Ettore Rosato (born 28 July 1968) is an Italian politician, member of the Chamber of Deputies , and formerly leader of the Democratic Party in the Chamber.
63-563: The Italian electoral law of 2017 , colloquially known by the nickname Rosatellum after Ettore Rosato , the Democratic Party (PD) leader in the Chamber of Deputies who first proposed the new law, is a parallel voting system, which acts as a mixed electoral system , with 37% of seats allocated using a first-past-the-post electoral system and 63% using a proportional method, with one round of voting. The Chamber and Senate of
126-551: A first past the post electoral system and 64% using a proportional method, with one round of voting. The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies did not differ in the way they allocated the proportional seats, both using the D'Hondt method of allocating seats. The new electoral law was supported by the Democratic Party and his government ally Popular Alternative , but also by the opposition parties Forza Italia , Lega Nord and Liberal Popular Alliance . Despite many protests from
189-543: A plurality of the vote, but less than 340 seats, is assigned additional seats to reach that number, corresponding roughly to a 54% majority. Ettore Rosato Rosato was born in Trieste in 1968. He started his interest in politics when he attended the liceo (high school). In the late 1980s he became a member of the Christian Democracy (DC) party and was elected city councilor in his hometown. When
252-463: A "clear winner" of the elections less likely). After two unsuccessful attempts at repealing the law by referendum, in the 2013 general election the law failed to produce a majority in the Senate; as a consequence, the only way to form a government was by means of a grand coalition between left-wing and right-wing parties that had harshly fought each other in the election. The resulting Letta Cabinet
315-454: A certain number of seats depending on its national result: these seats are then projected onto the 100 constituencies and attributed to the candidates of that constituency, starting from the head of list and then according to the number of preference votes. An amendment, known as "Erasmus amendment", makes sure Italians studying abroad in the Erasmus programme can vote. On February 24, 2016
378-407: A coalition, a party must sign its official program and indicate its support for the coalition's candidate to the prime-ministership. For the Chamber of Deputies, Italy is divided into 26 constituencies: Lombardy has three constituencies, Piedmont , Veneto, Lazio , Campania, and Sicily each have two, and all other regions have one. These constituencies jointly elect 617 MPs. Additionally one MP
441-473: A consequence of the result of the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum , in which the Senate reform was rejected, the two chambers of the Italian Parliament ended up with two different electoral laws, which lacked uniformity. As a matter of fact, the electoral law for the Chamber of Deputies passed by Matteo Renzi's government, the so-called Italicum , based on a strong winner-take-all principle,
504-771: A court in Messina sent the election law for review to the Constitutional Court : declaring admissible the application by petitioners, the judges called for the Constitutional Court to decide whether eight out of the petitioners' 13 claims that the Italicum breached the Italian Constitution. The Constitutional Court might still decide that the unconstitutionality hypothesis is not founded, and even refuse to examine it. The court's decision
567-463: A general election. The electoral law passed by the centre-right government in 2005 immediately received widespread criticism: among other things, critics called into question the use of long closed lists of candidates (which gave party executives great power in deciding the composition of the Parliament), and the regional mechanism of allocation of seats in the Senate (which made the existence of
630-514: A proportional method (the latter including the seats allocated to Italians abroad), with one round of voting. The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies do not differ in the way the proportional seats are allocated, both using the largest remainder method of allocating seats. Following the 2020 constitutional referendum , the Senate of the Republic included 200 elected members, of whom: The Senate
693-423: A set of institutional reforms, including a new majority-assuring law based on a two-round system, conceived to make the event of a forced Grand Coalition impossible. The bill still faced harsh opposition, even from members of the proposing parties: however it was approved by the Chamber of Deputies on 12 March 2014 and, in an amended form, by the Senate on 27 January 2015 with the support of a large majority. After
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#1732773257001756-486: A single ballot. The complicated mechanism known as scorporo , which was used to tabulate PR votes in the Mattarellum , was abolished in the new electoral law. The law also re-introduced a closed list system for the party lists on the second ballot, i.e., excluding voters from the decision as to which members of that party would enter parliament, thereby guaranteeing reelection of party leaders whose popular support
819-456: A single candidate chosen by each party who is the first to be elected. The law, which came into force on 1 July 2016, regulates the election of the Chamber of Deputies , replacing the previous electoral law of 2005, modified by the Constitutional Court in December 2013 after judging it partly unconstitutional. The law was written under the assumption that, by the time it came into force,
882-718: A small number (currently 5) serve as senators for life ( senatori a vita ), either appointed or ex officio . It was established in its current form on 8 May 1948, but previously existed during the Kingdom of Italy as Senato del Regno ( Senate of the Kingdom ), itself a continuation of the Senato Subalpino ( Subalpine Senate ) of Sardinia established on 8 May 1848. Members of the Senate are styled Senator or The Honourable Senator (Italian: Onorevole Senatore ) and they meet at Palazzo Madama , Rome . Article 57 of
945-411: A system based on proportional representation. The bill would abolish single member constituencies, end the use of joint lists and increase the threshold from three to five percent nationally, while creating the 'right of tribune' where if a party did not reach the national threshold they could gain representation if they earned a quotient in at least three constituencies in two regions in the Chamber and in
1008-432: Is discarded. Only parties passing a 3% minimum threshold in the first round are assigned seats. If the party receiving the plurality of the votes passes a 40% threshold, it is attributed a minimum of 340 seats (54%). The remaining seats are allocated to the other parties in a proportional fashion, and no second round takes place. If no party has been able to pass the 40% threshold, a second round takes place two weeks after
1071-488: Is elected from the Aosta Valley and 12 are elected by a constituency consisting of Italians living abroad. Seats are allocated among the parties that pass thresholds of the total vote on a national basis : Also, parties representing regional linguistic minorities obtain seats if they receive at least 20% of the ballots in their constituency. In order to guarantee a working majority, a coalition or party which obtains
1134-410: Is elected on a single ballot. The ballot includes the district's member, on a purely plurality basis and the parties and party-lists were listed that supported him, which was used to determine the proportional seats, with a 3% minimum threshold for party representation. Following the 2020 referendum, the Chamber of Deputies had 400 members, of whom As the Senate, the Chamber of Deputies is elected on
1197-456: Is nationwide-based for the House, and regional-based for the Senate. Italy is divided into a certain number of districts for the Chamber of Deputies, whereas each Region elects its senators. Each district is assigned a number of seats proportionate to its total of the population of Italy. The winning coalition receives at least 55% of the seats on national level in the House, and on regional level in
1260-679: Is not allowed. Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic Law 51/2019 was meant to adapt the Rosatellum to a reduction of the number of seats in both houses of the Italian Parliament . It became law on 26 June 2019. It has been called a riformina elettorale , or little electoral reform. A constitutional amendment procedure was initiated during the 18th legislature by the Five Stars Movement , to cut
1323-464: Is not expecting until after 2017 January. A constitutional reform bill passed by the Italian Parliament in April 2016, which is still awaiting popular confirmation by referendum, will require the Constitutional Court to decide on the constitutional legitimacy of the electoral law even if the aforementioned application is rejected. This extraordinary procedure will only take place if the referendum confirms
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#17327732570011386-403: Is still elected on a regional basis, but the number of senators was reduced from 315 to 200, who are now elected by all citizens aged 18 or older, just like deputies (themselves being reduced from 630 to 400). Italians residing abroad now elect 4 senators (and 8 deputies). The remaining 196 senators are assigned to each region proportionally according to their population. The amended Article 57 of
1449-576: Is the upper house of the bicameral Italian Parliament , the lower house being the Chamber of Deputies . The two houses together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. Pursuant to the Articles 57, 58, and 59 of the Italian Constitution , the Senate has 200 elective members, of which 196 are elected from Italian constituencies, and 4 from Italian citizens living abroad. Furthermore,
1512-496: Is thought to be incompatible with the competitive party system of Italy. A few days after, on 8 December 2013, Matteo Renzi became the new leader of the Democratic Party. In his victory speech, he vowed to change the electoral law against the risk of " stabilized grand coalitions ". Renzi's initiative ultimately led to him taking Letta's place as the prime minister. Finally, Renzi made a deal with Silvio Berlusconi for
1575-804: The Constitution of Italy originally established that the Senate of the Republic was to be elected on a regional basis by Italian citizens aged 25 or older (unlike the Chamber of the Deputies , which was elected on a national basis and by all Italian citizens aged 18 or older). No region could have less than 7 senators, except for the two smallest regions: Aosta Valley (1 senator) and Molise (2 senators). From 2006 to 2020, 6 out of 315 senators (and 12 out of 630 deputies) were elected by Italians residing abroad . After two constitutional amendments were passed respectively in 2020 (by constitutional referendum ) and 2021, however, there have been changes. The Senate
1638-501: The Democratic Party secretary and subsequently head of government Matteo Renzi , who was its main proponent (until the end of January 2015 with the support of Forza Italia 's leader Silvio Berlusconi ) provides for a two-round system based on party-list proportional representation (the former being ruled out as unconstitutional), corrected by a majority bonus and a 3% election threshold . Candidates run for election in 100 multi-member constituencies with open lists , except for
1701-561: The Five Star Movement and the Democratic and Progressive Movement , the electoral law was approved on 12 October by the Chamber of Deputies with 375 votes in favor and 215 against, and on 26 October by the Senate with 214 votes against 61. Italian Senate Opposition (85) The Senate of the Republic ( Italian : Senato della Repubblica ), or simply the Senate (Italian: Senato , [seˈnaːto] ),
1764-508: The Senato del Regno (Senate of the Kingdom). Palazzo Madama and the adjacent buildings underwent further restructuring and adaptation in the first decades of the 20th century. A radical transformation which involved, among other things, the modernization of the hemicycle, the full remaking of the prospectus on Via San Salvatore and Via Dogana Vecchia, and the establishment of a connection with
1827-417: The upper house would have become an indirectly-elected body representing regions , with greatly reduced powers, thus making a reform of its electoral system unnecessary. The upper-house reform, rejected in the 4 December 2016 Constitutional Referendum , was originally assumed to be adopted without a Referendum by 1 July 2016. It is the first electoral law approved by the Italian Parliament but never used in
1890-612: The Constitution provides that no region can have fewer than 3 senators representing it, barring Aosta Valley and Molise, which retained 1 and 2 senators respectively. The senators for life are composed of former presidents of the Italian Republic who hold office ex officio , and up to five citizens who are appointed by Presidents of Italy "for outstanding merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". The current life senators are: The current term of
1953-578: The DC was later disbanded he joined the Italian People's Party (PPI) and The Daisy (DL). In 2003 he became a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies . Later in 2005 he ran for the office of Mayor of Trieste at the head of a centre-left coalition , to narrowly lose to the incumbent centre-right Mayor Roberto Dipiazza . In 2007 he was among the founders of the Democratic Party . Rosato
Italian electoral law of 2017 - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-584: The FPTP system too high. A later and revised version of the Rosatellum , known as Rosatellum bis was approved by PD, FI, LN, AP and ALA in October 2017, becoming the new electoral law for both the houses of the Parliament. The national elections use a mixed single vote into a parallel voting system , with 36. 825397 % of seats allocated using a first-past-the-post electoral system and 63. 174603 % using
2079-516: The Republic did not differ in the way they allocated the proportional seats, both using the largest remainder method of allocating seats. The new electoral law was supported by the PD and its government ally Popular Alternative but also by the opposition parties Forza Italia , Lega Nord , and Liberal Popular Alliance . Despite many protests from the Five Star Movement , the Democratic and Progressive Movement , Italian Left , and Brothers of Italy ,
2142-723: The Senate has met in Palazzo Madama in Rome , an old patrician palace completed in 1505 for the Medici family . The palace takes its name from Madama Margherita of Austria , daughter of Charles V and wife of Alessandro de' Medici . After the extinction of the Medici, the palace was handed over to the House of Lorraine . and, later, it was sold to Papal Government . Later, in 1755, Pope Benedict XIV (whose coat of arms still dominates
2205-530: The Senate is five years, except for senators for life that hold their office for their lifetime. Until a Constitutional change on 9 February 1963, the Senate was elected for six-year terms. The Senate may be dissolved before the expiration of its normal term by the president of the Republic (e.g. when no government can obtain a majority). According to article 58 of the Italian constitution, Italian citizens aged 18 onwards (until 2021 25 years) are enabled to vote for
2268-494: The Senate met for the first time on 27 November 1871 was designed by Luigi Gabet . A plaque on the wall behind the speaker's chair commemorates the king's address to Parliament when first convened in the new seat of government: Above this has been placed a plaque bearing the inscription: To the viewers' left stand the flags of the Italian Republic (with a ribbon embroidered with the words SENATO DELLA REPUBBLICA) and
2331-477: The Senate the party would need to receive a quotient in a constituency. Seats in the Chamber would firstly be apportioned on national results then subsequently into multimember constituencies, while in the Senate the process is similar but seats are first apportioned regionally, with both Houses using the Imperiali quota . The Italian electoral law of 2015, better known as Italicum , a name given to it in 2014 by
2394-580: The Senate) and the election thresholds. In June 2017, the Democratic Party together with the Five Star Movement, Forza Italia and Northern League agreed on a law, known as Tedeschellum , which was based on a similar system to the one used in Germany . However, the agreement among the four parties did not survive a secret-ballot vote during the first reading at the Chamber of Deputies and the bill
2457-434: The Senate, while the remaining seats are proportionally divided between minority parties. For the House, seats won by each party are then allocated at district level to decide the elected candidates. Candidates on the lists are ranked in order of priority, so if a party wins for example ten seats, the first ten candidates on its list receive seats in parliament. The law officially recognized coalitions of parties: to be part of
2520-439: The Senate. The electoral system is a parallel voting system , with 37% of seats allocated using first-past-the-post voting (FPTP) and 63% using proportional representation , allocated with the largest remainder method , with one round of voting. For Italian residents, each house members are elected by single ballots, including the constituency candidate and his/her supporting party lists. In each single-member constituency
2583-503: The adjacent Palazzo Carpegna . The latter, owned by the Senate, was entirely rebuilt in an advanced position compared to its original position. The small church of San Salvatore in Thermis , dating to the 6th century, which stood in the street to the left of the palace, was first closed, expropriated and later razed for security reasons. The current façade was built in the mid-1650s by both Cigoli and Paolo Maruccelli . The latter added
Italian electoral law of 2017 - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-505: The attribution of 617 of the 630 seats of the Chamber of Deputies , excluding 12 seats attributed to representatives of Italians living abroad, and one seat for the Aosta Valley region. An uncommon feature of this system is that it is majority assuring , thanks to a jackpot that is assigned to the winning party, possibly after a second electoral round. The territory of Italy is divided into 100 constituencies electing between 3 and 9 deputies depending on their size. For each constituency,
2709-411: The bill. The previous electoral law had a series of thresholds to encourage parties to form coalitions. It replaced the scorporo electoral system which had been introduced in the 1990s. The attempt to change the law with the referendum failed and was the Constitutional Court, the judgment no. 1 of 2014, to eliminate various unconstitutional elements that were part of the law. The block voting system
2772-412: The business of the chamber, chairing and regulating debates, deciding whether motions and bills are admissible, representing the Senate, etc., the president of the Senate stands in for the president of the Republic when the latter is unable to perform the duties of the office; in this case the Senate is headed by a vice president. The current president of the Senate is Ignazio La Russa . Since 1871,
2835-512: The deputy/senator is elected on a plurality basis, while the seats in multi-member constituencies will be allocated nationally. In order to be calculated in single-member constituency results, parties need to obtain at least 1% of the national vote. In order to receive seats in multi-member constituencies, parties need to obtain at least 3% of the national vote. Elects from multi-member constituencies will come from closed lists . The single voting paper, containing both first-past-the-post candidates and
2898-448: The election of Sergio Mattarella as the new President of Italy on 31 January 2015, Berlusconi withdrew his support of the bill. In order for it to receive its final approval by the Chamber of Deputies, the government decided to link it to a confidence vote (hinting at a snap election in case of a negative outcome). The bill was finally approved on 4 May 2015 and signed by President Mattarella two days later. The Italicum system regulates
2961-407: The electoral law was approved on 12 October 2017 by the Chamber of Deputies with 375 votes in favor and 215 against, and on 26 October 2017 by the Senate with 214 votes against 61. The law regulates the election of the Chamber and Senate, replacing Porcellum of 2005 and Italicum of 2015, both modified by the Constitutional Court of Italy after judging them to be partly unconstitutional. As
3024-446: The first one: this time electors receive a ballot where they are allowed to choose between the two parties that received most votes in the first round. The party winning the second round is attributed 340 seats, and the remaining 277 seats are allocated to the other parties in a proportional fashion, according to the results of the first round. The proportional allocation of seats follows the largest remainder method . Each party receives
3087-412: The first round, electors receive a ballot allowing them to vote for a single party and for its head of list candidate (pre-printed on the ballot), and are given the option to express up to two additional preference votes for other candidates of that party, by writing their name next to the party symbol. If two preference votes are expressed, they must be of a different sex: otherwise, the second preference
3150-428: The first two attempts at voting, an absolute majority of all senators is needed; if a third round is needed, a candidate can be elected by an absolute majority of the senators present and voting. If this third round fails to produce a winner, a final ballot is held between the two senators with the highest votes in the previous ballot. In the case of a tie, the elder senator is deemed the winner. In addition to overseeing
3213-589: The law 51/2019 retains those proportions. Besides the Five Stars Movement, the law was supported by Lega and was opposed by the Democratic Party , until it joined the Conte II Cabinet in August 2019. On the 9 January 2020, Giuseppe Brescia, President of the lower house's Constitutional Affairs Committee, submitted bill AC 2329 (nicknamed Germanicum) that would replace Rosatellum with
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#17327732570013276-591: The main entrance) ordered major restructuring, entrusting the work to Luigi Hostini . In the following years there were installed the court offices and police headquarters. In 1849, Pius IX moved the Ministries of Finances and of the Public Debt here, as well as the Papal Post Offices. After the conquest of Rome by the newly formed Kingdom of Italy , the palace was chosen to become the seat of
3339-433: The ornate cornice and whimsical decorative urns on the roof. Among the rooms one of the most significant (and perhaps the most impressive from the political point of view) is the "Sala Maccari," which takes its name from Cesare Maccari , the artist who decorated it in 1880 and created the frescoes, among which stands out the one that depicts Cicero making his indictment of Catiline , who listens isolated. The chamber where
3402-401: The parties designate a list of candidates: "head of list" candidates can run in up to 10 constituencies, while other candidates are limited to a single constituency. Gender balance is promoted by requiring that, in each region , head of lists of either sex for the same party should not exceed 60% of the total; additionally, candidates in all lists must be in a sequence alternating by gender. At
3465-470: The party lists, shows the names of the candidates to single-member constituencies and, in close conjunction with them, the symbols of the linked lists for the proportional part, each one with a list of the relative candidates. Voters can cast their votes in three different ways: In 2016, the Italian Parliament passed a constitutional law that "effectively abolishes the Senate as an elected chamber and sharply restricts its ability to veto legislation". The law
3528-414: The previous Mattarella law. This was probably done out of concern that the grand coalition supporting his government would not hold. On 4 December 2013, the Constitutional Court judged the electoral law of 2005 partly unconstitutional: in particular, its unlimited majority bonus was repealed. This made an electoral reform ever more urgent, since proportional representation without majoritarian correction
3591-402: The size of both houses by more than a third (from 630 and 315 members, to 400 and 200). To avoid incompatibility with the proposed amendment, the 2019 law adapts the Rosatellum law, and sets fractions for each type of seat (proportional or majoritary) instead of exact numbers. The ratio of single-winner districts over the total number of seats in Rosatellum was equal to 3/8 in both houses, and
3654-472: Was perceived by many people as the second "unelected government" in a row (after the Monti Cabinet ). While the coalition agreed that a new electoral law was needed, it failed to agree on a specific model. The Democratic Party executive and prime minister Enrico Letta even went as far as requesting that his party vote against a parliamentary initiative by fellow democrat Roberto Giachetti to restore
3717-416: Was put aside. After few weeks Ettore Rosato , the leader of the group of the Democratic Party at the Chamber of Deputies, proposed a new bill based on a mixed system, with half of the seats allocated using the first-past-the-post and the other half using a proportional allocation. The bill was not popular in its original version, since several opposition parties considered the number of seats allocated with
3780-537: Was rapidly declining (new elections were to be held once the new electoral law was fully implemented). The ballot, which is a single one for the first-past-the-post and the proportional systems, shows the names of the candidates to single-member constituencies and, in close conjunction with them, the symbols of the linked lists for the proportional part, each one with a list of the relative candidates. Voters will be able to cast their vote in three different ways: In an effort to mitigate fragmentation, split-ticket voting
3843-442: Was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the 2008 and 2013 general elections . On 16 June 2015 he was elected Leader of the PD in the Chamber of Deputies with 239 votes out of 291, replacing Roberto Speranza . In Autumn 2017, Rosato was the proposer of a new electoral law, which was named after him, Rosatellum bis . The Rosatellum bis is a parallel system , which act as a mixed system, with 36% of seats allocated using
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#17327732570013906-417: Was rejected on 4 December 2016 by a referendum , leaving the Senate unchanged. The membership of the Senate following the 2022 Italian general election : Under the current Constitution , the Senate must hold its first sitting no later than 20 days after a general election. That session, presided by the oldest senator, proceeds to elect the president of the Senate for the following parliamentary period. On
3969-482: Was still in effect, whereas in the Senate a pure proportional system (the remnants of the so-called Porcellum , the electoral law approved by the cabinet of Silvio Berlusconi in 2005 and then declared extensively unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court in January 2014) was in force. The two systems differed on several aspects, among which the possibility of forming coalitions before the elections (only allowed at
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