Roorback is the ninth studio album by Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura , released in 2003, through SPV Records .
83-789: The songs "Mind War" and " Bullet the Blue Sky " were released as singles and music videos. The digipak version (released everywhere except the United States) contains the Revolusongs EP and the video for "Bullet the Blue Sky". The album title refers to the " Roorback forgery ". Sales were down from their previous albums featuring Derrick Green on vocals. However, Roorback received positive reviews and managed to place on Billboard ' s Independent Music Chart at #17, with first week sales of 4,000. SoundScan reported on March 20, 2007 that Roorback has sold over 75,000 units in
166-453: A Gibson Les Paul . Live performances of the song appear on the concert films Zoo TV: Live from Sydney , PopMart: Live from Mexico City , Elevation 2001: Live from Boston , U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle, Ireland , Vertigo 2005: Live from Chicago , Live from Paris and Innocence + Experience: Live in Paris . In 2004, Mojo placed the song at number 17 on its list of
249-873: A balanced output from the preamp section to a PA system or recording input. Instrument amplifiers are available in a wide range of price, quality, and performance levels. Some are designed for beginners, such as small, low-wattage practice amps , which typically have a single 8" speaker and about 10 watts, or smaller combo amps with relatively low wattage (15 to 20 watts) and a single 10" speaker. Mid- to large-size combo amps with 30 to 50 watts and one 12" speaker or four 10" speakers are best for high-volume situations, such as band rehearsals and onstage performances. For large venues, such as outdoor music festivals , guitarists may use one or more 100 watts (or several hundred watts) heads with one or more 8x10” cabinets. Vacuum tubes (called valves in British English) were by far
332-517: A drum machine ), send and return jacks to create an effects loop, a line out jack, and an extension speaker jack. Practice amps sometimes have a 1/4" headphone jack, or stereo RCA or mini jacks for connecting a CD player , portable media player or other sound sources. Some guitar amps have an XLR input so that a microphone can be plugged in for singing. Guitar amps that include a mic input are in effect small, portable PA systems . Some amps, typically bass amps, have an XLR connector to provide
415-401: A patch cord , or a wireless transmitter. For electric guitar players, their choice of amp and the settings they use on the amplifier are a key part of their signature tone or sound. Some guitar players are longtime users of a specific amp brand or model. Guitarists may also use external effects pedals to alter the sound of their tone before the signal reaches the amplifier. In the 1920s, it
498-421: A pickup on an electric guitar , bass guitar , or acoustic guitar so that it can produce sound through one or more loudspeakers , which are typically housed in a wooden cabinet . A guitar amplifier may be a standalone wood or metal cabinet that contains only the power amplifier (and preamplifier ) circuits, requiring the use of a separate speaker cabinet–or it may be a combo amplifier, which contains both
581-497: A speaker cabinet —a head on top of one cabinet is commonly called a half stack , a head atop two cabinets a full-stack . The cabinet that the head sits on often has an angled top in front, while the lower cabinet of a full stack has a straight front. The first version of the Marshall stack was an amp head on an 8×12 cabinet, meaning a single speaker cabinet containing eight 12" guitar speakers. After six of these cabinets were made,
664-404: A 100-watt amplifier is only just noticeably louder than a 50-watt amplifier. Such generalizations are also subject to the human ear's tendency to behave as a natural compressor at high volumes. Power attenuation can be used with either low-power or high-power amplifiers, resulting in variable-power amplifiers. A high-power amplifier with power attenuation can produce power-tube distortion through
747-421: A bit of a purist attitude toward some of these recordings, essentially that there was a sound that was captured in performance in a room, and we wanted to remain loyal to that space, to convey that sound. And he was not as sentimental to that idea, so he pulled out all the stops." During a spoken word passage of the song, Bono speaks of being approached by a man, "his face red like a rose on a thorn bush, like all
830-613: A carrying handle, and many combo amplifiers and cabinets have metal or plastic-reinforced corners to protect the amp during transportation. Control knobs and buttons are typically on the front of the cabinet or chassis, though in some cases, the knobs are on a recessed panel at the back of the top of the amplifier. The most basic amps only have a few knobs, which typically control volume, bass, and treble. More expensive amps may have several knobs that control pre-amp volume (or gain), distortion or overdrive, volume, bass, mid and treble, and reverb. Some older amps (and their re-issued versions) have
913-689: A chariot depicted as the Pharaoh , with Salvadorans as "the children of Israel running away". "Bullet the Blue Sky" was played at nearly every live concert from its first performance at the opening night of the Joshua Tree Tour on 2 April 1987 through the Vertigo Tour . Its live performances have traditionally been paired with " Running to Stand Still "; this took place on the Joshua Tree Tour, Lovetown Tour , Zoo TV Tour , and
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#1732771907899996-812: A combination ("combo") amplifier that includes an amplifier and one or more speakers in a single cabinet, and a standalone amplifier (often called a head or amp head ), which passes the amplified signal via a speaker cable to one or more external speaker cabinets . A wide range of speaker configurations are available in guitar cabinets—from cabinets with a single speaker (e.g., 1×10" or 1×12") or multiple speakers (e.g., 2×10", 4×10" or 8x10"). Guitar amplifiers vary widely in price and quality. Many music equipment companies import small, low-powered practice amplifiers for students and beginners that sell for less than $ 50. Other companies produce expensive custom-made amplifiers for professional musicians, which can cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars (USD). Most combo amplifiers have
1079-473: A computer running tone-shaping software. Using a modeling amp or a multi-effects pedal used with line level output, a guitarist can plug in the guitar into a flat response mic input or into a keyboard amplifier . Acoustic amplifiers are intended for acoustic guitars and other acoustic instruments, especially for the way these instruments are used in relatively quiet genres such as folk and bluegrass . They are similar to keyboard amplifiers, in that they have
1162-551: A guitar amplifier and other guitar equipment. Electric guitars and basses have a volume control on the instrument that attenuates the signal from selected pickups. There may be two volume controls on an electric guitar or bass, wired in parallel to mix the signal levels from the neck and bridge pickups. Rolling back the guitar's volume control also changes the pickup's equalization or frequency response, which can provide pre-distortion equalization. The simplest guitar amplifiers, such as some vintage amps and modern practice amps, have only
1245-474: A home computer or laptop. Line 6 is generally credited with bringing modeling amplification to the market. Modeling amplifiers and stompbox pedals, rackmount units, and software that models specific amplifiers, speakers cabinets, and microphones can provide a large number of sounds and tones. Players can get a reasonable facsimile of the sound of tube amplifiers, vintage combo amplifiers, and huge 8x10” speaker stacks without bringing all that heavy equipment to
1328-414: A jam." He said, "It was one of those songs that was born partially by surgery – the editing of the structure was a really big part of it." Recording engineer Dave Meegan helped develop the song with a mix that he made at Melbeach. Wanting it to sound like Led Zeppelin , Meegan adjusted a monitor mix to make it "really heavy sounding." Lanois was inspired by what he heard, as the song up to that point
1411-470: A knob that controls a vibrato or tremolo effect. The 1/4" input jack is typically mounted on the front of the amplifier. In the simplest, least expensive amplifiers, this 1/4" jack is the only jack on the amplifier. More expensive amplifiers may have a patch bay for multiple inputs and outputs, such as a pre-amp out (for sending to another guitar amplifier), a second low gain input, to use with active basses, an in jack to create an effects loop (when used with
1494-432: A microphone, either for the guitar amp to be used for singing (in effect as a mini- PA system ), or, for acoustic guitar, to mix a mic signal with a pickup signal. The vast majority of guitar amps can only be powered by AC mains power (plugging into a wall outlet); however, a small number of practice amps are designed for buskers also have battery power so they can be used for street performances. A combo amp contains
1577-544: A mid-range that the high-hat seemed to like. This new sonic emphasis on the high-hat made every hit more relevant... The inherent low-frequency punch of the PA also added a level of excitement to the bass drum. The overall sensation was a chestier one." The final mix of "Bullet the Blue Sky" was based on two different versions. Producer Steve Lillywhite , who in December 1986 was hired by U2 to help mix some of The Joshua Tree ,
1660-528: A particular guitarist's sound, recording engineers and PA system techs typically put a microphone in front of the guitar speaker, rather than only use the guitar amp's pre-amp out signal. A sound engineer or music producer may send the DI out signal from the pickups to a separate track at the same time, so they can re-amp the signal later. In contrast, it is fairly common to use a DI box with electric bass . Distortion sound or "texture" from guitar amplifiers
1743-638: A person who read the Scriptures, to think that Christians in America were supporting this kind of thing, this kind of proxy war because of these Communists." In August, after reconvening with his bandmates in Dublin to resume work on The Joshua Tree , Bono instructed the Edge to "put El Salvador through an amplifier ", resulting in the song's feedback -based guitar part. The Edge said that his guitar playing
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#17327719078991826-518: A range of listening volumes but with a decrease in high-power distortion. Other technologies, such as dual rectifiers and the sag circuit —which should not be confused with attenuation—allow high-power amplifiers to produce low power volume while preserving high power distortion. Speaker efficiency is also a major factor affecting a tube amplifier's maximum volume. For bass instruments, higher-power amplifiers are needed to reproduce low-frequency sounds. While an electric guitarist would be able to play at
1909-496: A regular wall socket "quickly became popular with musicians"; indeed, "... Leon McAuliffe (with Bob Wills ) still used a carbon mic and a portable PA as late as 1935." During the late 1920s to mid-1930s, small portable PA systems and guitar combo amplifiers were fairly similar. These early amps had a "single volume control and one or two input jacks, field coil speakers" and thin wooden cabinets; remarkably, these early amps did not have tone controls or even an on-off switch. In 1928,
1992-629: A relatively flat frequency response with minimal coloration. To produce this relatively clean sound, these amplifiers often have powerful amplifiers (providing up to 800 watts RMS), to provide additional Headroom and prevent unwanted distortion. Since an 800-watt amplifier built with standard Class AB technology is heavy, some acoustic amplifier manufacturers use lightweight Class D amplifiers , which are also called switching amplifiers. Acoustic amplifiers produce an uncolored, acoustic sound when used with acoustic instruments with built-in transducers, pickups or microphones. The amplifiers often come with
2075-414: A similar combo amp that added metal corner protectors to keep the corners in good condition during transportation. In 1933, Dobro released an electric guitar and amp package. The combo amp had two 8" Lansing speakers and a five- tube chassis. Dobro made a two speaker combo amp that was on the market over 12 years before Fender launched its two-speaker Dual Professional/Super combo amp. In 1933, Audio-Vox
2158-428: A simple mixer, so that the signals from a pickup and a condenser microphone can be blended. Since the early 2000s, it has become increasingly common for acoustic amplifiers to provide a range of digital effects, such as reverb and compression . As well, these amplifiers often contain feedback -suppressing devices, such as notch filters or parametric equalizers . An amplifier stack consists of an amplifier head atop
2241-521: A single volume control. Most have two volume controls: a first volume control called "preamplifier" or "gain" and a master volume control. The preamp or gain control works differently on different guitar amp designs. On an amp designed for acoustic guitar , turning up the preamp knob pre-amplifies the signal—but even at its maximum setting, the preamp control is unlikely to produce much overdrive . However, with amps designed for electric guitarists playing blues , hard rock and heavy metal music , turning up
2324-415: A slightly more raw, open and edgy sound." The relationship between power output in watts and perceived volume is not immediately obvious. The human ear perceives a 5-watt amplifier as half as loud as a 50-watt amplifier (a tenfold increase in power), and a half-watt amplifier is a quarter as loud as a 50-watt amp. Doubling the output power of an amplifier results in a just noticeable increase in volume, so
2407-616: A small club with a 50-watt amplifier, a bass player performing in the same venue would probably need an amplifier with 200 or more watts. Distortion is a feature available on many guitar amplifiers that is not typically found on keyboard or bass guitar amplifiers. Tube guitar amplifiers can produce distortion through pre-distortion equalization, preamp tube distortion, post-distortion EQ, power-tube distortion, tube rectifier compression, output transformer distortion, guitar speaker distortion, and guitar speaker and cabinet frequency response. Because many factors beyond preamp distortion contribute to
2490-485: A tube power amp fed by a solid-state pre-amp circuit, as in most of the original MusicMan amplifiers. Alternatively, a tube preamplifier can feed a solid-state output stage, as in models from Kustom , Hartke, SWR , and Vox . This approach dispenses with the need for an output transformer and easily achieves modern power levels. Microprocessor technology allows the use of digital onboard effects in guitar amps to create numerous different sounds and tones that simulate
2573-632: A wider frequency range and need a full-range speaker system. Much more amplifier power is required to reproduce low-frequency sound, especially at high volume. Reproducing low frequencies also requires a suitable woofer or subwoofer speaker and enclosure , with bass cabinets often being larger than a cabinet for mid-range or high-range sounds. As well, the open-back cabinets used on many electric guitar amps, while effective for electric guitar, do not have good bass reproduction. Woofer enclosures must be larger and more sturdily built than cabinets for mid-range or high-frequency ( tweeter ) speakers. As such, in
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2656-421: Is Paul McGuinness' (former U2 manager) favorite song. The song is covered by Sepultura in their covers EP Revolusongs , by P.O.D. in their album The Fundamental Elements of Southtown and Queensrÿche in their album Take Cover . Footnotes Bibliography Guitar amplifier A guitar amplifier (or amp ) is an electronic device or system that strengthens the electrical signal from
2739-680: Is a preamplifier . It amplifies the audio signal to a level that can drive the power stage. The preamplifier also changes the tone of the signal; high preamp settings add overdrive . The power amplifier produces a high current signal to drive a loudspeaker and produce sound. Various types of tone stages may affect the guitar signal: Tone stages may also provide electronic effects—such as equalization , compression, distortion, chorus , or reverb . Amplifiers may use vacuum tubes (called valves in Britain), solid-state (transistor) devices, or both. The two common guitar amplifier configurations are
2822-456: Is composed by Sepultura , except track 14 by U2 (Digipak version includes a second disc which contains Revolusongs , but excludes the Metallica cover from the original EP) On the digipack CD version, Outro ends at 1:22. There is silence from 1:23 - 8:22. Starting at 8:23 is a hidden track. Bullet the Blue Sky " Bullet the Blue Sky " is a song by Irish rock band U2 , and is
2905-421: Is further shaped or processed through the frequency response and distortion factors in the microphones (their response, placement, and multi-microphone comb filtering effects), microphone preamps, mixer channel equalization, and compression. Additionally, the basic sound produced by the guitar amplifier can be changed and shaped by adding distortion and/or equalization effect pedals before the amp's input jack, in
2988-573: Is more common for bass amplifiers than for electric guitar cabinets), two 10" speakers, four 10" speakers, four 12" speakers, or eight 10" speakers. Less commonly, guitar cabinets may contain different sizes of speakers in the same cabinet. Cabinets with eight 10" speakers are large and heavy, and they are often equipped with wheels and a towel bar -style handle for transport. Some cabinets use mixed speaker types, such as one 15" speaker and two 10" speakers. Combo guitar amplifier cabinets and guitar speaker cabinets use several different designs, including
3071-441: Is not the same company as Stromberg Electro Instruments) introduced a guitar amp with "high output" and a "string driven magnetic pickup". Electro set out the standard template for combo amps: a wooden cabinet with the electronic amplifier mounted inside, and convenient carrying handles to facilitate transporting the cabinet. In 1933, Vivi-Tone amp set-ups were used for live performances and radio shows. In 1934, Rickenbacker launched
3154-517: Is one of the band's most overtly political songs, with live performances often being heavily critical of political conflicts and violence. "Bullet the Blue Sky" first originated as a demo that U2 recorded during a jam session at STS Studios in Dublin with producer Paul Barrett, prior to the proper Joshua Tree recording sessions. While listening to a song by English rock band the Fall , U2 guitarist
3237-562: The cleaner sound of solid-state amplifiers. Only a few solid-state amps have enduring attraction, such as the Roland Jazz Chorus . Solid-state amplifiers vary in output power, functionality, size, price, and sound quality in a wide range, from practice amplifiers to combos suitable for gigging to professional models intended for session musicians who do studio recording work . A hybrid amplifier involves one of two combinations of tube and solid-state amplification. It may have
3320-475: The impedance of the system. Two 8 ohm speakers wired in parallel have 4-ohm impedance. Guitarists who connect multiple cabinets to an amplifier must consider the amp's minimum impedance. Parallel vs. series also affects tone and sound. Speakers wired in parallel slightly dampen[s] and restrain[s] them, giving what some describe as tighter response and smoother breakup . Some describe speakers wired in series (usually no more than two) as sounding "...looser, giving
3403-434: The preamplifier , equalization filters, power amp , guitar speakers , and cabinet design. The FRFR approach assumes the tone is shaped by sound processors in the signal chain before the amplifier and speaker stage, so it strives to not add further coloration or dedicated combo-style amplifiers with a broad frequency range. Such processors can be traditional guitar effects, a modeling amplifier (without power amplifier), or
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3486-421: The "100 Epic Rock Tracks". The September 2018 issue of Q included the song on a list of the "50 Greatest Revolutionary Songs"; writer Niall Doherty said, "It's no little irony that it became the most powerful song on the album that made U2 stars in America, Bono serving up this tale of the horrors of US foreign policy to packed stadiums, night after night." The U2 Podcast Editions in iTunes mentions that this
3569-538: The 1930s and 1940s craze for Western Swing and Hawaiian music , which extensively used amplified lap steel guitars . In fact, the very first recording of an electrically amplified string instrument was the September 1933 recordings of Milton Brown and his Musical Brownies, featuring steel guitarist Bob Dunn In the 1920s, the earliest combo amplifiers had no tone controls. The first tone controls were simple, mainly providing treble adjustment. The limited controls,
3652-676: The 1950s, when Ampeg introduced bass amplifier and speaker systems, bass guitarists began to use them. Similarly, Hammond organ players used a specialized keyboard combo amplifier, the Leslie speaker cabinet, which contains a woofer for the low frequencies and a horn for the high frequencies. The Leslie horns rotate and a baffle around the woofer rotates as well, producing a rich tremolo and chorus effect . Typically, guitar amplifiers have two amplifying circuit stages, and frequently have tone-shaping electric circuits, which usually include at least bass and treble controls, which function similarly to
3735-446: The Edge tried to emulate its guitar riff , but instead came up with his own part that was, in his approximation, "uptempo, like real hard-hitting". It eventually became the chorus for "Bullet the Blue Sky". Bassist Adam Clayton and drummer Larry Mullen Jr. then joined in playing at half-time . Lead vocalist Bono recalled that Clayton was also playing in a different key from the Edge, who became irritated and considered stopping
3818-517: The Innocence + Experience Tour, the song was about corruption of money, which was emphasized with images of Wall Street and Las Vegas on the video screen, as well as Bono discussing a scenario where he meets a teenage version of himself who criticizes the wealthy man he has become. The Edge uses his black Fender Stratocaster to play this song, except during the PopMart Tour, when he used
3901-522: The Stromberg-Voisinet firm marketed an electric stringed instrument and amplifier package. There are no records as to how many—if any—of the amps were ever built and sold, beyond marketing materials. Stromberg-Voisinet still launched a new idea: a portable electric instrument amp with a speaker, all in a transportable wooden cabinet. In 1929, Vega electrics launched a portable banjo amplifier. In 1932, Electro String Instruments and amplifier (this
3984-599: The United States. Allmusic 's Alex Henderson gave the album 4 stars out of 5 and said that " unrest and political corruption are recurring themes on Roorback ", and "the songs that Sepultura wrote paint a consistently bleak and troubling picture of the world". Adrien Begrand from PopMatters called Roorback "their strongest effort in years" and "their most consistent and energized album since Roots ". All lyrics are written by Andreas Kisser , Derrick Green and Igor Cavalera , except track 14 by Bono ; all music
4067-530: The amplifier and one or more speakers in a single cabinet. In a head and speaker cabinet configuration, the amplifier and speaker each have their own cabinet. The amplifier (head) may drive one or more speaker cabinets. In the 1920s, guitarists played through public address amplifiers, but by the 1940s this was uncommon. Besides instrument inputs and speaker outputs (typically via 1/4" jacks), an amp may have other inputs and outputs. These can include an auxiliary input jack (sometimes with its own level control, for
4150-531: The amplifier and one or more speakers in a wooden cabinet. There is a wide range of sizes and power ratings for guitar amplifiers, from small, lightweight practice amplifiers with a single 6-inch speaker and a 10-watt amp to heavy combo amps with four 10-inch or four 12-inch speakers and a 100-watt amplifier, which are loud enough to use in a nightclub or bar performance. Guitar amplifiers can also modify an instrument's tone by emphasizing or de-emphasizing certain frequencies, using equalizer controls, which function
4233-598: The amps and electrified or electric guitars that had been made from 1928 through the end of 1934. The first electric instrument amplifiers were not intended for electric guitars, but were portable PA systems . These appeared in the early 1930s when the introduction of electrolytic capacitors and rectifier tubes enabled economical built-in power supplies that could plug into wall sockets. Previously, amplifiers required heavy multiple battery packs . People used these amplifiers to amplify acoustic guitar , but electronic amplification of guitar first became widely popular in
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#17327719078994316-472: The baffle material (the wood panel that holds the speaker), and the way the baffle attaches to the cabinet all affect tone. When two or more speakers are used in the same cabinet, or when two cabinets are used together, the speakers can be wired in parallel or in series, or in a combination of the two (e.g., two 2x10" cabinets, with the two speakers wired in series, can be connected together in parallel). Whether speakers are wired in parallel or in series affects
4399-481: The cabinet arrangement was changed to an amp head on two 4×12 (four 12" speakers) cabinets to make the cabinets more transportable. Some touring metal and rock bands have used a large array of guitar speaker cabinets for their impressive appearance. Some of these arrangements include only the fronts of speaker cabinets mounted on a large frame. There are many varieties of speaker combinations used in guitar speaker cabinets, including one 12" speaker, one 15" speaker (this
4482-523: The colours of a royal flush, and he's peeling off those dollar bills, slapping them down, 100, 200". Bono said the person he had in mind while writing the lyrics was then US President Ronald Reagan , whose administration backed the military regimes in Central and South America that Bono encountered on his earlier trip. The lyrics were partially inspired by Bono seeing a mural in El Salvador of Reagan in
4565-437: The dominant active electronic components in most instrument amplifier applications until the 1970s when solid-state semiconductors ( transistors ) started taking over. Transistor amplifiers are less expensive to build and maintain, reduce the weight and heat of an amplifier, and tend to be more reliable and more shock-resistant. Tubes are fragile and they must be replaced and maintained periodically. As well, serious problems with
4648-569: The early loudspeakers , and the low amplifier power (typically 15 watts or less before the mid-1950s) gave poor high treble and bass output. Some models also provided effects such as an electronic tremolo unit. In confusion over nomenclature, Fender labeled early amplifier tremolo as vibrato and called the vibrato arm of the Stratocaster guitar a tremolo bar (see vibrato unit , electric guitar , and tremolo ). Some later amplifier models included an onboard spring reverb effect, one of
4731-405: The effects loop just before the tube power amp, or after the power tubes. Power-tube distortion is required for amp sounds in some genres. In a standard master-volume guitar amp, as the amp's final or master volume is increased beyond the full power of the amplifier, power-tube distortion is produced. The "power soak" approach places the attenuation between the power tubes and the guitar speaker. In
4814-461: The equivalent controls on a home hi-fi system. More expensive amplifiers typically have more controls for other frequency ranges, such as one or two midrange controls and a presence control for high frequencies. Some guitar amplifiers have a graphic equalizer , which uses vertical faders to control multiple frequency bands. Some more expensive bass amps have a parametric equalizer , which enables precise control of tone. The first amplifier stage
4897-450: The first AC mains -powered amplifiers, they were soon used to make musical instruments louder. Engineers invented the first loud, powerful amplifier and speaker systems for public address systems and movie theaters . These PA systems and movie theatre sound systems were very large and very expensive, and so they could not be used by most touring musicians. After 1927, smaller, portable AC mains-powered PA systems that could be plugged into
4980-416: The first 100-watt guitar amplifier. He pushed the limits of electric amplification technology, helping to develop new equipment that was capable of producing "thick, clearly defined tones" at "previously undreamed-of volumes." Distortion became more popular from the mid-1960s, when The Kinks guitarist Dave Davies produced distortion effects by connecting the already distorted output of one amplifier into
5063-697: The first 46 concerts of the Vertigo Tour. On the PopMart Tour , "Bullet" instead led into " Please "; Elevation Tour performances were followed by " With or Without You " or a cover of " What's Going On " by Marvin Gaye ; on the Vertigo Tour, " Miss Sarajevo " replaced "Running to Stand Still" for the last 85 concerts. and on the Innocence + Experience Tour , it segued into " Pride (In the Name of Love) " on
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#17327719078995146-545: The first being the Ampeg Reverberocket amp. In the 1950s, several guitarists experimented with producing distortion by deliberately overdriving amplifiers. These included Goree Carter , Joe Hill Louis , Elmore James , Ike Turner , Willie Johnson , Pat Hare , Guitar Slim , Chuck Berry , Johnny Burnette , and Link Wray . In the early 1960s, surf rock guitarist Dick Dale worked closely with Fender to produce custom made amplifiers, including
5229-488: The first leg and an abbreviated version of " Zooropa " starting on the second leg. During the Joshua Tree Tour, Bono would frequently grab a large spotlight and shine into peoples' faces in the audience, and would also make numerous political references to figures such as Ronald Reagan and Jerry Falwell . He also used the spotlight on the Elevation Tour. On the Innocence + Experience Tour, Bono would typically sing
5312-406: The fourth track from their 1987 album The Joshua Tree . Lyrically, the song was inspired by a trip that lead vocalist Bono made to Nicaragua and El Salvador , where he saw firsthand how local peasants were affected by United States military intervention in the region. Angered by what he witnessed, Bono asked guitarist the Edge to "put El Salvador through an amplifier ." "Bullet the Blue Sky"
5395-475: The input of another. Later, most guitar amps were provided with preamplifier distortion controls, and fuzz boxes and other effects units were engineered to safely and reliably produce these sounds. Overdrive and distortion have become integral parts of many styles of electric guitar playing, ranging from blues rock to heavy metal and hardcore punk . Guitar combo amplifiers were at first used with bass guitars and electric pianos , but these instruments produce
5478-407: The jam. After the take was completed, the band listened to playback in the control room and realised that the demo was "absolutely brilliant". Compared to the final version of the song, the Edge described the demo as "much more bare-boned, like a heavy funk track". Still, the song was discarded for some time until producer Brian Eno , who described it as a "homeless riff", convinced the band it
5561-509: The majority of the song into a megaphone. U2's following album, Rattle and Hum , featured a live performance of this song, with a pre-recorded intro of Jimi Hendrix 's version of " The Star-Spangled Banner ". "Bullet" then took on new meanings throughout the subsequent years. On the Zoo TV Tour, it was about Nazism ; on the PopMart Tour, it, at least on occasion, featured references to consumerism and rock iconography in keeping in with
5644-524: The open back cabinet, the closed back cabinet (a sealed box), and, less commonly, bass reflex designs, which use a closed back with a vent or port cut into the cabinet. With guitar amps, most open back amp cabinets are not fully open; part of the back is enclosed with panels. Combo guitar amp cabinets and standalone speaker cabinets are often made of plywood . Some are made of MDF or particle board —especially in low-budget models. Cabinet size and depth, material types, assembly methods, type and thickness of
5727-402: The pre-amp out jack), an external speaker output (for powering an additional speaker cabinet ), and stereo RCA jacks or a 1/8" jack, for connecting a CD player or MP3 player so that a player can practice along with recorded music. Some amps have a 1/4" jack for connecting a pedal to turn the amp's onboard overdrive and reverb on and off or to switch between channels. Some amps have an XLR jack for
5810-481: The preamp or gain knob usually produces overdrive distortion. Some electric guitar amps have three controls in the volume section: pre-amplifier, distortion, and master control. Turning up the preamp and distortion knobs in varying combinations can create a range of overdrive tones, from a gentle, warm growling overdrive suitable for a traditional blues show or a rockabilly band to the extreme distortion used in hardcore punk and death metal . On some electric guitar amps,
5893-442: The re-amped or "dummy load" approach, the tube power amp drives a mostly resistive dummy load while an additional low power amp drives the guitar speaker. In the isolation box approach, the guitar amplifier is used with a guitar speaker in a separate cabinet. A soundproofed isolation cabinet , isolation box, isolation booth, or isolation room can be used. A variety of labels are used for level attenuation potentiometers (knobs) in
5976-399: The same way as the bass and treble knobs on a home stereo, and by adding electronic effects ; distortion (also called overdrive) and reverb are commonly available as built-in features. The input of modern guitar amplifiers is a 1/4" jack , which is fed a signal from an electro-magnetic pickup (from an electric guitar) or a piezoelectric pickup (usually from an acoustic guitar) using
6059-425: The sound of a range of tube amplifiers and different sized speaker cabinets, all using the same amplifier and speaker. These are known as modeling amplifiers , and can be programmed with simulated characteristic tones of different existing amplifier models (and speaker cabinets—even microphone type or placement), or dialed in to the user's taste. Many amps of this type are also programmable by way of USB connection to
6142-401: The string vibration, a potentially dangerous approach that did not become popular. In 1934 Dobro released a guitar amp with a vacuum tube rectifier and two power tubes. By 1935, Dobro and National began selling combo amps for Hawaiian guitar. In 1934, Gibson had developed prototype combo amps, but never released them. By 1935, Electro/Rickenbacher had sold more amps and electric guitars than all
6225-402: The studio or stage. The use of full range, flat response (FRFR) amplification systems by electric guitarists has received an extra impetus from modeling amplifiers. Before widespread availability of modeling, guitarists did not commonly plug electric guitars straight into PA systems or powered speakers because most genres relied on the tonal coloration of a regular guitar amplifier setup—from
6308-508: The tour's theme. On the Elevation Tour, it became an indictment against handgun violence, illustrated by references to John Lennon 's assassination and an ironic intro video clip featuring Charlton Heston , who was at that time the president of the National Rifle Association , while on the Vertigo Tour, it was about religious violence and the final lyrics were replaced by a snippet of " The Hands That Built America ". On
6391-704: The tubes can render an amplifier inoperable until the issue is resolved. While tube-based circuitry is technologically outdated, tube amps remain popular since many guitarists prefer their sound. Tube enthusiasts believe that tube amps produce a warmer sound and a more natural "overdrive" sound. Most inexpensive and mid-priced guitar amplifiers are based on transistor or semiconductor (solid-state) circuits, which are cheaper to produce and more reliable, and usually much lighter than tube amplifiers. Solid-state amps are less fragile than tube amps. High-end solid-state amplifiers are less common, since many professional guitarists favor vacuum tubes. Some jazz guitarists favor
6474-404: Was also informed by Bono's lyrics. Producer Daniel Lanois says that the most progress on "Bullet the Blue Sky" was made at Melbeach, the Edge's newly purchased home in seaside Monkstown . According to Lanois, the song's performance came from a 20-minute jam that he dedicated an extensive amount of time to editing into a final arrangement , "for a song that was never a song, that was only ever
6557-522: Was asked by the Edge "to fly over from one version to another version". Lillywhite had to match the tempos of the two tape recordings by hand and then, during playback, transfer the requested sections of each onto a half-inch tape recorder. He said it "was never all played at the same time; it was a real mish-mash of two things." Lanois said Lillywhite's final mix was much different from his and Eno's version, leaning more heavily on effects and overdubs : "I wouldn't have had as many effects on it, because we had
6640-515: Was being treated softly. He quickly summoned the band, who went with the primary engineer Flood to Windmill Lane Studios . In a warehouse next door to the studio, the crew used a public address system to play a recording of Mullen's drums, which was then re-recorded inside the warehouse. Lanois called it a "really elaborate kind of rock and roll chamber". The result, according to Meegan, "made [the drums] sound like John Bonham ", while Lanois said they sounded "tankier". He added, "it introduced
6723-556: Was founded by Paul Tutmarc , the inventor of the first electric bass (Tutmarc's instrument did not achieve market success until Leo Fender 's launched the Precision Bass ). In 1933, Vega sold a pickup and amplifier set for musicians to use with existing guitars. In that same year, the Los Angeles-based Volu-Tone company also sold a pickup/amplifier set. Volu-Tone used high voltage current to sense
6806-507: Was very hard for a musician playing a pickup-equipped guitar to find an amplifier and speaker to make their instrument louder as the only speakers that could be bought were "radio horns of limited frequency range and low acoustic output". The cone speaker, widely used in 2000s-era amp cabinets, was not widely offered for sale until the 1930s and beyond. The first amplifiers and speakers could only be powered with large batteries, which made them heavy and hard to carry around. When engineers developed
6889-534: Was worth working on. In July 1986, Bono and his wife Ali travelled to Nicaragua and El Salvador , where they saw firsthand the distress of peasants bullied by political conflicts and United States military intervention. The trip angered Bono and formed the basis of the song's lyrics. He said, "I remember the ground shaking, and I remember the smell, I suppose, of being near a war zone. I don't think we were in danger, but I knew there were lives in danger or being lost close to us, and I felt for them. It upset me as
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