Razakar (رضا کار) is etymologically an Arabic word which literally means volunteer. The word is also common in Urdu language as a loanword . On the other hand, in Bangladesh, razakar is a pejorative word meaning a traitor or Judas.
94-778: Razakars were an East Pakistani paramilitary force that aided the Pakistan Army against the Mukti Bahini during the Bangladesh Liberation War . Police Qaumi Razakars are a volunteer force in Pakistan which aids the Police in their duties. In Hyderabad, Razakars were volunteers sponsored by the Nizam's state of Hyderabad for opposition to its merger with India . In Bengali language , razakar
188-521: A state within a state . The Pakistan Army is operationally and geographically divided into various corps . The Pakistani constitution mandates the role of the president of Pakistan as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Pakistani military. The Pakistan Army is commanded by the Chief of Army Staff , also known as ( Urdu : سپہ سالار ; romanized who is by statute a four star general and
282-579: A MiG-21 shot down an Israeli Air Force Mirage flown by Captain M. Lutz, and was honoured by the Syrian government. The Israeli pilot later succumbed to wounds he sustained during ejection. However, no major sources from the time reported on such an incident, and there is no mention of "Captain Lutz" in Israel's Ministry of Defense 's record of Israel's casualties of war. The political instability increased in
376-722: A compromise through the United Nations ' intervention, with Pakistan controlling the Western Kashmir and India controlling the Eastern Kashmir . At the time of the partition of British India , British Field Marshal (United Kingdom) Sir Claude Auchinleck favored the transfer of the infantry divisions to the Pakistan Army including the 7th , 8th and 9th. In 1948, the British army officers in
470-419: A continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan. Most Pakistanis, schooled in the belief of their own martial prowess, refused to accept the possibility of their country's military defeat by "Hindu India" and were, instead, quick to blame their failure to attain their military aims on what they considered to be the ineptitude of Ayub Khan and his government. At
564-558: A senior member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee appointed by the prime minister and subsequently affirmed by the president. As of December 2022 , the current Chief of Army Staff is General Asim Munir , who was appointed to the position on 29 November 2022. Its existence and constitutional role are protected by the Constitution of Pakistan , where its role is to serve as the land-based uniform service branch of
658-473: A year later. In 1975 , Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto controversially superseded at least seven senior army generals to promote Lt-Gen. Zia-ul-Haq to the four-star rank, appointing him the Chief of Army Staff (COAS) in spite of army recommendations forwarded to the federal government. In the 1970s, the army's engineering formations, notable the Corps of Engineers , played a crucial role in supporting
752-753: Is a term to indicate those who opposed Bangladeshi independence and collaborated with the Pakistani Army : a pejorative term akin to the western term "traitor" or Judas . The phrase comes from the East Pakistani paramilitary force (see above) who opposed the independence of Bangladesh. Although now it's mostly just a slur used by people of the political party Awami League , Communist Party of Bangladesh , Communist Party of Bangladesh (Barua) , Worker's Party of Bangladesh , Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (JASAD) , Jatiya Party (Ershad) in order to depict those who support Pakistan or go against India or against
846-686: Is used as a pejorative term meaning "traitor" or Judas . In June 1971, the Ansar was disbanded and reconstituted as the Razakars. Initially, they were controlled by the Shanti Committee , which was formed by several pro-Pakistani leaders including Nurul Amin and Khwaja Khairuddin . Bangladeshi journalist Shahriar Kabir alleges that the first recruits were 96 Jamaat party members, who started training in an Ansar camp at Khan Jahan Ali Road, Khulna. The East Pakistan Razakars Ordinance
940-634: The Bhutto administration dismissed the state government in Balochistan that resulting in another separatist movement , culminating the series of army actions in largest province of the country that ended in 1977. With the military aid receiving from Iran including the transfer of the Bell AH-1 Cobra to Aviation Corps , the conflict came to end with the Pakistani government offering
1034-591: The Bhutto administration formed the POW Commission to investigate the numbers of war prisoners held by the Indian Army while requesting the Supreme Court of Pakistan to investigate the causes of the war failure with India in 1971. The Supreme Court formed the famed War Enquiry Commission (WEC) that identified many failures, fractures, and faults within the institution of the department of
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#17327717617261128-718: The Bhutto administration transferred all the war prisoners back to the country but the military struggle to fill in the vacancies and employments due to some suffering from the PTSD and other mental health complications, while others simply did not wanted to serve in the military any longer. During Bhutto's administration, Pakistan's military pursued a policy of greater self-reliance in arms production. This involved efforts to develop domestic capabilities for manufacturing weapons and military equipment. To address material shortages, Pakistan also turned to China for cooperation in establishing essential metal and material industries. In 1973 ,
1222-720: The British Army Board 's replacement of Gen. Gracey upon his replacement, in 1951. Eventually, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan approved the promotion paper of Maj-Gen. Iftikhar Khan as the first native commander-in-chief , a graduate of the Imperial Defence College in England , but died in an aviation accident en route to Pakistan from the United Kingdom . After the death of Maj-Gen. Iftikhar , there were four senior major-generals in
1316-598: The Chumb sector near Kashmir in the north. With the United States' arms embargo on Pakistan over the issue of the war, the army instead turned to the Soviet Union and China for hardware acquisition, and correctly assessed that a lack of infantry played a major role in the failure of Pakistani armour to translate its convincing material and technical superiority into a major operational or strategic success against
1410-728: The Frontier Force Regiment in Northern Pakistan , Kashmir Regiment in Kashmir , and Frontier Corps in the Western Pakistan . The order of precedence change from Navy–Army–Air Force to Army–Navy-Air Force, with army being the most senior service branch in the structure of the Pakistani military. In 1957, the I Corps was established and headquarter was located in Punjab. Between 1956 and 1958,
1504-542: The Grand Mosque in Mecca from Islamists . The army under President Zia weakened due to the army officers were needed in running the affairs of civic government and the controversial military courts that held trials of the communists, dissidents, and the oppositions of Zia's administration . In 1984–85, Pakistan lost the control of her northern glaciers due to the successful expedition and penetration by
1598-569: The Indian Army with a serious incident taking place near the Rann of Kutch , followed by the failed covert action to take control of the Indian-side of Kashmir resulted in a massive retaliation by the Indian Army on 5 August 1965. On the night of 6 September 1965, India opened the front against Pakistan when the Indian Army's mechanized corps charged forwards taking over the control of
1692-507: The Indian Army , and army had to engage in years long difficult battles with Indian Army to regain their areas from the Indian Army. Concerns over the military officers and army personnel needed to counter the further advances by the Indian Army in Northern fronts in 1984, the martial law was lifted following the referendum that approved Zia's presidency and provided a way of holding the general elections in 1985. The military control
1786-664: The National Guard and the Civil Armed Forces . Pakistan Army is the sixth-largest army in the world and the largest in the Muslim world . In accordance with the Pakistan Constitution , Pakistani citizens can voluntarily enlist in military service as early as age 16, but cannot be deployed for combat until age 18. The primary objective and constitutional mission of the Pakistan Army is to ensure
1880-632: The Pakistan Armed Forces . The Constitution of Pakistan establishes the principal land warfare uniform branch in the Pakistan Armed Forces as its states: The Armed Forces shall, under the directions of the Federal Government, defend Pakistan against external aggression or threat of war, and, subject to law, act in aid of civil power when called upon to do so. The Pakistan Army came into its modern birth from
1974-444: The Pakistan Army . Each Razakar Brigade was attached as an auxiliary to two Pakistani Regular Army Brigades, and their main function was to arrest and detain nationalist Bengali suspects. Suspects were tortured during custody and killed. The Razakars were trained by the Pakistan Army. The Razakars were paid by the Pakistan Army and Provincial Government. Leading supporters of a united Pakistan urged General Yahya Khan to increase
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#17327717617262068-654: The Pakistan-side of Punjab , almost reaching Lahore . At the time of the conflict in 1965, Pakistan's armory and mechanized units' hardware was imported from the United States including the M4 Sherman , M24 Chaffee , M36 Jackson , and the M47 and M48 Patton tanks , equipped with 90 mm guns. In contrast, the Indian Army's armor had outdated in technology with Korean war-usage American M4 Sherman and World War II manufactured British Centurion Tank , fitted with
2162-474: The Pakistani Military and several militia organizations created by the Pakistani military violated Geneva Conventions of War by participating in numerous massacres of civilians , committed genocide of between 300,000 to 3 million civilians, operated concentration camps , and used rape as weapon of war against Bengali Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist minorities. Active collaborators of
2256-690: The Tashkent Declaration . According to the Library of Congress Country Studies conducted by the Federal Research Division of the United States: The war was militarily inconclusive; each side held prisoners and some territory belonging to the other. Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but
2350-779: The U.S. active measures against the expansion of the global communism . In 1956, the 1st Armored Division in Multan was established, followed by the Special Forces in Cherat under the supervision of the U.S Army's Special Forces . Under Gen. Ayub 's control, the army had eradicated the British influence but invited the American expansion and had reorganized the East Bengal Regiment in East Bengal ,
2444-515: The United Nations (UN). Notably, it played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers who had requested the assistance of a quick reaction force during Operation Gothic Serpent in Somalia . Pakistan Army troops also had a relatively strong presence as part of a UN and NATO coalition during the Bosnian War and the larger Yugoslav Wars . The Pakistan Army, a major component of
2538-582: The clandestine atomic bomb program to reach its parity and feasibility, including the constructions of iron-steel tunnels in the secretive nuclear weapons-testing sites in 1977–78. PAF and Navy fighter pilots voluntarily served in Arab nations' militaries against Israel in the Yom Kippur War (1973). According to modern Pakistani sources, in 1974 one of the PAF pilots, Flt. Lt. Sattar Alvi flying
2632-537: The legislative election held in East-Bengal . Within two months of the elections, Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra , with approval from Governor-General Malik Ghulam , dismissed another popularly-mandated state government of Chief Minister Fazlul Huq in East Bengal in Pakistan , and declared governor's rule under Iskandar Mirza who relied in the Pakistan Army to manage the control and security of
2726-540: The "army waderas" (lit. Warlords ). In 1972, the army leadership under Lt-Gen. Gul Hassan refrained from acting under Bhutto administration's order to tackle the labor strikes in Karachi and to detained the labor union leaders in Karachi, instead advising the federal government to use the Police Department to take the actions. On 2 March 1972 , President Bhutto dismissed Lt-Gen. Gul Hassan as
2820-462: The Bengalis during the 1971 Liberation War. During the 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement to abolish or change the quota system that gave public benefits to descendants of freedom fighters, then prime minister Sheikh Hasina dismissively asked whether grandchildren of Razakars should get quota benefits. This spurred the protesters to spontaneously self-identify as Razakars to reappropriate
2914-638: The East Bengal at all levels of command. With General Ayub Khan becoming the Defense Minister under Ministry of Talents led by Prime Minister Bogra , the involvement of the army in the national politics grew further with the implementation of the controversial One Unit program, abolishing the status of Four Provinces , despite the strong protests by the public and the West Pakistan's politicians. Major defense funding and spending
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3008-556: The French-made CN-75 guns. In spite of Pakistan enjoying the numerical advantage in tanks and artillery, as well as better equipment overall, the Indian Army successfully penetrated the defences of Pakistan's borderline and successfully conquered around 360 to 500 square kilometres (140 to 190 square miles) of Pakistani Punjab territory on the outskirts of Lahore. A major tank battle took place in Chawinda , at which
3102-512: The Indian Army. Ultimately, the army's high command established the 9th, 16th, and 17th infantry divisions in 1966–68. In 1966, the IV Corps was formed and its headquarter was established, and permanently stationed in Lahore, Punjab in Pakistan . The army remained involved in the nation's civic affairs, and ultimately imposed the second martial law in 1969 when the writ of the constitution
3196-531: The Pakistan Army established and raised the 10th, 12th , and the 14th infantry divisions— with the 14th being established in East Bengal . In 1950, the 15th Infantry Division was raised with the help from the United States Army , followed by the establishment of the 15th Lancers in Sialkot. Dependence on the United States grew furthermore by the Pakistan Army despite it had worrisome concerns to
3290-542: The Pakistan Military in perpetuation of genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bangladesh include Al Badr , Al Sham , East Pakistan Central Peace Committee , Razakars , Muslim League , and Jamaat-e-Islami , . Bangladesh Genocide Remembrance Day honors the victims of genocide. Following the surrender of the East Pakistani troops on 16 December 1971 and the proclamation of independence of Bangladesh ,
3384-525: The Pakistani military alongside the Pakistan Navy and Pakistan Air Force , is a volunteer force that saw extensive combat during three major wars with India , several border skirmishes with Afghanistan at the Durand Line , and a long-running insurgency in the Balochistan region that it has been combatting alongside Iranian security forces since 1948. Since the 1960s, elements of
3478-814: The Palestinian infiltration in Jordan. In June 1971, the enlistment in the army had allowed the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi to raise and established the 18th infantry division, stationed in Hyderabad , Sindh , for the defence of 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Rahimyar Khan to Rann of Kutch , and restationed the 23rd infantry division for defending the Chhamb-Dewa Sector . In 1971, the II Corps
3572-562: The Quota protests goes by following: "If the grandchildren of freedom fighters don't get quota benefits, will those then go to the grandchildren of Razakars? That's my question, the countrymen's question," . After hearing this sentence, they started to march on the streets giving the Razakar slogan by saying "Who are you?! Who am i?! Razakar! Razakar! Who said?! Who said?! Autocrat! Autocrat!, You're Razakar! You're Razakar!". Razakars (Pakistan) The Razakar ( Urdu : رضا کار Bengali : রাজাকার , lit. 'Volunteer')
3666-498: The Razakar units were dissolved. The Jamaat party was banned, as it had opposed independence. Many leading Razakars fled to Pakistan (previously West Pakistan ). Waves of violence followed the official end of the war, and some lower-ranking Razakars were killed in reprisals by Mukti Bahini militia. The government rounded up and imprisoned an estimated 36,000 men suspected of being Razakars. The government ultimately freed many of those held in jail, both in response to pressure from
3760-421: The Razakars, was sentenced to death for two of them in February 2013. However, the trial process has been termed as "politically motivated" by its critics, while the human rights groups recognised the tribunal as falling short of international standards. On 16 December 2019, the Government of Bangladesh published the names of 10,789 Razakars who collaborated with Pakistan's Army in carrying out atrocities against
3854-399: The United States and China, who backed Pakistan in the war, and to gain co-operation from Pakistan in obtaining the release of 200,000 Bengali-speaking military and civilian personnel who had been stranded or imprisoned in West Pakistan during the war. In 2010, the Bangladesh Government set up an International Crimes Tribunal based on the International Crimes Tribunal Act 1973 to prosecute
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3948-419: The United States and they established the 25th Cavalry , followed by the 24th Cavalry , 22nd, and 23rd Cavalry. In 1960–61, the Army Special Forces was reportedly involved in taking over the control of the administration of Dir from the Nawab of Dir in Chitral in North-West Frontier Province over the concerns of Afghan meddling in the region. In 1964–65, the border fighting and tensions flared with
4042-438: The aid of civilian federal governments when called upon to do so". The army has been involved in enforcing martial law against the federal government with the claim of restoring law and order in the country by dismissing the legislative branch and parliament on multiple occasions in past decades—while maintaining a wider commercial, foreign and political interest in the country. This has led to allegations that it has acted as
4136-464: The army and submitted recommendations to strengthen the armed forces overall. Under the Yahya administration , the army was highly demoralized and there were unconfirmed reports of mutiny by soldiers against the senior army generals at the Corps garrisons and the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi. Upon returning from the quick visit in the United States in 1971 , President Bhutto forcefully dishonourably discharge seven senior army generals, which he called
4230-446: The army by appointing the Gen. Abdul Hamid Khan as the Army Chief of Staff (ACOS) of the Pakistan Army, who centralized the chain of command in Rawalpindi in a headquarters known as "High Command". From 1967 to 1969, a series of major military exercises was conducted by infantry units on East Pakistan's border with India. In 1970, the Pakistan army's military mission in Jordan was reportedly involved in tackling and curbing down
4324-457: The army commander with Ayub Khan promoting himself as controversial rank of field marshal . In 1969, the Supreme Court reversed its decision and overturned its convictions that called for validation of martial law in 1958. The army held the referendum and tightly control the political situation through the intelligence agencies , and banned the political activities in the country. From 1961 to 1962, military aid continued to Pakistan from
4418-484: The army commander, replacing with Lt-Gen. Tikka Khan who was later promoted to four-star rank and appointed as the first Chief of Army Staff (COAS). The army under Bhutto administration was reconstructed in its structure, improving its fighting ability, and reorganized with the establishment of the X Corps in Punjab in 1974 , followed by the V Corps in Sindh and XI Corps in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan in 1975 . The trilateral agreement in India,
4512-489: The army had not seriously considered a full-fledged invasion from India until December 1971, because it was presumed that the Indian military would not risk intervention by China or the United States, and the high command failed to realize that the Chinese would be unable to intervene during the winter months of November to December, due to snowbound Himalayan passes, and the Americans had not made any real effort to persuade India against attacking East Pakistan. In January 1972,
4606-538: The army have repeatedly been deployed in an advisory capacity in the Arab states during the Arab–Israeli wars , and to aid the United States -led coalition against Iraq during the First Gulf War . Other notable military operations during the global war on terrorism in the 21st century have included: Zarb-e-Azb , Black Thunderstorm , and Rah-e-Nijat . In violation of its constitutional mandate, it has repeatedly overthrown elected civilian governments, overreaching its protected constitutional mandate to "act in
4700-411: The army in the race of promotion but the most junior, Maj-Gen. Ayub Khan , whose name was not included in the promotion list was elevated to the promotion that resulted in a lobbying provided by Iskandar Mirza, the Defense Secretary in Ali Khan administration . A tradition of appointment based on favoritism and qualification that is still in practice by the civilian Prime Ministers in Pakistan. Ayub
4794-514: The army was overseen by Sir Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi , an Indian civil servant who was influential in making sure that ~260,000 men would be transferred into forming the Indian Army whilst the remaining balance going to Pakistan after the independence act was enacted by the United Kingdom on the night of 14/15 August 1947. Command and control at all levels of the new army was extremely difficult, as Pakistan had received six armoured, eight artillery and eight infantry regiments compared to
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#17327717617264888-406: The army. The Chief of Army Staff (COAS) , a four-star general , commands the army. The Army was established in August 1947 after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom . According to statistics provided by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) in 2024, the Pakistan Army has approximately 560,000 active duty personnel, supported by the Pakistan Army Reserve ,
4982-409: The call from one of the opposition leader of threatening to call for another civil war. The military interference in civic matters grew further when the martial law was extended for an infinite period despite maintaining that the elections to be held in 90-days prior. At the request from the Saudi monarchy , the Zia administration deployed the company of the special forces to end seizure of
5076-495: The command of Major General Mohammed Jamshed. Organizational command of the Razakar was given to Abdur Rahim. The Razakars had two branches, they were Al-Badr and Al-Shams paramilitary forces. Students from madrasahs were inducted into Al-Badr for specialised operations, while Al-Shams was tasked with protection of important strategic locations. The Razakar force was organised into brigades of around 3000–4000 volunteers, mainly armed with light Infantry weapons provided by
5170-429: The country when the conservative alliance refused to accept the voting turnout in favor of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) after the general elections held in 1977. The army, under Gen. Zia-ul-Haq –the army chief , began planning the military takeover of the federal government under Prime Minister Zulfikar Bhutto , eventually leading the coup d'état that suspended the writ of the Constitution amid responding to
5264-413: The country's politicians. Between 1950 and 1954, Pakistan Army raised six more armoured regiments under the U.S. Army's guidance: including, 4th Cavalry, 12th Cavalry , 15th Lancers , and 20th Lancers . After the incident involving Gracey's disobedience, there was a strong belief that a native commander of the Pakistan army should be appointed, which resulted in the Government of Pakistan rejecting
5358-446: The deployment of the Indian Army in Kashmir – this agreement, however, was contested by Pakistan since the agreement did not include the consent of the Kashmiri people . Sporadic fighting between militia and Indian Army broke out, and units of the Pakistan Army under Maj-Gen. Akbar Khan , eventually joined the militia in their fight against the Indian Army. Although, it was Lieutenant-General Sir Frank Messervy who opposed
5452-477: The deployment of the army units and ultimately issued standing orders that refrained the units of Pakistan Army to further participate in the conflict. By 1948, when it became imperative in Pakistan that India was about to mount a large-scale operation against Pakistan, Gen. Gracey did not object to the deployment of the army units in the conflict against the Indian Army. This earlier insubordination of Gen. Gracey eventually forced India and Pakistan to reach
5546-439: The dividing of the ~400,000 men strong British Indian Army, but that only began few weeks before the partition of India that resulted in violent religious violence in India . The Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee (AFRC) under the chairmanship of British Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck had devised the formula to divide the military assets between India and Pakistan with ratio of 2:1, respectively. A major division of
5640-450: The division of the British Indian Army that ceased to exist as a result of the partition of India that resulted in the creation of Pakistan on 14 August 1947. Before even the partition took place, there were plans ahead of dividing the British Indian Army into different parts based on the religious and ethnic influence on the areas of India. On 30 June 1947, the War Department of the British administration in India began planning
5734-416: The establishment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee to maintain strategic military communication between the inter-services and the federal government, that is to be chaired by the appointed Chairman joint chiefs as the government's principal military adviser. In 1976 , the first Chairman joint chiefs was appointed from the army with Gen. Muhammad Shariff taking over the chairmanship, but resigned
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#17327717617265828-442: The first commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army. Eminent fears of India 's seizing the control over the state of Kashmir , the armed tribes and the irregular militia entered in the Muslim-majority valley of Kashmir to oppose the rule of Hari Singh , a Hindu and the ruling Maharaja of Kashmir , in October 1947. Attempting to maintain his control over the princely state , Hari Singh deployed his troops to check on
5922-414: The general amnesties to separatists in the 1980s. Over the issue of Baloch conflict, the Pakistani military remained engage in Omani civil war in favor of Omani government until the rebels were defeated in 1979. The War Enquiry Commission noted the lack of joint grand strategy between the four-branches of the military during the first , the second , and the third wars with India, recommending
6016-469: The implementation of the first set of Constitution of Pakistan that had established the civilian control of the military , and the army went on to completely endorse and support the first martial law in the country imposed by President Iskander Mirza – the army later took control of the power from President Mirza in mere two weeks and installed Ayub Khan as the second President . The subsequent change of command resulted in Gen. Musa Khan becoming
6110-472: The imported hardware acquired from the United States , in spite of acquiring it from the domestic industry, under the Military Assistance Advisory Group attached to Pakistan in 1954–56. In 1953, the 6th Infantry Division was raised and disbanded the 6th Division in 1956 followed by the disbandment of the 9th Infantry Division as the American assistance was available only for one armored and six infantry divisions. During this time, an army combat brigade team
6204-406: The largest surrender in a war by any country after the World War II . Casualties inflicted to army's I Corps, II Corps, and Marines did not sit well with President Yahya Khan who turned over control of the civic government to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto through an executive decree. Commenting on the defeat, the military observer in the Pakistan Army, Major A.H. Amin, reported that the war strategists in
6298-445: The liberation war that happened in 1971 or be against the freedom fighter quota. This word 'Razakar' has been used by Former Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh hasina which enraged the quota protestors who were wanting the Quota be reduced that happened in July 2024 which later turned to deadly anti-government protests. The sentence with the word 'Razakar' that was used by Former Prime Minister of Bangladesh on 14th July 2024 which enraged
6392-418: The national security and national unity of Pakistan by defending it against external aggression or the threat of war. It can also be requisitioned by the Pakistani federal government to respond to internal threats within its borders. During national or international calamities or emergencies, it conducts humanitarian rescue operations at home and is an active participant in peacekeeping missions mandated by
6486-419: The newly established 1st Armoured Division was able to halt the Indian invasion. Eventually, the Indian invasion of Pakistan came to halt when the Indian Army concluded the battle near Burki . With diplomatic efforts and involvement by the Soviet Union to bring two nation to end the war, the Ayub administration reached a compromise with Shastri ministry in India when both governments signed and ratified
6580-699: The number of Razakars and given them more arms to extend their activities in East Pakistan. They were advised "to uproot secessionists, antisocialists and Naxalites ." Towards the end of 1971, increasing numbers of Razakars were deserting, as the end of the war approached and Bangladesh moved towards independence. During the war , the Pakistani Army committed genocide on the populace. The Razakar militias actively supported their killings of an estimated 3,000,000 people. They operated concentration camps and used rape as weapon of war . The Razakars violated Geneva Conventions of War by participating in numerous massacres of civilians. The Dakra massacre
6674-408: The people who committed war crimes and crimes against humanities during the liberation war in 1971. People of Pakistan who were not aware of their crimes due to censorship by Yahya regime, have now openly welcome their trials and even support their public execution. Delwar Hossain Sayeedi , the Nayeb-e-Ameer of Jamaat , was convicted of eight charges of war crimes and alleged to be a member of
6768-634: The popularly-mandated state government of Chief Minister Mumtaz Daultana in Punjab in Pakistan , and declared martial law under Lt-Gen. Azam Khan and Col. Rahimuddin Khan who successfully quelled the religious agitation in Lahore . In 1954, the Pakistan Army's Military Intelligence Corps reportedly sent the intelligence report indicating the rise of communism in East Pakistan during
6862-533: The real nature of Indian strategy behind their support of the resistance. The Yahya administration is widely accused of permitting the army to commit the war crimes against the civilians in East and curbing civil liberties and human rights in Pakistan. The Eastern Command under Lt-Gen. A. A. K. Niazi , who had area responsibility of the defending the Eastern Front and had the responsibility to protect,
6956-450: The schools of infantry and tactics, artillery, ordnance, armoured, medical, engineering, services, aviation, and several other schools and training centers were established with or without U.S. participation. As early as 1953, the Pakistan Army became involved in national politics in a view of restoring the law and order situation when Governor-General Malik Ghulam , with approval from Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin , dismissed
7050-496: The suit by retroactively invalidated the martial law that suspended the Constitution and notably ruled that Yahya Khan's assumption of power was "illegal usurpation". In light of the Supreme Court's judgement, the army held the publicly televised conference when President Yahya Khan announced to hold the nationwide general elections in 1969–70. In 1969, President Yahya Khan decided to make administrative changes in
7144-451: The time of ceasefire declared, per neutral sources, Indian casualties stood at 3,000 whilst the Pakistani casualties were 3800. Pakistan lost between 200 and 300 tanks during the conflict and India lost approximately 150-190 tanks. However, most neutral assessments agree that India had the upper hand over Pakistan when ceasefire was declared, but the propaganda in Pakistan about the war continued in favor of Pakistan Army. The war
7238-629: The tribal advances but his troops failed to halt the advancing tribes towards the valley. Eventually, Hari Singh appealed to Louis Mountbatten , the Governor-General of India , requesting for the deployment of the Indian Armed Forces but Indian government maintained that the troops could be committed if Hari Singh acceded to India. Hari Singh eventually agreed to concede to the Indian government terms which eventually led to
7332-405: The tribal invasion in a cabinet meeting with Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in 1947, later leaving the command of the army in 1947, in a view of that British officers in the Indian and Pakistan Army would be fighting with each other in the war front. It was Lt-Gen. Douglas Gracey who reportedly disobeyed the direct orders from Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the Governor-General of Pakistan , for
7426-475: The twelve armoured, forty artillery and twenty-one infantry regiments that went to India. In total, the size of the new army was about ~150,000 men strong. To fill the vacancy in the command positions of the new army, around 13,500 military officers from the British Army had to be employed in the Pakistan Army, which was quite a large number, under the command of Lieutenant-General Frank Messervy ,
7520-515: The ultimatum issued on 16 December 1971 by the Indian Army in East, Lt-Gen. Niazi agreed to concede defeat and move towards signing the documented surrender with the Indian Army which effectively and unilaterally ended the armed resistance and led the creation of Bangladesh , only after India's official engagement that lasted 13 days. It was reported that the Eastern Command had surrendered ~93,000–97,000 uniform personnel to Indian Army–
7614-563: The under army administration had successfully stabilized the law and order in Balochistan despite the massive illegal immigration from Afghanistan , and issued the general amnesties to separatists and rebels. To address the Afghan containment and security, the army established the XII Corps in 1985 that is permanently headquartered in Quetta , that is designed to provide defence against
7708-770: The unified Eastern Military Command under Lt-Gen. A.A.K. Niazi, began its engagement with the armed militia that had support from India in April 1971, and eventually fought against the Indian Army in December 1971. The army, together with marines, launched ground offensives on both fronts but the Indian Army successfully held its ground and initiated well-coordinated ground operations on both fronts, initially capturing 15,010 square kilometres (5,795 sq mi) of Pakistan's territory; this land gained by India in Azad Kashmir , Punjab and Sindh sectors. Responding to
7802-478: The use of the term. Pakistan Army The Pakistan Army ( Urdu : پاکستان فوج , romanized : Pākistān Fãuj , pronounced [ˈpaːkɪstaːn faːɔːdʒ] ), commonly known as the Pak Army ( Urdu : پاک فوج , romanized : Pāk Fãuj ), is the land service branch and the largest component of the Pakistan Armed Forces . The president of Pakistan is the supreme commander of
7896-546: Was abrogated by then-army commander, Gen. Yahya Khan , who took control of the nation's civic affairs after the resignation of President Ayub Khan, resulted in a massive labor strikes instigated by the Pakistan Peoples Party in West and Awami League in East Pakistan . In a lawsuit settled by the Supreme Court of Pakistan , the legality of the martial law was deemed questionable as the Supreme Court settled
7990-587: Was airlifted to East Pakistan along with the 9th Infantry Division. The intervention in East Pakistan further grew when the Operation Searchlight resulted in the overtaking of the government buildings, communication centers, and restricting the politicians opposed to military rule. Within a month, Pakistani national security strategists realized their failure of implementing the plan which had not anticipated civil resistance in East, and
8084-615: Was an East Pakistani paramilitary force organised by General Tikka Khan in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh ). Razakar is a Persian term meaning volunteer. The Bangladesh government denotes all collaborators of the Pakistani forces as Razakar. This includes leaders of the Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh , members of East Pakistan Central Peace Committee and even the Chakma King Maharaja Tridev Roy . In Bangladesh today, Razakar
8178-625: Was an instance of one such massacre where 646 Bengali Hindus were killed. Razakars allegedly killed Hindu civilians during the war. On 5 August 1971, six Hindus were killed by the Razakars in Panti village under Kumarkhali sub-division. They killed 3 Hindus in Sylhet and 19 Hindus in Jessore, Gopalganj and Chittagong hill tracts. During the Bangladesh genocide in Bangladesh Liberation War ,
8272-467: Was established and headquartered in Multan, driven towards defending the mass incursion from the Indian Army. In December 1971, the 33rd infantry division was established from the army reserves of the II Corps , followed by raising the 37th Infantry Division. Pakistan Army reportedly helped the Pakistan Navy towards establishing its amphibious branch, the Pakistan Marines , whose battalions
8366-408: Was leveled with accusations of escalating the political violence in the East by the serving military officers, politicians, and journalists in Pakistan. Since the general elections in 1970, the army had detained several key politicians, journalists, peace activists, student unionists, and other members of civil society while curbing the freedoms of movement and speech in Pakistan. In East Pakistan,
8460-453: Was not rationally analysed in Pakistan with most of the blame being heaped on the leadership and little importance given to intelligence failures that persisted until the debacle of the third war with India in 1971. The Indian Army's action was restricted to Punjab region of both sides with Indian Army mainly in fertile Sialkot, Lahore and Kashmir sectors, while Pakistani land gains were primarily in southern deserts opposite Sindh and in
8554-432: Was promoted to the acting rank of full general to command the army as his predecessors Frank Messervy and Douglas Gracey were performing the duty of commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army in the acting rank of general, the neighboring country India's first commanders-in-chief were same in this context. The department of the army under General Ayub Khan steered the army's needs towards heavy focus and dependence towards
8648-583: Was promulgated on 2 August 1971 by the Governor of East Pakistan, Lieutenant General Tikka Khan . The Ordinance stipulated the creation of a voluntary force to be trained and equipped by the Provincial Government. Then, they were reorganized as members of the Pakistan Army through an ordinance of the Ministry of Defence promulgated on 7 September, 1971. The Razakar force was placed under
8742-672: Was readily made available by Gen. Ayub Khan to deploy to support the American Army's fighting troops in the Korean war . Working as cabinet minister in Bogra administration , Gen. Ayub 's impartiality was greatly questioned by country's politicians and drove Pakistan's defence policy towards the dependence on the United States when the country becoming the party of the CENTO and the SEATO ,
8836-490: Was solely focused towards Ayub's army department and the air force department led by Air Marshal Asghar Khan , giving less priority to the national needs for the Navy. From 1954 to 1958, Ayub Khan was made subjected with receiving multiple service extensions by the civilian Prime Ministers first receiving in 1954 that extended his service to last till 1958. The Pakistan Army under Ayub Khan had been less supportive towards
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