The Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man is a fictional character from the Ghostbusters franchise , who sometimes appears as a giant , lumbering, and paranormal monster . He first appears in the 1984 Ghostbusters film as a logo on a bag of marshmallows in Dana Barrett 's apartment , on an advertisement on a building near the Ghostbusters ' headquarters , and finally as the physical manifestation and form of the apocalyptic Sumerian deity Gozer .
122-613: Raymond Stantz , PhD , is a fictional character from the Ghostbusters franchise . He appears in the films Ghostbusters (1984), Ghostbusters II (1989), Casper (1995, as a cameo ), Ghostbusters: Afterlife (2021) and Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire (2024), the animated television series The Real Ghostbusters and Extreme Ghostbusters , and the video games Beeline's Ghostbusters , Ghostbusters: The Video Game (2009), Planet Coaster (2019), Ghostbusters: Spirits Unleashed (2022) and Ghostbusters: Rise of
244-831: A cameo appearance as Stantz in Casper . When Carrigan and Dibs are attempting to evict the Ghostly Trio from the McFadden Manor, before contacting Dr. James Harvey, they contact Ray Stantz of the Ghostbusters. After he fails to capture the Ghostly Trio, he runs out of the manor in fear, and says to Carrigan and Dibs: "Who you gonna call? Someone else." Aykroyd reprises his role as Stantz in Ghostbusters: Afterlife (2021). At some point before
366-495: A latex suit. The suit was made of two layers, an outer flammable layer and inner fire-proof layer. Some of the finished movie's most noticeable errors appear in the Stay-Puft scenes: he is seen with and without his bow tie , while in another scene the optical rendering was so poor that he passes through a church rather than crushing it. Also, the blue portion of his sailor suit is worn backwards . The face of Stay-Puft
488-499: A master's degree en route to the doctoral degree. Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as "ABD", meaning " all but dissertation ". PhD graduates may undertake a postdoc in the process of transitioning from study to academic tenure . Individuals who have earned the Doctor of Philosophy degree use the title Doctor (often abbreviated "Dr" or "Dr."), although the etiquette associated with this usage may be subject to
610-402: A peer-reviewed context. Moreover, some PhD programs, especially in science, require one to three published articles in peer-reviewed journals. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university; this defense is open to the public in some countries, and held in private in others; in other countries, the dissertation is examined by
732-421: A "sandwich PhD" will be awarded by two universities. It is possible to broaden the field of study pursued by a PhD student by the addition of a minor subject of study within a different discipline. A career in academia generally requires a PhD, although in some countries it is possible to reach relatively high positions without a doctorate. In North America, professors are increasingly being required to have
854-662: A 6-month extension is usually possible upon citing delays out of the control of the student. Some universities also fund a similar scholarship that matches the APA amount. Due to a continual increase in living costs, many PhD students are forced to live under the poverty line. In addition to the more common RTP and university scholarships, Australian students have other sources of scholarship funding, coming from industry, private enterprise, and organisations. Australian citizens, permanent residents, and New Zealand citizens are not charged course fees for their PhD or research master's degree, with
976-554: A PhD in the sciences or humanities. Graduate schools slowly emerged in the United States . In 1852, the first honorary PhD in the nation was given at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania to Ebenezer Newton Elliott. Nine years later, in 1861, Yale University awarded three PhDs: to Eugene Schuyler in philosophy and psychology, Arthur Williams Wright in physics, and James Morris Whiton in classics. Over
1098-544: A PhD program. In the US, Canada, India, and Denmark, for example, many universities require coursework in addition to research for PhD degrees. In other countries (such as the UK) there is generally no such condition, though this varies by university and field. Some individual universities or departments specify additional requirements for students not already in possession of a bachelor's degree or equivalent or higher. In order to submit
1220-464: A PhD, and the percentage of faculty with a PhD may be used as a university ratings measure. The motivation may also include increased salary, but in many cases, this is not the result. Research by Bernard H. Casey of the University of Warwick, U.K, suggests that, over all subjects, PhDs provide an earnings premium of 26% over non-accredited graduates, but notes that master's degrees already provide
1342-539: A brief appearance as a possessed Thanksgiving parade balloon that pinned the Ghostbusters Abby Yates, Jillian Holtzmann, and Patty Tolan to the ground before being saved by Erin Gilbert, who bursts the balloon. Stay-Puft's role as a hundred foot tall rampaging monster is replaced by the sketch ghost from the Ghostbusters' logo who was morphed into a giant-sized version of its self assumed by Rowan North,
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#17327915927981464-486: A doctoral programme at a university in Canada typically requires completion of a Master's degree in a related field, with sufficiently high grades and proven research ability. In some cases, a student may progress directly from an Honours Bachelor's degree to a PhD program; other programs allow a student to fast-track to a doctoral program after one year of outstanding work in a Master's program (without having to complete
1586-492: A friendly version of the Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man that would assist the Ghostbusters when needed. When questioned by a policeman in the series about the abrupt personality change, Peter replied that Stay-Puft was "all better now". The character was voiced by John Stocker , and later by Frank Welker in this series. The Terminal Reality game Ghostbusters: The Video Game (2009), set two years after
1708-613: A gargantuan Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man is too slow because of its weight and lack of bones, and had less offensive capability beyond its massive size, therby making Gozer vulnerable to proton streams and boson darts fired by even just one Ghostbuster when under this form. In comparison, Gozer's Destructor Form is weaker than Ivo Shandor's, which is much faster and agile, and, while in the Ghost World, can charge itself with spiritual energy to make itself stronger, taking five Ghostbusters with every upgraded arsenal that they have to defeat. In
1830-399: A graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence. The doctoral candidate's work should be presented in a dissertation or thesis prepared under the supervision of a tutor or director and reviewed by a Doctoral Committee. This committee should be composed of examiners that are external to
1952-611: A master's degree at the minimum is de rigueur in Washington's foreign policy world, it is no wonder many are starting to feel that the PhD is a necessary escalation, another case of costly signaling to potential employers". Similarly, an article on the Australian public service states that " credentialism in the public service is seeing a dramatic increase in the number of graduate positions going to PhDs and masters degrees becoming
2074-764: A new form for the Sumerian god Gozer, who previously arrives atop an apartment building at 55 Central Park West in New York City in the form of an androgynous woman with metallic skin and blood red eyes. After a quick battle with the Ghostbusters, Gozer vanishes and in its disembodied voice demands the Ghostbusters, "Choose the form of the Destructor" – whatever they think of will be the form it will assume to destroy their world . The other three Ghostbusters proceed to think of nothing at all in an attempt to deny Gozer this wish. Ray Stantz ( Aykroyd ) instead makes
2196-416: A number of different times by the Ghostbusters. Although mean and destructive at first, he later befriends Slimer and the Ghostbusters in the animated series The Real Ghostbusters , and helps them out with various problems. Dan Aykroyd conceived the Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man for his initial script for Ghostbusters . He created the character to show that "it seems harmless and puffy and cute—but given
2318-522: A panel of expert examiners who stipulate whether the dissertation is in principle passable and any issues that need to be addressed before the dissertation can be passed. Some universities in the non- English -speaking world have begun adopting similar standards to those of the anglophone PhD degree for their research doctorates (see the Bologna process ). A PhD student or candidate is conventionally required to study on campus under close supervision. With
2440-426: A panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor , researcher, or scientist. In the context of the Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, the term "philosophy" does not refer to the field or academic discipline of philosophy , but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which
2562-594: A premium of 23% and a bachelor's 14%. While this is a small return to the individual (or even an overall deficit when tuition and lost earnings during training are accounted for), he claims there are significant benefits to society for the extra research training. However, some research suggests that overqualified workers are often less satisfied and less productive at their jobs. These difficulties are increasingly being felt by graduates of professional degrees, such as law school, looking to find employment. PhD students may need to take on debt to undertake their degree. A PhD
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#17327915927982684-543: A project, thesis , or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic research , which is in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university. Universities sometimes award other types of doctorate besides the PhD, such as the Doctor of Musical Arts (D.M.A.) for music performers, Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) for legal scholars and
2806-633: A result, Peter once during the movie referred to him as "the heart of the Ghostbusters". Ray has extensive knowledge of the Bible (to the point of even quoting a specific book and chapter—"I remember Revelation 7:12"—about the end of the world, though the passage he quotes is actually Revelation 6:12), but is an agnostic , commenting when asked if he believes in God, "Never met Him". As revealed in Ghostbusters: The Video Game , Ray attended
2928-506: A scholarship to cover them. Completion requirements vary. Most Australian PhD programs do not have a required coursework component. The credit points attached to the degree are all in the product of the research, which is usually an 80,000-word thesis that makes a significant new contribution to the field. Recent pressure on higher degree by research (HDR) students to publish has resulted in increasing interest in Ph.D by publication as opposed to
3050-409: A scholarship to study for their PhD degree. The most common of these was the government-funded Australian Postgraduate Award (APA) until its dissolution in 2017. It was replaced by Research Training Program (RTP), awarded to students of "exceptional research potential", which provides a living stipend to students of approximately A$ 34,000 a year (tax-free). RTPs are paid for a duration of 3 years, while
3172-618: A security guard at Columbia Pictures whom Reitman met while filming his previous movie, Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone (1983). According to Sam Delaney of The Guardian , "Stay-Puft's familiar mascot combined elements of real-life brand ambassadors the Pillsbury Doughboy and Bibendum (a.k.a. the Michelin Tire Man)." Stay-Puft is seen only briefly in the movie. He is "conjured up" as
3294-450: A seminary at some stage in his life. He is known for his wordy and overly technical explanations of scientific and paranormal phenomena. Ray, along with Egon, is responsible for pioneering the Ghostbusters' theories and designing and building the equipment used for catching and containing ghosts . In the second film, revealed that they are fond with takeout foods like pizzas and of Asian, Greek, and Mexican cuisine. Before being kicked out of
3416-478: A set curriculum, based upon the trivium and the quadrivium , by the 19th century it had come to house all the courses of study in subjects now commonly referred to as sciences and humanities. Professors across the humanities and sciences focused on their advanced research. Practically all the funding came from the central government, and it could be cut off if the professor was politically unacceptable. These reforms proved extremely successful, and fairly quickly
3538-460: A standard examination (for example the Test of English as a Foreign Language ). Depending on the field, the student may also be required to demonstrate ability in one or more additional languages. A prospective student applying to French-speaking universities may also have to demonstrate some English language ability. Stay Puft Marshmallow Man Gozer returns in this form multiple times; however,
3660-404: A successful PhD admission application, copies of academic transcripts, letters of recommendation, a research proposal, and a personal statement are often required. Most universities also invite for a special interview before admission. A candidate must submit a project, thesis, or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic research, which is in principle worthy of publication in
3782-429: A suitable record of publication and research grants. Late in the 20th century, "publish or perish" became increasingly important in colleges and smaller universities. Detailed requirements for the award of a PhD degree vary throughout the world and even from school to school. It is usually required for the student to hold an Honours degree or a Master's degree with high academic standing, in order to be considered for
Ray Stantz - Misplaced Pages Continue
3904-461: A university and award PhDs. This led to the formation of the Association of American Universities by 14 leading research universities (producing nearly 90% of the approximately 250 legitimate research doctorates awarded in 1900), with one of the main goals being to "raise the opinion entertained abroad of our own Doctor's Degree." In Germany, the national government funded the universities and
4026-420: A year). According to the article, only the fastest developing countries (e.g. China or Brazil) have a shortage of PhDs. In 2022, Nature reported that PhD students' wages in biological sciences in the US do not cover living costs. The U.S. higher education system often offers little incentive to move students through PhD programs quickly and may even provide incentive to slow them down. To counter this problem,
4148-550: Is "love of wisdom". In most of Europe, all fields (history, philosophy, social sciences , mathematics, and natural philosophy / sciences ) other than theology , law , and medicine (the so-called professional, vocational, or technical curricula ) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of liberal arts was known as the "faculty of philosophy". A PhD candidate must submit
4270-724: Is 3.5 inches (89 mm) tall) on the outside. However, the Mini-Pufts are chaotic, like their master, and can do plenty of damage as a swarm. In Ghostbusters terminology, they would be Class 5 manifestations, similar to the Marshmallow Minis in Ghostbusters: The Video Game . Numbers of voice actors including Ira Heiden , Sarah Natochenny , and Shelby Young voiced the Mini-Pufts. The Mini-Pufts also appear in Ghostbusters: Rise of
4392-407: Is a large obese white humanoid -like figure made of conjoined marshmallows . He wears a white sailor cap with a red ribbon attached on top, and a blue hatband . Around his neck is a traditional blue sailor's collar and a red neckerchief . After images of him are seen on an advertisement and a bag of the marshmallows earlier in the film, he is then seen in the climax of Ghostbusters as one of
4514-470: Is also required in some positions outside academia, such as research jobs in major international agencies. In some cases, the Executive Directors of some types of foundations may be expected to hold a PhD . A PhD is sometimes felt to be a necessary qualification in certain areas of employment, such as in foreign policy think-tanks: U.S. News & World Report wrote in 2013 that "[i]f having
4636-479: Is also revealed that he quit smoking after the events of Ghostbusters II . Ray has an extended family (which has different nationalities ranging from Swiss to Scottish to Russian), including his Aunt Lois (who appears in the episode, "The Spirit of Aunt Lois"), and Uncle Andrew MacMillan of Dunkeld , Scotland (who is mentioned as being deceased in "Bustman's Holiday"). Ray was born in the Bronx in 1959, according to
4758-617: Is implied by Venkman that two years prior, the team had used their proton packs for a secret adventure. When Dana Barrett comes to Egon and later Ray, it becomes clear that something supernatural was once again happening underneath New York City . After the Ghostbusters' business resumes, the team uses Ray's bookstore's resources for information regarding the supernatural. During the investigation on Vigo's painting, while Venkman taunts it, Ray notices Vigo's eyes glowed and caught under his spell, turning Ray into Vigo's sleeper agent by subtly controlling Ray's subconscious and allowing Vigo to spy on
4880-556: Is important to note that programmes with a similar name to 'doctor' should only be included in ISCED level 8 if they satisfy the criteria described in Paragraph 263. For international comparability purposes, the term 'doctoral or equivalent' is used to label ISCED level 8." In German-speaking nations, most Eastern European nations, successor states of the former Soviet Union, most parts of Africa, Asia, and many Spanish-speaking countries,
5002-643: Is mentioned that the mortgage for the Ghostbusters Headquarters is in his name. His selection for the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man 's form of Gozer's "Destructor Form" was mentioned in a quote "It wasn't me this time, I swear it!" when the Ghostbusters see that the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man is once again terrorizing New York. Ray is the most visibly shaken to see the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man again. Ray
Ray Stantz - Misplaced Pages Continue
5124-534: Is revealed to be one of Phoebe's friend Podcast's subscribers on his vlogs about paranormal and conspiracies, and he is impressed after discovering that the person he followed is a 12-year-old. Aykroyd reprises his role as Stantz in Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire (2024). In the film, Ray is now semi-retired from ghostbusting, remain running his bookstore while taking Podcast as his protégé, who lives in his store during summer from Summerville. It
5246-509: Is shown to possess skill in operating nautical vessels (i.e. migrant sponge observation, mentioned earlier) as he is the primary navigator on Marine Ecto-8. One patron of Ray's occult bookstore, is unhappy because Stantz closed his store for ghostbusting endeavours, and leaves him a message on the Ghostbusters' answering machine in hope to still be able to order items from him. Stantz appears in Beeline 's Ghostbusters game for iOS . The game
5368-660: The Baccalauréat is the examination taken at the end of secondary studies. The reforms at the Humboldt University transformed the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts (and its more recent successors such as the Faculty of Sciences) from a lower faculty into one on a par with the Faculties of Law and Medicine. Similar developments occurred in many other continental European universities, and at least until reforms in
5490-690: The Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) for studies in education. In 2005 the European University Association defined the "Salzburg Principles", 10 basic principles for third-cycle degrees (doctorates) within the Bologna Process . These were followed in 2016 by the "Florence Principles", seven basic principles for doctorates in the arts laid out by the European League of Institutes of the Arts , which have been endorsed by
5612-706: The European Association of Conservatoires , the International Association of Film and Television Schools , the International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media, and the Society for Artistic Research . The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates . During
5734-621: The Prussian government . The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributions to research, attested by a dissertation, for the award of their final degree, which was labelled Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviated as Ph.D.)—originally this was just the German equivalent of the Master of Arts degree. Whereas in the Middle Ages the arts faculty had
5856-576: The University of Oxford . Additionally, it was formerly used by the University of York and University of Sussex in the United Kingdom. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation , and, in some cases, defend their work before
5978-470: The 1650s (when they gradually started replacing the MA as the highest academic degree; arguably, one of the earliest German PhD holders is Erhard Weigel (Dr. phil. hab., Leipzig, 1652). The full course of studies might, for example, lead in succession to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts , Licentiate of Arts , Master of Arts , or Bachelor of Medicine , Licentiate of Medicine, or Doctor of Medicine , but before
6100-482: The BSc, rather than a research degree. The first higher doctorate in the modern sense was Durham University 's DSc, introduced in 1882. This was soon followed by other universities, including the University of Cambridge establishing its ScD in the same year and the University of London transforming its DSc into a research degree in 1885. These were, however, very advanced degrees, rather than research-training degrees at
6222-599: The Fulbright Program and the Organization of American States (OAS), have been known to grant full scholarships for tuition with apportions for housing. Others apply for funds to CONICET, the national public body of scientific and technical research, which typically awards more than a thousand scholarships each year for this purpose, thus guaranteeing many PhD candidates remain within the system. Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as
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#17327915927986344-469: The German universities started attracting foreign students, notably from the United States. The American students would go to Germany to obtain a PhD after having studied for a bachelor's degree at an American college. So influential was this practice that it was imported to the United States, where in 1861 Yale University started granting the PhD degree to younger students who, after having obtained
6466-554: The Ghost Lord (2024). He was portrayed by Dan Aykroyd in five live action films, and voiced by Frank Welker in the animated series. He is a member of the Ghostbusters and one of the three Columbia University professors of parapsychology , along with Dr. Peter Venkman and Dr. Egon Spengler . Ray is an expert on paranormal history and metallurgy . He is characterised by his almost childlike enthusiasm towards his work, and his forthright acceptance of paranormal activity. As
6588-571: The Ghost Lord . They returned in Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire as the Ghostbusters' captives. In the film, Ray Stantz keeps the surviving Mini-Pufts for company in his bookstore because of his fondness with the Stay-Puft Marshmallows Man, but Podcast hates them ever since they attacked him in the Ecto-1 at Summerville and would try to destroy them with his mallet without Ray's knowing. Later, rival deity Garraka usurp command of
6710-568: The Ghostbusters in a parade. He later helps them again in the episode "Sticky Business" number 85, when the president of the Stay-Puft Marshmallow Company asks the Ghostbusters if he can use their large Stay-Puft in a television commercial. Once again Slimer goes into the containment unit to bring Stay-Puft out. An episode explains that Egon took a sample of the marshmallow ectoplasm and positively charged it, thus creating
6832-569: The Ghostbusters through their telepathic link. Ray and Egon experiment with the psychomagnotheric slime they find and eventually discover a way to not only positively charge the slime, but utilize it to animate objects, including the Statue of Liberty in their final assault on Vigo the Carpathian. Ray also briefly becomes the host for Vigo himself, but a liberal dousing of the positively charged mood slime quickly cures him of that. Dan Aykroyd has
6954-459: The Ghostbusters' containment system and later recaptured. He reappears in episode 65, "The Revenge of Murray the Mantis", where he is "released" from the Ghostbusters' containment unit to help defeat a giant mantis too powerful for the Ghostbusters to fight on their own. Stay-Puft is controlled with the help of Slimer (a green blob-like creature). After defeating the Mantis, Stay-Puft floats behind
7076-619: The MA, as the highest academic degree; and in Italy in 1927, when PhDs gradually started replacing the Laurea as the highest academic degree. Research degrees first appeared in the UK in the late 19th century in the shape of the Doctor of Science (DSc or ScD) and other such "higher doctorates". The University of London introduced the DSc in 1860, but as an advanced study course, following on directly from
7198-441: The Master's). An application package typically includes a research proposal, letters of reference, transcripts, and in some cases, a writing sample or Graduate Record Examinations scores. A common criterion for prospective PhD students is the comprehensive or qualifying examination, a process that often commences in the second year of a graduate program. Generally, successful completion of the qualifying exam permits continuance in
7320-557: The PhD level. Harold Jeffreys said that getting a Cambridge ScD was "more or less equivalent to being proposed for the Royal Society." In 1917, the current PhD degree was introduced, along the lines of the American and German model, and quickly became popular with both British and foreign students. The slightly older degrees of Doctor of Science and Doctor of Literature/Letters still exist at British universities; together with
7442-543: The Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man in The Real Ghostbusters animated series is the manifestation of the dream of a child holding a bag of Stay-Puft Marshmallows during the attack by the Sandman . Subsequently, he has been incorporated into many other types of Ghostbusters media , including the animated series The Real Ghostbusters , comic books , a stage show , and several video games. Stay-Puft
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#17327915927987564-710: The United States introduced the Doctor of Arts degree in 1970 with seed money from the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The aim of the Doctor of Arts degree was to shorten the time needed to complete the degree by focusing on pedagogy over research, although the Doctor of Arts still contains a significant research component. Germany is one of the few nations engaging these issues, and it has been doing so by reconceptualising PhD programs to be training for careers, outside academia, but still at high-level positions. This development can be seen in
7686-400: The University, Ray devoted a lot of his workday to interviewing people who had some sort of encounter with the paranormal. After the entanglement with the library ghost, Ray was more motivated to continue on with that type of work. When the guys were let go by Dean Yager, he was initially crushed, primarily concerned with his academic integrity, financial stability, etc. Ray had briefly worked in
7808-463: The admission to a PhD program at public Argentine University requires the full completion of a Master's degree or a Licentiate degree. Non-Argentine Master's titles are generally accepted into a PhD program when the degree comes from a recognized university. While a significant portion of postgraduate students finance their tuition and living costs with teaching or research work at private and state-run institutions, international institutions, such as
7930-499: The animated series is similar to that of Fred Jones from Scooby-Doo , a character also voiced by Welker. Ray appears only in the two-part series finale of Extreme Ghostbusters . After the closing down of the Ghostbusters Ray got a job at a major university. After a "minor mishap", followed by a large explosion, he has a job at Perpetual Motors, a used car company. A likeness of Aykroyd, circa 1991 (the year in which
8052-425: The apartment building. The Ghostbusters shoot at Stay-Puft with their proton packs , setting him on fire , but do not succeed in stopping his advance. They then get the idea of shooting at the portal through which the god emerged, by crossing the streams of all four of their packs. The plan triggers an explosion that destroys the gate and Stay-Puft, reducing the latter into molten marshmallow cream that rains down onto
8174-474: The bachelor's degree, had completed a prescribed course of graduate study and successfully defended a thesis or dissertation containing original research in science or in the humanities. In Germany, the name of the doctorate was adapted after the philosophy faculty started being split up − e.g. Dr. rer. nat. for doctorates in the faculty of natural sciences − but in most of the English-speaking world
8296-434: The base entry level qualification". The Economist published an article in 2010 citing various criticisms against the state of PhDs. These included a prediction by economist Richard B. Freeman that, based on pre-2000 data, only 20% of life science PhD students would gain a faculty job in the U.S., and that in Canada 80% of postdoctoral research fellows earned less than or equal to an average construction worker ($ 38,600
8418-489: The candidate until the examination is complete. A formal oral defence is generally not part of the examination of the thesis, largely because of the distances that would need to be travelled by the overseas examiners; however, since 2016, there is a trend toward implementing this in many Australian universities. At the University of South Australia, PhD candidates who started after January 2016 now undertake an oral defence via an online conference with two examiners. Admission to
8540-421: The city, county and state of New York. In the second film, following the decline of the Ghostbusters' business, Stantz and Winston were entertainers for parties, where they were repeatedly debased by children. When he was not doing that, he was running his bookstore, Ray's Occult Books, located on St. Mark's Place , a store dedicated to occult studies and the paranormal, selling books and metaphysical supplies. It
8662-457: The city. Despite his initial attempt at negotiations, he wound up fighting Gozer with his Proton Pack. After reversing the particle flow to force Gozer back into his realm, during which Ray used himself to shield Winston from the explosion and melted marshmallow, and they both survived. He then concerned about the other guys' welfare, and celebrated with them all afterward. Although this was short-lived by the, "ungrateful, yuppie larvae!" representing
8784-653: The collectible paranormal objects found in the game; it is found in the kitchen area of the Sedgewick Hotel and, after being collected, will appear in the Ghostbuster Firehouse's bunkhouse. In the Tobin's Spirit Guide, it is revealed that since the defeat by the Ghostbusters, Gozer has been trying to assume a more powerful avatar to correct its mistake. In the reboot film Ghostbusters (2016), which sets in another narrative universe, Stay-Puft makes
8906-500: The corresponding degree to a Doctor of Philosophy is simply called "Doctor" ( Doktor ), and the subject area is distinguished by a Latin suffix (e.g., "Dr. med." for Doctor medicinae , Doctor of Medicine; "Dr. rer. nat." for Doctor rerum naturalium , Doctor of the Natural Sciences; "Dr. phil." for Doctor philosophiae , Doctor of Philosophy; " Dr. iur. " for Doctor iuris , Doctor of Laws). In Argentina,
9028-402: The decision to think of this marshmallow mascot when the Ghostbusters are given a choice as to which physical form Gozer will destroy the world in. As he explains, "It just popped in there", and that he "tried to think of the most harmless thing", describing Mr. Stay-Puft as "something that could never possibly destroy us". Moments later, a giant Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man is seen walking towards
9150-472: The degrees are Bachelor of Sacred Theology (STB), Licentiate of Sacred Theology (STL), and Doctor of Sacred Theology (STD), and in canon law : Bachelor of Canon Law (JCB), Licentiate of Canon Law (JCL), and Doctor of Canon Law (JCD). Until the mid-19th century, advanced degrees were not a criterion for professorships at most colleges. That began to change as the more ambitious scholars at major schools went to Germany for one to three years to obtain
9272-431: The diocese in which the university was located, but later it evolved into an academic degree in its own right, in particular in the continental universities. According to Keith Allan Noble (1994), the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal teacher's credential in the 17th century (circa 1652). There were no PhDs in Germany before
9394-492: The disbanding of the Ghostbusters, Stantz and Egon added a scissor seat to the Ecto-1 and built radio-controlled cars (labeled remote trap vehicles or RTV for short), each loaded with a ghost trap that can match the Cadillac's speed. He returned to running Ray's Occult Books. In order to make a profit, Stantz has to expand his inventory to compete with other booksellers and metaphysical supply stores. However, unable to match
9516-509: The early 21st century, many European countries (e.g., Belgium, Spain, and the Scandinavian countries) had in all faculties triple degree structures of bachelor (or candidate) − licentiate − doctor as opposed to bachelor − master − doctor; the meaning of the different degrees varied from country to country, however. To this day, this is also still the case for the pontifical degrees in theology and canon law; for instance, in sacred theology ,
9638-461: The early modern era, many exceptions to this existed. Most students left the university without becoming masters of arts, whereas regulars (members of monastic orders) could skip the arts faculty entirely. This situation changed in the early 19th century through the educational reforms in Germany , most strongly embodied in the model of the University of Berlin , founded in 1810 and controlled by
9760-405: The episode titled, "Mr. Sandman, Dream Me a Dream", a spectral Sandman creates versions of anything which a person is dreaming of – in this way a new version of Stay-Puft is created – however, whatever is created disappears when the person awakens. In the episode "Dedcon 1", Stay-Puft appears as a guest of honor at a ghost convention. After another episode, "Cry Uncle", he is accidentally freed from
9882-535: The episodes Citizen Ghost , and "It's About Time", then later moved to Morrisville , which appears in Look Homeward Ray . The latter episode also reveals that Ray's childhood crush was a brunette named Elaine. During the show's run he was the closest member of the team to being a pilot, having won a free flying lesson in 1976, as mentioned in You Can't Take It With You . Ray's surname was misspelled in
10004-402: The events of Ghostbusters II , brings back the Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man to ravage Times Square while searching for Dr. Ilyssa Selwyn. Stay-Puft has the ability to spawn Class 5 Manifesting Outworlders, labeled "Marshmallow Minis" that vaguely resemble Gozer's minions Zuul and Vinz Clortho, to do his bidding like overwhelming the Ghostbusters. Peter, Ray, and a new rookie escort Dr. Selwyn to
10126-540: The exception in some universities of the student services and amenities fee (SSAF) which is set by each university and typically involves the largest amount allowed by the Australian government. All fees are paid for by the Australian government, except for the SSAF, under the Research Training Program. International students and coursework master's degree students must pay course fees unless they receive
10248-520: The extensive number of PhD holders, typically from the fields of law, engineering, and economics, at the very top corporate and administrative positions. To a lesser extent, the UK research councils have tackled the issue by introducing, since 1992, the EngD . Mark C. Taylor opined in 2011 in Nature that total reform of PhD programs in almost every field is necessary in the U.S. and that pressure to make
10370-606: The film’s antagonist. 2021's Ghostbusters: Afterlife revealed that the events of the original Ghostbusters did not tarnish the reputation of the mascot (obviously because, as revealed in the film Ghostbusters II and even in the video game, that the Ghostbusters were blamed for conjuring up the rampaging monster.) Tiny-sized versions of it (labeled as "Mini-Pufts") make their appearances as Gozer's mischievous minions for purposes of sabotages, deceptions, and distractions. Like Gozer's Destructor Form, they look funny, adorable, seemingly innocent and, additionally, harmless in size (each
10492-672: The following two decades, Harvard University , New York University , Princeton University , and the University of Pennsylvania , also began granting the degree. Major shifts toward graduate education were foretold by the opening of Clark University in 1887 which offered only graduate programs and the Johns Hopkins University which focused on its PhD program. By the 1890s, Harvard, Columbia, Michigan and Wisconsin were building major graduate programs, whose alumni were hired by new research universities. By 1900, 300 PhDs were awarded annually, most of them by six universities. It
10614-465: The game takes place) appears in the Ghostbusters: The Video Game , that was released on June 16, 2009. Aykroyd also reprised his role for the game by voicing him. In the game, Stantz is eager to expand his knowledge in regards to researching the paranormal. More than once he asks the Rookie to collect samples and take readings for later research. Ray is also the most vocally supportive of the Rookie. It
10736-545: The game's climax, the characters realize that Gozer assumed the form of Stay-Puft again because he can only have one destructor form for each dimension he enters; he was locked into the form of the Marshmallow Man when summoned back to the Earthly plane. This causes Ray to admit he had not selected such a bad destructor after all due to it having strategic disadvantages; as demonstrated in the film Ghostbusters (1984),
10858-422: The game. He, alongside Winston Zeddemore (portrayed by Ernie Hudson ) work together to train a new generation of Ghostbusters. Stantz and Zeddemore act as guides for the player-character's rookie Ghostbuster and have a role in the plot of the game. PhD A Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD or DPhil ; Latin : philosophiae doctor or doctor in philosophia ) is a terminal degree , that usually denotes
10980-407: The ghost after his call for assistance was unheard by Venkman. He was later partnered with newly hired Winston Zeddemore, with whom he became good friends. Ray accidentally chose the form of Gozer's Destructor form based of his childhood memories at Camp Waconda, initially thought of what he believed is harmless, but later regret it after seeing the giant Stay Puft Marshmallow Man 's rampage across
11102-410: The graduate program. Formats for this examination include oral examination by the student's faculty committee (or a separate qualifying committee), or written tests designed to demonstrate the student's knowledge in a specialized area (see below) or both. At English-speaking universities, a student may also be required to demonstrate English language abilities, usually by achieving an acceptable score on
11224-413: The higher faculties were quite different from the current PhD degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research . No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements and examinations. Besides these degrees, there was the licentiate . Originally this was a license to teach, awarded shortly before the award of the master's or doctoral degree by
11346-470: The highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research . The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North America ), pronounced as three separate letters ( / ˌ p iː eɪ tʃ ˈ d iː / PEE -aych- DEE ). The abbreviation DPhil, for "Doctor of Philosophy", is used by
11468-472: The house he was born in to provide the starting capital to get the company started and lease the firehouse. In addition, he rummaged through used car lots and purchased a dilapidated 1959 Cadillac Miller-Meteor Sentinel which was restored to make the Ecto-1 . Stantz also has the distinction of being the first Ghostbuster to meet Slimer, initially dropping his cigarette in fear. He then attempted to proton blast
11590-465: The legal training for the common law system was provided by the Inns of Court (with some minor exceptions, see Doctors' Commons ), and few students undertook formal study in theology. This contrasted with the situation in the continental European universities at the time, where the preparatory role of the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts was to a great extent taken over by secondary education: in modern France,
11712-456: The more traditional Ph.D by dissertation, which typically requires a minimum of two publications, but which also requires traditional thesis elements such as an introductory exegesis , and linking chapters between papers. The PhD thesis is sent to external examiners who are experts in the field of research and who have not been involved in the work. Examiners are nominated by the candidate's university, and their identities are often not revealed to
11834-463: The much older degrees of Doctor of Divinity (DD), Doctor of Music (DMus), Doctor of Civil Law (DCL), and Doctor of Medicine (MD), they form the higher doctorates, but apart from honorary degrees, they are only infrequently awarded. In English (but not Scottish) universities, the Faculty of Arts had become dominant by the early 19th century. Indeed, the higher faculties had largely atrophied, since medical training had shifted to teaching hospitals,
11956-552: The name "Doctor of Philosophy" was retained for research doctorates in all disciplines. The PhD degree and similar awards spread across Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The degree was introduced in France in 1808, replacing diplomas as the highest academic degree; into Russia in 1819, when the Doktor Nauk degree, roughly equivalent to a PhD, gradually started replacing the specialist diploma , roughly equivalent to
12078-574: The necessary changes will need to come from many sources (students, administrators, public and private sectors, etc.). Other articles in Nature have also examined the issue of PhD reform. Freeman Dyson , professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , was opposed to the PhD system and did not have a PhD degree. On the other hand, it was understood by all his peers that he
12200-399: The physical manifestations and forms of Gozer , a god who is defeated when Stay-Puft is destroyed. Stay-Puft's exact to-scale height in the movie is 112.5 feet (34.3 m) tall, while his height in the novelization of the movie is given at 100 feet (30.5 m). In Ghostbusters: The Video Game , Stay-Puft is categorized as a Class 7 Outsider Avatar. He is then resurrected and subsequently captured
12322-458: The popularity of distance education and e-learning technologies, some universities now accept students enrolled into a distance education part-time mode. In a " sandwich PhD " program, PhD candidates do not spend their entire study period at the same university. Instead, the PhD candidates spend the first and last periods of the program at their home universities and in between conduct research at another institution or field research . Occasionally
12444-637: The private sector beforehand, and knew it was not conducive to his line of work, as they expected results. In the film's novelization, it is stated that Ray's father was a physician, and his mother was a housewife. He has one older brother Carl (who is an Air Force officer with two sons) and a younger sister Jean (a journalist living in California with one daughter). However, Ray and his siblings are not in contact with each other since their parents' deaths. After talking with Peter Venkman and Egon Spengler, they decided to try hunting ghosts full-time. Ray mortgaged
12566-456: The professional ethics of the particular scholarly field, culture, or society. Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are usually addressed by this title "professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation". Alternatively, holders may use post-nominal letters such as "Ph.D.", "PhD", or "DPhil", depending on the awarding institution. It is, however, traditionally considered incorrect to use both
12688-474: The program, and at least one of them should also be external to the institution. The academic degree of Doctor, respective to the correspondent field of science that the candidate has contributed with original and rigorous research, is received after a successful defense of the candidate's dissertation. Admission to a PhD program in Australia requires applicants to demonstrate capacity to undertake research in
12810-428: The proposed field of study. The standard requirement is a bachelor honours degree with either first-class or upper second-class honours. Research master's degrees and coursework master's degrees with a 25% research component are usually considered equivalent. It is also possible for research master's degree students to "upgrade" to PhD candidature after demonstrating sufficient progress. PhD students are sometimes offered
12932-542: The realistic version, the player can listen to one of the in-game answering machine messages from an upset member of the fictional company that owns the Stay-Puft Marshmallow brand (voiced by Chuck Huber ), who is unhappy with the recent Gozer/Stay-Puft attack, believing it was a publicity stunt by the Ghostbusters. Another message, implied to be left by a hobo, asks the Ghostbusters if it is safe to eat Stay-Puft's remains. A Stay-Puft Figurine appears as one of
13054-519: The research programs of the leading professors. It was impossible for professors who were not approved by Berlin to train graduate students . In the United States, by contrast, private universities and state universities alike were independent of the federal government. Independence was high, but funding was low. The breakthrough came from private foundations, which began regularly supporting research in science and history; large corporations sometimes supported engineering programs. The postdoctoral fellowship
13176-468: The return of Gozer and the coming apocalypse, Egon stole the Ecto-1 along with the team's gear and moved to Summerville. Stantz feels especially betrayed by this act, telling her that "Egon Spengler can rot in hell", though he is remorseful upon being informed of Egon's death and Phoebe's relation to him. Phoebe's call ultimately prompts Stantz and the other surviving original Ghostbusters to travel to Summerville to assist Phoebe's team in battling Gozer. Stantz
13298-421: The right circumstances, everything can be turned black and become evil". Stay-Puft was only one of many large-scale monsters in this early draft of the script, but after Aykroyd worked with co-writer Harold Ramis and director Ivan Reitman , the team scaled back the intended sequence until only Stay-Puft remained out of the original large-scale monsters. The likeness of Stay-Puft was inspired by Peter O'Boyle,
13420-406: The roof of a tall building. In pursuit, Stay-Puft climbs the side of the building while Egon, at street level, is preparing a large trap. The rookie burns Stay-Puft's face with "Boson Darts" from an upgraded proton pack, causing Stay-Puft to fall to street level, where he exploded upon impact, scattering his marshmallow body, and his hat, which hangs on a nearby building, all over Times Square. Towards
13542-500: The roof of the skyscraper and bystanders on the street below. The character is also briefly visible in an ad on the side of a building (a matte painting) during the scene where the Ghostbusters headquarters roof explodes. During the egg frying scene in Dana's apartment, a bag of Stay-Puft marshmallows can be seen. The character as seen in the movie was created by Linda Frobos by using miniatures and optical compositing with Bill Bryan in
13664-431: The series as " Stanz ", in much the same way as Winston Zeddemore 's surname was misspelled "Zeddmore". Ray is the only Ghostbuster to wear the original beige jumpsuit uniform in both the animated series and the films, while the other Ghostbusters wore color coded jumpsuits in the animated series – brown for Venkman, light blue for Winston and gray-blue for Egon (presumably to help differentiate them better). Ray's voice in
13786-404: The services of large bookstore chains, Stantz leases a back room to a palm reader. In a post-credits scene, it's revealed that the rent at Stantz's store is paid for by Winston. A week after Egon died, Stantz receives a phone call from Egon's granddaughter Phoebe, asking for the Ghostbusters' help against Summerville's supernatural threats. He explains that when Egon's teammates doubted his belief in
13908-404: The studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a doctoral student or PhD student ; a student who has completed any necessary coursework and related examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or PhD candidate . A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions or may be granted
14030-436: The title and post-nominals together, although usage in that regard has been evolving over time. In the universities of Medieval Europe , study was organized in four faculties: the basic faculty of arts, and the three higher faculties of theology, medicine, and law ( canon law and civil law ). All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees (bachelor of arts, of theology, of laws, of medicine) and final degrees. Initially,
14152-437: The titles of master and doctor were used interchangeably for the final degrees—the title Doctor was merely a formality bestowed on a Teacher/Master of the art—but by the late Middle Ages the terms Master of Arts and Doctor of Theology/Divinity, Doctor of Law, and Doctor of Medicine had become standard in most places (though in the German and Italian universities the term Doctor was used for all faculties). The doctorates in
14274-440: Was a world leading scientist with many accomplishments already under his belt during his graduate study years and he was eligible to gain the degree at any given moment. The UNESCO , in its International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), states that: "Programmes to be classified at ISCED level 8 are referred to in many ways around the world such as PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar terms. However, it
14396-648: Was banned by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York in 1897. This had a nation-wide impact, and after 1907, less than 10 honorary PhDs were awarded in the United States each year. The last authenticated PhD awarded honoris causa was awarded in 1937 to Bing Crosby by Gonzaga University . At the start of the 20th century, U.S. universities were held in low regard internationally and many American students were still traveling to Europe for PhDs. The lack of centralised authority meant anyone could start
14518-563: Was established by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1919. Meanwhile, the leading universities, in cooperation with the learned societies, set up a network of scholarly journals. " Publish or perish " became the formula for faculty advancement in the research universities. After World War II, state universities across the country expanded greatly in undergraduate enrollment, and eagerly added research programs leading to masters or doctorate degrees. Their graduate faculties had to have
14640-508: Was no longer necessary to study in Germany. However, half of the institutions awarding earned PhDs in 1899 were undergraduate institutions that granted the degree for work done away from campus. Degrees awarded by universities without legitimate PhD programs accounted for about a third of the 382 doctorates recorded by the US Department of Education in 1900, of which another 8–10% were honorary. The awarding of PhD as an honorary degree
14762-414: Was puppeteered by Terri Hardin . She used remote controls while lying down below the miniature street on the set as Bill Bryan walked around for his scene. Following the original film, the television series The Real Ghostbusters brought Stay-Puft back; in fact Joe Medjuck, the executive producer of the show, states that Stay-Puft was in the first script they received from Dan Aykroyd on the series. In
14884-497: Was released on January 24, 2013. Stantz appears in Lego Dimensions , with archival audio of Dan Aykroyd being used to represent his character. Aykroyd again reprised his role of Ray Stantz in 2022's asymmetrical 4v1 game Ghostbusters: Spirits Unleashed created by Illfonic . Ray continues to run his store Ray's Occult which has relocated to a building adjacent to the firehouse in the time between Ghostbusters II and
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