoken in northern part of Italia (former Cisalpine Gaul ). The group had for part of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages a close linguistic link with Gaul and Raetia , west and north to the Alps . From the late Middle Ages , the group adopted various characteristics of

105-575: A dialect continuum with their neighbouring varieties, while the more distant dialects might be less mutually intelligible. Variants spoken north of the Santerno river are considered by speakers of Sammarinese as being less, but still, intelligible, while past the Sillaro such intelligibility is lost. Forlivese is the central variety of Romagnol spoken in the city of Forlì and in its province. In Italian-speaking contexts, Forlivese (like most of

140-491: A series of organ works entitled l'Organo suonarino . Banchieri's last publication was the Trattenimenti da villa of 1630. According to Martha Farahat he wrote five madrigal comedies between 1598 and 1628 with "plot and character development", starting with La pazzia senile of 1598, the last of them La saviezza giovenile . In 2008, a group of four composers including Lorenzo Ferrero and Bryan Johanson wrote

175-540: Is a Western Romance language related to French , Romansh and Italian . However, the use of Forlivese is mostly limited to familiar terms and sentences, and is rare amongst Forlì inhabitants. Some pieces of literature and a recent translation of the Gospels are available. In his De vulgari eloquentia , Dante Alighieri also speaks of the Romagna dialect and cites the city of Forlì as meditullium , that is, as

210-754: Is also more widely spoken than these two languages, thus the borders of Piedmontese have reached the western alps watershed that is the border with France. The speaking area of Ligurian or Genoese cover the territory of the former Republic of Genoa , which included much of nowadays Liguria, and some mountain areas of bordering regions near the Ligurian border, the upper valley of Roya river near Nice , in Carloforte and Calasetta in Southern Sardinia , and Bonifacio in Corsica . Emilian

245-439: Is due to their phonology. The Gallo-Italic languages differ somewhat in their phonology from one language to another, but the following are the most important characteristics, as contrasted with Italian : Adriano Banchieri Adriano Banchieri ( Bologna , 3 September 1568 – Bologna, 1634) was an Italian composer , music theorist , organist and poet of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He founded

280-939: Is not stressed are reduced in Romagnol to being only monosyllabic . An atonic syllable is dropped. These three tables list the vowel inventory of the "classical" version of the northern macro-dialect of Romagnol. The following table lists the vowels above alongside their relative orthography: orthography pronunciation around Lugo (RA) The letter z is always pronounced as either [ θ ] or [ ð ] and not [ t͡s ] or [ d͡z ] as in Standard Italian. [ ŋ ] occurs only before velar stops. Romagnol, in addition to its larger inventory of vowels, also has more consonants compared to Standard Italian. Additionally, consonants have these differences from Standard Italian: Gallo-Italic The Gallo-Italic , Gallo-Italian , Gallo-Cisalpine or simply Cisalpine languages constitute

315-538: Is some debate over the proper grouping of the Gallo-Italic languages. They are sometimes grouped with Gallo-Romance, but other linguists group them in Italo-Dalmatian. Most Gallo-Italic languages have to varying degrees given way in everyday use to regional varieties of Italian . The vast majority of current speakers are diglossic with Italian. Among the regional languages of Italy, they are

350-623: Is spoken in the historical-cultural region of Emilia , which forms part of Emilia-Romagna , but also in many areas of the bordering regions, including southern Lombardy, south-eastern Piedmont, around the town of Tortona , province of Massa and Carrara in Tuscany and Polesine in Veneto, near the Po delta . With Romagnol , spoken in the historical region of Romagna , forms the Emilian-Romagnol linguistic continuum . Gallo-Piceno ( gallo-italic of

385-557: Is spoken to the east of this river and to the south of the Reno river . In the rest of Emilia-Romagna Region , Emilian is spoken in all the rest of the region moving from the Sillaro river to the west, up to Piacenza , and to the north of the Reno, up to the Po . The Reno river is the border between Romagnol and the dialect of Ferrara. Romagnol is spoken also in some villages northwards of

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420-553: Is spoken, but its status as sub-variant of Romagnol or as separate language is disputed. Romagnol's first acknowledgement outside regional literature was in Dante Alighieri's treatise De vulgari eloquentia , wherein Dante compares "the language of Romagna" to his native Tuscan dialect . Eventually, in 1629, the author Adriano Banchieri wrote the treatise Discorso della lingua Bolognese , which countered Dante's claim that

455-432: Is written in a mixture of Italian and Romagnol. The first Romagnol poem dates back to the end of the 16th century: E Pvlon matt. Cantlena aroica (Mad Nap), a mock-heroic poem based on Orlando Furioso and written by an anonymous author from San Vittore di Cesena  [ it ] . The original poem comprised twelve cantos, of which only the first four survived (1848 lines). The first Romagnol poet to win fame

490-728: The Accademia dei Floridi in Bologna . He was born and died in Bologna (then in the Papal States ). In 1587 he became a monk of the Benedictine order , taking his vows in 1590, and changing his name to Adriano (from Tommaso). One of his teachers at the monastery was Gioseffo Guami , who had a strong influence on his style. Like Orazio Vecchi he was interested in converting the madrigal to dramatic purposes. Specifically, he

525-708: The Italo-Dalmatian branch, both Ethnologue and Glottolog group it into the Gallo-Italic languages. The languages are spoken also in the departement of Alpes-Maritimes in France and in Ticino and southern Grisons , both in Switzerland , and the microstates of Monaco and San Marino . They are still spoken to some extent by the Italian diaspora in countries with Italian immigrant communities. Having

560-592: The Italo-Dalmatian languages of the south. As a result, the Gallo-Italic languages have characteristics of the Gallo-Romance languages to the northwest (including French and Franco-Provençal ), the Occitano-Romance languages to the west (including Catalan and Occitan ) and the Italo-Dalmatian languages to the north-east , central and south Italy ( Venetian , Dalmatian , Tuscan , Central Italian , Neapolitan , Sicilian ). For this there

595-470: The province of Catania that developed large Lombard communities during this period, namely Randazzo , Paternò and Bronte . However, the Northern Italian influence in the local varieties of Sicilian are marked. In the case of San Fratello, some linguists suggested that the nowadays dialect has Provençal as its basis, having been a fort manned by Provençal mercenaries in the early decades of

630-602: The Marches or gallico-marchigiano ) is spoken in the province of Pesaro and Urbino and in the northern part of the province of Ancona ( the Marches ). Once classified as a dialect of Romagnol, now there is a debate about considering it a separated Gallo-Italic language. Varieties of Gallo-Italic languages are also found in Sicily , corresponding with the central-eastern parts of the island that received large numbers of immigrants from Northern Italy, called Lombards , during

665-653: The Norman conquest (bearing in mind that it took the Normans 30 years to conquer the whole of the island). Other dialects, attested from 13th and 14th century, are also found in Basilicata , more precisely in the province of Potenza ( Tito , Picerno , Pignola and Vaglio Basilicata ), Trecchina , Rivello , Nemoli and San Costantino . Gallo-Italic languages are often said to resemble Western Romance languages like French, Spanish, or Portuguese, and in large part it

700-494: The Reno river, such as Argenta and Filo, where people of Romagnol origin live alongside people of Ferrarese origin. Ferrara goes into Emilian language territory. Outside Emilia-Romagna, Romagnol is spoken in the Republic of San Marino ("Sammarinese"), and in two municipalities located in the province of Florence , Marradi and Palazzuolo sul Senio . In the province of Pesaro and Urbino of Marche region, Gallo-Picene

735-492: The Tuscan dialect was better, arguing his belief that Bolognese (an Emilian dialect influenced by Romagnol that saw wide use in writing) was superior in "naturalness, softness, musicality, and usefulness." Romagnol received more recognition after Romagna gained independence from the Papal States . The first appearance of a distinct Romagnol literary work is "Sonetto romagnolo" by Bernardino Catti , from Ravenna , printed 1502. It

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770-447: The best known Romagnol authors are: Romagnol lacks a standardized orthography, leading to a huge varieties among authors. The orthography adopted here is from Vitali, D. (2008). "L'ortografia Romagnola" Unlike Standard Italian, not all nouns end in a theme vowel. Masculine nouns lack theme vowels, and feminine nouns typically (but not always) terminate in a . Masculine nouns and adjectives undergo lexically-specified umlaut to form

805-589: The canton of the Grisons . Piedmontese refers to the languages spoken in the region of Piedmont and the north west corner of Liguria . Historically, the Piedmontese-speaking area is the plain at the foot of the Western Alps , and ends at the entrance to the valleys where Occitan and Franco-Provençal are spoken . In recent centuries, the language has also spread into these valleys, where it

840-542: The central place of Romagna, where the Romagna dialect evidently finds its most characteristic and peculiar form. Therefore the Forlì dialect is not a "variant" of the Romagna dialect, but its own and main version. In the West, The Sillaro river marks the cultural and linguistic border between Emilian language speakers and Romagnol speakers; it runs 25 km east from Bologna to the west of Castel San Pietro Terme . Romagnol

875-568: The decades following the Norman conquest of Sicily (around 1080 to 1120). Given the time that has lapsed and the influence from the Sicilian language itself, these dialects are best generically described as Southern Gallo-Italic . The major centres where these dialects can still be heard today include Piazza Armerina , Aidone , Sperlinga , San Fratello , Nicosia , and Novara di Sicilia . Northern Italian dialects did not survive in some towns in

910-473: The first, -êr ; the second, -ér ; the third, -ar ; and the fourth, -ìr . Marked differences in Romagnol from Standard Italian are that personal pronouns are required, and some verbs in Romagnol use a reflexive construction even if the speaker is not the second argument of the verb although Italian uses an intransitive construction . Impersonal verbs , which lack a canonical subject, in Romagnol use "avèr" but in Standard Italian use "essere." Even though

945-473: The hills. It has an inventory of up to 20 vowels that contrast in the stressed position, compared to seven in Italian. They are marked in the orthography by using diacritics on a , e , i , o and u . The absence of an official institution regulating its orthography often leads to ambiguities in the transcription of vowel sounds. Some words that in Latin are trisyllabic or tetrasyllabic in which u

980-518: The majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy : Piedmontese , Lombard , Emilian , Ligurian , and Romagnol . In central Italy they are spoken in the northern Marches (Gallo-Italic of the Marches); in southern Italy in some language islands in Basilicata ( Gallo-Italic of Basilicata ) and Sicily ( Gallo-Italic of Sicily ). Although most publications define Venetian as part of

1015-477: The most endangered, since in the main cities of their area ( Milan , Turin , Genoa , Bologna ) they are mainly used by the elderly. Within this sub-family, the language with the largest geographic spread is Lombard , spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy , in eastern Piedmont and western Trentino . Outside Italy it is widespread in Switzerland in the canton of Ticino , and some southern valleys of

1050-557: The other non-Italian language varieties spoken within the borders of the Italian Republic) is often generically called a " dialect ". This is often incorrectly understood as to mean a dialect of Italian , which actually is not the case. Forlivese and Italian are different languages and are not mutually intelligible. Forlivese is a central Romagna variety and is intelligible to speakers of other neighbouring Romagna varieties. Like all other dialects of Romagna , Forlivese

1085-539: The plural, and feminine nouns and adjectives form the plural by a becoming i or being deleted after a consonant cluster or a double consonant. Both languages derive their lexicon from Vulgar Latin , but some words differ in gender. Italian and Romagnol share many of the same features when it comes to verbs. Both languages use subject–verb–object in simple sentences for their word order . Verbs are conjugated according to tense, mood, and person . Romagnol also has four conjugations, compared to Standard Italian's three:

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1120-522: The subject is null, an expletive pronoun is inserted in the specifier position, much like "it" in English. Also, whereas Standard Italian and other northern dialects omit the definite article before "singular names and names of relatives", Romagnol keeps it. Romagnol has lexical and syntactic uniformity throughout its area. However, its pronunciation changes as one goes from the Po Valley to

1155-491: Was an important composer of canzonettas , a lighter and hugely popular alternative to the madrigal in the late 16th century. Banchieri disapproved of the monodists with all their revolutionary harmonic tendencies, about which he expressed himself vigorously in his Moderna Practica Musicale (1613), while systematizing the legitimate use of the monodic art of figured bass . In several editions beginning in 1605 (reprinted at least six times before 1638), Banchieri published

1190-467: Was one of the developers of a form called " madrigal comedy " — unstaged but dramatic collections of madrigals which, when sung consecutively, told a story. Formerly, madrigal comedy was considered to be one of the important precursors to opera, but most music scholars now see it as a separate development, part of a general interest in Italy at the time in creating musico-dramatic forms. In addition, he

1225-469: Was the cleric Pietro Santoni, ( Fusignano , 1736–1823). He was the teacher of Vincenzo Monti , one of the most famous Italian poets of his time. In 1840, the first Romagnol-Italian Dictionary was published by Antonio Morri  [ it ] ; it was printed in Faenza . The 20th century saw a flourishing of Romagnol literature. Theatrical plays, poems and books of a high quality were produced. Some of

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