88-460: Ragusan may refer to: citizen of the Republic of Ragusa List of Ragusans person from any other place called Ragusa Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ragusan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
176-732: A railway to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The climate of the area is Mediterranean, characterized by mild winters and dry summers, with three times more rain in the rainier than in the drier months, during which the mean precipitation does not exceed 40 mm (1.6 in). The mean yearly precipitation observed is of 1,316 mm (51.8 in). The dominant winds come from the north, north-east and north-west. The average sea temperature (as observed in Neum) ranges from 13 °C (55 °F) in January to 28 °C (82 °F) in July and August. Vegetation
264-487: A Republic under its previous name, although its Rector was appointed by Venice rather than by Ragusa's own Major Council. In Italian it is called Repubblica di Ragusa ; in Croatian it is called Dubrovačka Republika ( Croatian pronunciation: [dǔbroʋat͡ʃkaː repǔblika] ). The Slavic name Dubrovnik is derived from the word dubrava , "an oak grove," by a folk etymology . The name Dubrovnik of
352-938: A consequence of Austro-Hungarian defeat , Neum joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes which would become the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. Under the Karađorđević dynasty , the Yugoslav Government ignored the historical borders twice: in 1929, when the Neum area was included in the Littoral Banovina , and in 1939 when, following the Cvetković–Maček Agreement , it was included in the Banovina of Croatia . Josip Broz Tito 's federal Yugoslavia
440-636: A dilemma. The nearby Bay of Kotor was a Venetian frontier against the Ottomans. But while France held the land, the United Kingdom and Russia held the sea; and while French troops marched from Austerlitz to Dalmatia, eleven Russian ships of the line entered the Bay of Kotor, and landed 6,000 men, later supported by 16,000 Montenegrins under Petar I Petrović-Njegoš . As 5,000 Frenchmen under General Molitor marched southwards and peacefully took control of
528-548: A force under General Todor Milutinović offering to help their Ragusan allies. However, as was soon shown, their intention was to in fact replace the French occupation of Ragusa with their own. Seducing one of the temporary governors of the Republic, Biagio Bernardo Caboga , with promises of power and influence (which were later cut short and who died in ignominy, branded as a traitor by his people), they managed to convince him that
616-513: A loan of 300,000 francs. It was clearly blackmail (a similar episode occurred in 1798, when a Revolutionary French fleet threatened invasion if the Republic did not pay a huge contribution). The Ragusan government instructed the emissaries to inform Molitor that the Russians told the Republic quite clearly that should any French troops enter Ragusan territory, the Russians and their Montenegrin allies would proceed to pillage and destroy every part of
704-475: A motorway and thus the Croatian bridge must have a high clearance according to the view of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Bosniak political parties. Due to the above, the Republic of Croatia has significantly increased the height of the bridge by adapting it to ships whose dimensions cannot enter the Bay of Neum at all. Today the main freight port for Bosnia and Herzegovina is Ploče (in Croatia) farther north, which has
792-487: A plan to build a new advanced naval base at Neum-Klek by the Austro-Hungarian Navy . General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf considered fortifying Neum with coastal batteries and torpedo craft to supplement seafront defenses (in order to prevent Italian raids, or worse a large scale Italian landing). The project never got past the planning stage prior to the outbreak of World War I in 1914. In 1918, as
880-475: A population of 4,653 inhabitants, while the town of Neum has a population of 3,013 inhabitants. Neum is the only town situated along Bosnia and Herzegovina's 20-kilometre (12 mi) coastline, making it the country's only access to the Adriatic Sea . Neum is 47 km (29 mi) northwest of Dubrovnik , 50 km (31 mi) south of Mostar , and 122 km (76 mi) southwest of Sarajevo ,
968-543: A sandy shore to pull their ships out of the water for the rest period during the night. An ideal combination would have a fresh water source in the vicinity. Dubrovnik had both, being halfway between the Greek settlements of Budva and Korčula , which are 95 nautical miles (176 km; 109 mi) apart. During its first centuries the city was under the rule of the Byzantine Empire. The Saracens laid siege to
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#17327728933611056-516: A second raid by the Slavs in 656 resulted in the total destruction of Epidaurum. Slavs settled along the coast in the 7th century. The Slavs named their settlement Dubrovnik . The Byzantines and Slavs had an antagonistic relationship, though by the 12th century the two settlements had merged. The channel that divided the city was filled, creating the present-day main street (the Stradun ) which became
1144-558: Is also the first official document where the city is referred to as Dubrovnik . In 1202, the Venetian Republic invaded Dalmatia with the forces of the Fourth Crusade , and Ragusa was forced to pay tribute. Ragusa began supplying Venice with products such as hides, wax, silver, and other metals. Venice used the city as its naval base in the southern Adriatic Sea . The Venetians used Ragusa as an important base for
1232-565: Is no evidence of the size of their estates, the nobles, undoubtedly, were in possession of most of the land. Eleven members of the Sorgo family, eight of Gozze, six of Ghetaldi , six of Pozza , four of Zamagna and three of the Saraca family were among the greatest landowners. The citizens belonging to the confraternities of St. Anthony and St. Lazarus owned considerable land outside the city. After seven years of French occupation, encouraged by
1320-444: Is that the term "Ragusa" derivatives from or is related to Proto-Albanian *rāguša meaning 'grape' (compare Modern-Albanian rrush (meaning "grape")), according to V. Orel . The official change of name from Ragusa to Dubrovnik came into effect after World War I. It is known in historiography as the Republic of Ragusa . The Republic ruled a compact area of southern Dalmatia – its final borders were formed by 1426 – comprising
1408-491: Is the evergreen Mediterranean type, and subtropical flora ( palm trees , agaves , cacti ) grow in Neum and its surroundings. All demographic data per Statistica.ba website: The linđo is traditionally danced in the Neum region. Neum celebrates the feast of Our Lady of Good Health as its municipal day. As part of the celebrations, Neum hosts the Music Festival Etnofest Neum. The town also hosts
1496-616: The De Administrando Imperio of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos , the city was founded, probably in the 7th century, by the inhabitants of the Greek city of Epidaurum (modern Cavtat) after its destruction by the Avars and Slavs c. 615. Some of the survivors moved 25 kilometres (16 miles) north to a small island near the coast where they founded a new settlement, Lausa. It has been claimed that
1584-538: The Archbishop Ivan Saraka. The city recognized Hungarian sovereignty, but the local nobility continued to rule with little interference from the Hungarian court at Buda . The Republic profited from the suzerainty of Louis of Hungary, whose kingdom was not a naval power, and with whom they would have little conflict of interest. The last Venetian conte left, apparently in a hurry. Although under
1672-514: The Dalmatian possessions of Venice and the territory of Ragusa , tried to buy back the Neum and Sutorina enclaves from the Ottomans, but in vain. Instead, it stationed a warship to block access to the port of Neum until the Treaty of Berlin , which gave the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary in 1878. Neum had been under Ottoman control for 179 years. Consideration was given to
1760-504: The European route E65 or Adriatic Highway which connects the two parts of Croatia's Dalmatian coast. Neum 1 is located to the northwest of the city, with the Klek border checkpoint on the Croatian side. Neum 2 is located to the southeast, with the Croatian border checkpoint at Zaton Doli . The Neum corridor dates back to the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, whereby the Republic of Ragusa
1848-850: The Gothic and Renaissance styles – palaces, churches and monasteries – were destroyed. Of the city's major public buildings, only the Sponza Palace and the front part of the Rector's Palace at Luža Square survived. Gradually the city was rebuilt in the more modest Baroque style. With great effort, Ragusa recovered a bit but still remained a shadow of the former Republic. In 1677 Marin Caboga (1630–1692) and Nikola Bunić (ca. 1635–1678) arrived in Constantinople in an attempt to avert an imminent threat to Ragusa: Kara-Mustafa's pretensions for
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#17327728933611936-569: The Konavle region, south of Astarea (Župa dubrovačka), including the city of Cavtat, was added to the Republic's possessions. In the first half of the 15th century Cardinal Ivan Stojković ( Johannes de Carvatia ) was active in Dubrovnik as a Church reformer and writer. During the peak of trade relations between the Bosnian kingdom and other neighboring regions, the largest caravan trade route
2024-1093: The Mediterranean . Moreover, the discovery of the Americas started a crisis in Mediterranean shipping. This was the beginning of the decline of both the Venetian and Ragusan republics. Charles VIII of France granted trading rights to the Ragusans in 1497, and Louis XII in 1502. In the first decade of the 16th century, Ragusan consuls were sent to France while their French counterparts were sent to Ragusa. Prominent Ragusans in France included Simon de Benessa, Lovro Gigants, D. de Bonda, Ivan Cvletković, captain Ivan Florio, Petar Lukarić (Petrus de Luccari), Serafin Gozze, and Luca de Sorgo. The Ragusan aristocracy
2112-623: The Ploče Gates . After almost eight years of occupation, the French troops marched out of Dubrovnik on 27 and 28 January 1814. On the afternoon of 28 January 1814, the Austrian and British troops made their way into the city through the Pile Gates. With Caboga's support, General Milutinović ignored the agreement he had made with the nobility in Gruž. The events which followed can be best epitomized in
2200-606: The Treaty of Passarowitz , but then the Ottomans , tired of negotiating in vain with Venice for a widening of their maritime access, simply usurped the territory of Gornji Klek and most of Klek from Ragusa, which it had bought from King Dabiša of Bosnia at the end of the 14th century. After the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797, and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Austrian Empire , which had annexed both
2288-745: The War of Austrian succession (1741–48) and in the Seven Years' War (1756–63). In 1783, the Ragusan Council did not answer the proposition put forward by their diplomatic representative in Paris, Frano Favi , that they should establish diplomatic relations with America, although the Americans agreed to allow Ragusan ships free passage in their ports. The first years of the French war were prosperous for Ragusa. The flag of Saint Blaise being neutral,
2376-461: The 1811 decree abolished the centuries-old institution of fideicommissum in inheritance law, by which the French enabled younger noblemen to participate in that part of the family inheritance, which the former law had deprived them of. According to an 1813 inventory of the Ragusan district, 451 land proprietors were registered, including ecclesiastical institutions and the commune. Although there
2464-659: The Adriatic city is first recorded in the Charter of Ban Kulin (1189). It came into use alongside Ragusa as early as the 14th century. The Latin , Italian and Dalmatian name Ragusa maybe derives its name from Lausa (from the Greek ξαυ : xau , "precipice"); it was later altered to Rausium , Rhagusium , Ragusium or Rausia (even Lavusa , Labusa , Raugia and Rachusa ) and finally into Ragusa . Another theory
2552-479: The Adriatic. Until that be effected, he will retain possession of Ragusa; but is there anyone who will believe, that if there was not a Russian flag or stand of colours to be seen in Albania, or on the Adriatic, that he would reestablish that Republic in its former independence?" Almost immediately after the beginning of the French occupation, Russian and Montenegrin troops entered Ragusan territory and began fighting
2640-692: The Bay of Klek. Since the 1990s, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have been in negotiations on how to handle traffic across the Neum region, including signing a Neum Agreement . When Croatia was admitted to the European Union in 2013, the border crossings in the Neum region became governed as external borders of the EU . The construction and opening in 2022 of the Pelješac Bridge , which bypasses Neum entirely, has significance for Croatia's integrity and also for its future Schengen Area membership and
2728-491: The Bay of Kotor and soon decided to order the occupation of the Republic. Upon entering Ragusan territory and approaching the capital, the French General Jacques Lauriston demanded that his troops be allowed to rest and be provided with food and drink in the city before continuing on to Kotor. However, this was a deception because as soon as they entered the city, they proceeded to occupy it in
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2816-658: The Dalmatians to rise and expel the Russian–Montenegrin force, which met with a feeble response. Only three hundred men joined him, but a stratagem made up for his deficiency of numbers. A letter, seemingly confidential, was dispatched to General Lauriston in Ragusa, announcing his proximate arrival to raise the siege with such a force of Dalmatians as must overwhelm the Russians and the vast Montenegrin army; which letter was, as intended by Molitor, intercepted and believed by
2904-523: The EU as a whole. It significantly improves traffic flow and the traffic connection of Dubrovnik to the rest of mainland Croatia, avoiding negotiating long, costly queues at Neum, and strict customs checks twice within the space of 20 kilometres (12 mi). Encouraged by the recent developments in Croatia–Slovenia border disputes (June 2017), the ruling Bosniak Party of Democratic Action (SDA) and other Bosniak political parties decided to obstruct
2992-604: The Empire. Ragusa handled the Adriatic trade on behalf of the Ottomans, and its merchants received special tax exemptions and trading benefits from the Porte . It also operated colonies that enjoyed extraterritorial rights in major Ottoman cities. Merchants from Ragusa could enter the Black Sea , which was otherwise closed to non-Ottoman shipping. The Ragusan merchants paid less in customs duties than other foreign merchants, and
3080-409: The French army, raiding and pillaging everything along the way and culminating in a siege of the occupied city during which 3,000 cannonballs fell on the city. The environs, thick with villas, the results of a long prosperity, were plundered, including half a million sterling . The city was in the utmost straits; General Molitor, who had advanced within a few days' march of Ragusa, made an appeal to
3168-717: The Neum Animated Film Festival. Neum is home to local branches of the cultural organizations Matica hrvatska and HKD Napredak . Popular activities include swimming and sun bathing , beach-going, boating, and various other water-sports. Neum has a water polo club VK Jadran Neum, which is a member of the Croatian Water Polo Federation . There is also an association football club HNK Neum. Neum area has steep hills, stone-sandy beaches, and several large tourist hotels. Neum has about 5,000 beds for tourists, 1,810 in hotels with
3256-654: The Ottoman Empire so that the Republic of Venice would be unable to attack from land, only from the sea. One of them, the northwestern land border with the small town of Neum, is today the only outlet of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Adriatic Sea. The southeastern border village of Sutorina later became part of Montenegro , which has a coastline to the south. After the treaty, Neum and Sutorina were attached to Sanjak of Herzegovina of Bosnia Eyalet . Ragusa continued its policy of strict neutrality in
3344-529: The Ottoman Empire was at war. Along with England, Spain and Genoa , Ragusa was one of Venice's most damaging competitors in the 15th century on all seas, even in the Adriatic. Thanks to its proximity to the plentiful oak forests of Gargano , it was able to bid cargoes away from the Venetians. With the Portuguese explorations which opened up new ocean routes, the spice trade no longer went through
3432-554: The Ottomans in 1684 Ragusa sent emissaries to Emperor Leopold in Vienna, hoping that the Austrian Army would capture Bosnia. Unfortunately for the Republic, the Ottomans retained control over their hinterland. In the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), the Ottomans ceded large territories to the victorious Habsburgs , Venetians, Poles , and Russians , but retained Herzegovina . The Republic of Ragusa ceded two patches of its coast to
3520-514: The Ottomans were defeated in the Battle of Kahlenberg outside Vienna. The field marshal of the Austrian army was Ragusan Frano Đivo Gundulić . In 1684, the emissaries renewed an agreement contracted in Visegrád in the year 1358 and accepted the sovereignty of Habsburg as Hungarian Kings over Ragusa, with an annual tax of 500 ducats. At the same time, Ragusa continued to recognize the sovereignty of
3608-465: The Ottomans, a common arrangement at the time. This opened up greater opportunities for Ragusa ships in ports all along the Dalmatian coast, in which they anchored frequently. After this, Venice captured a part of Ragusa's inland area and approached its borders. They presented the threat of completely surrounding and cutting off Ragusa's trade inland. In view of this danger and anticipating the defeat of
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3696-446: The Republic became one of the chief carriers of the Mediterranean. The Continental Blockade was the life of Ragusa; and before the rise of Lissa the manufacturers of England, excluded from the ports of France, Italy, Holland, and Germany, found their way to the center of Europe through Saloniki and Ragusa. The Battle of Austerlitz and the consequent peace treaty , having compelled Austria to hand over Dalmatia to France, put Ragusa in
3784-509: The Republic signed short-term arrangements with the Ottoman Empire defining its status. In 1458, the Republic signed a treaty with the Ottomans which made it a tributary of the sultan . Under the treaty, the Republic owed the sultan "fidelity", "truthfulness", and "submission", and an annual tribute, which was in 1481 defined at 12,500 gold coins. The sultan guaranteed to protect Ragusa and granted them extensive trading privileges. Under
3872-409: The Republic, and also to inform him that the Republic could neither afford to pay such an amount of money, nor could it raise such an amount from its population without the Russians being alerted, provoking an invasion. Even though the emissaries managed to persuade General Molitor not to violate Ragusan territory, Napoleon was not content with the stalemate between France and Russia concerning Ragusa and
3960-567: The Visegrád agreement Dubrovnik was formally under the jurisdiction of the ban of Croatia , the city successfully resisted both the royal and ban authority. In 1399, the city acquired the area between Ragusa and Pelješac, called the Primorje (Dubrovačko primorje) with Slano (lat. Terrae novae ). It was purchased from Bosnian King Stephen Ostoja . A brief war with Bosnia in 1403 and 1404 ended with Bosnian withdrawal. Between 1419 and 1426,
4048-466: The agreement, the republic retained its autonomous status and was virtually independent, and usually allied with the Maritime Republic of Ancona . It could enter into relations with foreign powers and make treaties with them (as long as not conflicting with Ottoman interests), and its ships sailed under its own flag. Ottoman vassalage also conferred special trade rights that extended within
4136-430: The annexation of Ragusa to the Ottoman Empire. The Grand-Vizier, struck with the capacity Marin showed in the arts of persuasion and acquainted with his resources in active life, resolved to deprive his country of so able a diplomat, and on 13 December he was imprisoned, where he was to remain for several years. In 1683, Kara-Mustafa was killed in the attacks on Vienna , and Marin was soon free to return to Ragusa. In 1683
4224-473: The besieging Russians. With his force thinly scattered, to make up a show, Molitor now advanced towards Ragusa, and turning the Montenegrin position in the valley behind, threatened to surround the Russians who occupied the summit of the hill between him and the city; but seeing the risk of this, the Russians retreated back towards the Bay of Kotor, and the city was relieved. The Montenegrin army had followed
4312-402: The building of an 8 km-long bypass near the town of Ston and upgrading works on the existing road D414. There are Bosniak plans to convert Neum to a freight port, contrary to the wishes of the local population and international laws and agreements concerning the ecologically significant and protected Bay of Mali Ston , of which Bay of Neum is a part. There are plans to build a seaport, rail and
4400-404: The circumstance to stand upon its own unqualified foundations of state necessity and the right of the strongest. A very important fact is, however, disclosed in this Proclamation. It is not the surrender of Cattaro, it seems, that will satisfy the Emperor of the French. He looks forward to the evacuation of Corfu, and the whole of the Seven Islands, as well as the retreat of the Russian squadron from
4488-486: The city centre. Thus, Dubrovnik became the Slavic name for the united town. There are recent theories based on excavations that the city was established much earlier, at least in the 5th century and possibly during the Ancient Greek period (as per Antun Ničetić, in his book Povijest dubrovačke luke ). The key element in this theory is the fact that ships in ancient time traveled about 45 to 50 nautical miles (83 to 93 km; 52 to 58 mi) per day, and mariners required
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#17327728933614576-413: The city in 866–867 ; it lasted for fifteen months and was raised due to the intervention of Byzantine Emperor Basil I , who sent a fleet under Niketas Ooryphas in relief. Ooryphas' "showing of the flag" had swift results, as the Slavic tribes sent envoys to the Emperor, once more acknowledging his suzerainty. Basil dispatched officials, agents and missionaries to the region, restoring Byzantine rule over
4664-463: The city in 948 failed. The citizens of the city attributed this to Saint Blaise , whom they adopted as their patron saint. The city remained under Byzantine domination until 1204, with the exception of periods of Venetian (1000–1030) and later Norman (1081–1085, 1172, 1189–1190) rule. In 1050, Croatian king Stjepan I (Stephen) made a land grant along the coast that extended the boundaries of Ragusa to Zaton , 16 km (10 mi) north of
4752-434: The city of Dubrovnik ( Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) that carried that name from 1358 until 1808. It reached its commercial peak in the 15th and the 16th centuries, before being conquered by Napoleon 's French Empire and formally annexed by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1808. It had a population of about 30,000 people, of whom 5,000 lived within
4840-408: The city walls. Its motto was " Non bene pro toto libertas venditur auro ", a Latin phrase which can be translated as "Liberty is not well sold for all the gold". Originally named Communitas Ragusina (Latin for "Ragusan municipality" or "community"), in the 14th century it was renamed Respublica Ragusina (Latin for Ragusan Republic ), first mentioned in 1385. It was nevertheless
4928-472: The city-state enjoyed diplomatic support from multiple foreign powers, including from the Ottomans, in disputes with the Venetians. For their part, Ottomans regarded Ragusa as a port of major importance, since most of the traffic between Florence and Bursa (an Ottoman port in northwestern Anatolia ) was carried out via Ragusa. Florentine cargoes would leave the Italian ports of Pesaro , Fano or Ancona to reach Ragusa. From that point on they would take
5016-436: The city. The famous 12th century Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi mentioned Ragusa and the surrounding area. In his work, he referred to Ragusa as the southernmost city of Croatia. In 1191, Emperor Isaac II Angelos granted the city's merchants the right to trade freely in Byzantium. Similar privileges were obtained several years earlier from Serbia (1186) and from Bosnia (1189). The Charter of Ban Kulin of Bosnia
5104-419: The coastal cities and regions in the form of the new theme of Dalmatia , while leaving the Slavic tribal principalities of the hinterland largely autonomous under their own rulers. The Christianization of the Croats and the other Slavic tribes also began at this time. With the weakening of Byzantium, Venice began to see Ragusa as a rival that needed to be brought under its control, but an attempt to conquer
5192-448: The construction. The construction cost was €420 million, to which the EU contributed by allocating €357 million from Cohesion Policy funds. The bridge is among the largest infrastructures in Croatia currently and one of the most substantial EU infrastructural investment ever. The work was completed in mid 2022. The EU is also funding supporting infrastructure, such as the construction of access roads, including tunnels, bridges and viaducts,
5280-822: The country's capital. The Bosnia and Herzegovina coastal strip of Neum cuts off the southernmost Croatian exclave from the rest of Croatia . This is a result of the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699. Since 1991 and the breakup of Yugoslavia , the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Neum region have been international borders. The municipality includes the town of Neum (municipal seat) and several villages: Babin Do , Borut , Brestica , Broćanac , Brštanica , Cerovica , Cerovo , Crnoglav , Dobri Do , Dobrovo , Donji Drijen , Donji Zelenikovac , Dubravica , Duži , Glumina , Gornje Hrasno , Gradac , Hotanj Hutovski , Hutovo , Kiševo , Moševići , Prapratnica , Previš , Rabrani , Vinine and Žukovica . Neum has two border crossing checkpoints with Croatia on
5368-420: The desertion of French soldiers after the failed invasion of Russia and the reentry of Austria in the war , all the social classes of the Ragusan people rose up in a general insurrection, led by the patricians, against the Napoleonic invaders. On 18 June 1813, together with British forces they forced the surrender of the French garrison of the island of Šipan , soon also the heavily fortified town of Ston and
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#17327728933615456-415: The entire coast of the eastern Adriatic, from Venice to Kotor . The Austrians did everything in their power to eliminate the Ragusa issue at the Congress of Vienna . Ragusan representative Miho Bona , elected at the last meeting of the Major Council, was denied participation in the Congress, while Milutinović, prior to the final agreement of the allies, assumed complete control of the city. Regardless of
5544-489: The fact that the government of the Ragusan Republic never signed any capitulation nor relinquished its sovereignty, which according to the rules of Klemens von Metternich that Austria adopted for the Vienna Congress should have meant that the Republic would be restored, the Austrian Empire managed to convince the other allies to allow it to keep the territory of the Republic. While many smaller and less significant cities and former countries were permitted an audience, that right
5632-619: The fortresses of Dalmatia, the Russians pressed the senators of Ragusa to allow them to occupy the city, as it was an important fortress – thus anticipating that France might block further progress to Kotor. As there was no way from Dalmatia to Kotor but through Ragusa, General Molitor was equally ardent in trying to win Ragusa's support. The Republic was determined to maintain its strict neutrality, knowing that anything else would mean its destruction. The Senate dispatched two emissaries to Molitor to dissuade him from entering Ragusan territory. Despite his statement that he intended to respect and defend
5720-422: The gate to the east was to be kept closed to the Ragusan forces and to let the Austrian forces enter the city from the west, without any Ragusan soldiers, once the French garrison of 500 troops under General Joseph de Montrichard had surrendered. The Major Council of the Ragusan nobility (as the assembly of 44 patricians who had been members of the Major Council before the Republic was occupied by France) met for
5808-408: The independence of that little State is an obscure insinuation, that the enemies of France exercised too much influence there. The Proclamation does not mention in what respect this influence has proved prejudicial to France, although the dignity of Buonaparte, it seems, is concerned in putting an end to it. M. Lauriston would have come off much better, if he had disdained making any excuse, and suffered
5896-508: The independence of the Ragusan Republic, his words demonstrated that he had no qualms about violating the territory of a neutral nation on his way to take possession of Kotor, and he even said that he would cross the Ottoman territories of Neum and Sutorina (bordering the Republic to the north and south, respectively) without asking permission from the Ottoman Empire. To the emissaries' protestation he responded by promising to respect Ragusan neutrality and not enter its territory in exchange for
5984-424: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ragusan&oldid=933076871 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Republic of Ragusa The Republic of Ragusa was a Croatian aristocratic maritime republic centered on
6072-440: The inviolability of the freedom and territory of the Republic. Neum Neum ( Cyrillic : Неум , pronounced [něum] ) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina , located in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is the only town on the Bosnia and Herzegovina coastline, making it the country's only access to the Adriatic Sea . As of 2013, Neum municipality has
6160-439: The island of Lopud , after which the insurrection spread throughout the mainland, starting with Konavle . They laid siege to the occupied city, helped by the British Royal Navy , who had enjoyed unopposed domination over the Adriatic sea , under the command of Captain William Hoste , with his ships HMS Bacchante and HMS Saracen . Soon the population inside the city joined the insurrection. The Austrian Empire sent
6248-427: The land route Bosnasaray (Sarajevo)– Novibazar – Skopje – Plovdiv – Edirne . When, in the late 16th century, Ragusa placed its merchant marine at the disposal of the Spanish Empire on condition that its participation in the Spanish military ventures would not affect the interest of the Ottoman Empire; the latter tolerated the situation as the trade of Ragusa permitted the importation of goods from states with which
6336-580: The last time on 18 January 1814 in the Villa Giorgi in Mokošica , Ombla, in an effort to restore the Republic of Ragusa. On 27 January, the French capitulation was signed in Gruž and ratified the same day. It was then that Biagio Bernardo Caboga openly sided with the Austrians, dismissing the part of the rebel army which was from Konavle . Meanwhile, Đivo Natali and his men were still waiting outside
6424-558: The mainland coast from Neum to the Prevlaka peninsula as well as the Pelješac peninsula and the islands of Lastovo and Mljet , as well as a number of smaller islands such as Koločep , Lopud , and Šipan . In the 15th century the Ragusan republic also acquired the islands of Korčula , Brač and Hvar for about eight years. However they had to be given up due to the resistance of local minor aristocrats sympathizing with Venice, which
6512-517: The name of Napoleon. The next day, Lauriston demanded an impossible contribution of a million francs. The Times in London reported these events in its edition of 24 June 1806: General Lauriston took possession of the City and Republic of Ragusa, on the 27th of May. The Proclamation which he published on that occasion is a most extraordinary document. The only reason advanced for this annihilation of
6600-410: The newly created title of "Duke of Ragusa" ( Duc de Raguse ). In 1810, Ragusa, together with Dalmatia and Istria, went to the newly created French Illyrian Provinces . Later, in the 1814 Battle of Paris , Marmont abandoned Napoleon and was branded a traitor. Since he was known as the "Duke of Ragusa", the word ragusade was coined in French to signify treason and raguser meant a cheat. Article 44 of
6688-550: The order of Admiral Dmitry Senyavin who was in charge of the Russian troops, and retreated to Cetinje . Around 1800, the Republic had a highly organized network of consulates and consular offices in more than eighty cities and ports around the world. In 1808, Marshal Marmont issued a proclamation abolishing the Republic of Ragusa and amalgamating its territory into the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy , himself claiming
6776-578: The original city, giving the republic control of the abundant supply of fresh water that emerges from a spring at the head of the Ombla inlet . Stephen's grant also included the harbour of Gruž , which is now the commercial port for Dubrovnik. Thus the original territory of the Ragusan municipality or community comprised the city of Ragusa, Župa dubrovačka, Gruž , Ombla , Zaton , the Elafiti islands (Šipan, Lopud and Koločep) and some smaller islands near
6864-493: The rule of Serbian king Stefan Dušan (Stefan Uroš IV, r. 1331–1355), the two possessions were handed over to Ragusa. In January 1348, the Black Death struck the city and decimated the urban population. In 1358, the Treaty of Zadar forced Venice to yield all claims to Dalmatia. The city accepted the mild hegemony of King Louis I of Hungary . On 27 May 1358, the final agreement was reached at Visegrád between Louis and
6952-459: The so-called flag episode. The Flag of Saint Blaise was flown alongside the Austrian and British colors, but only for two days because, on 30 January, General Milutinović ordered Mayor Sabo Giorgi to lower it. Overwhelmed by a feeling of deep patriotic pride, Giorgi, the last Rector of the Republic and a loyal francophile, refused to do so "for the masses had hoisted it". Subsequent events proved that Austria took every possible opportunity to invade
7040-430: The town of Gandaulim (Ilhas) . The town is said to have been a colonial outpost of Ragusa . On 6 April 1667, a devastating earthquake struck and killed around 2,000 citizens, and up to 1,000 in the rest of the republic, including many patricians and the Rector ( Croatian : knez ) Šišmundo Gundulić . The earthquake also leveled most of the city's public buildings, leaving only the outer walls intact. Buildings in
7128-427: The trade between East and West; in addition, the city retained most of its independence. The people, however, resented the ever-growing tribute. In the middle of the 13th century the island of Lastovo was added to the original territory. On 22 January 1325, Serbian king Stefan Uroš III issued a document for the sale of his maritime possessions of the city of Ston and peninsula of Pelješac to Ragusa. In 1333, during
7216-720: The traffic of the ancient Balkan slave trade , from which slaves were transported from the Balkans across the Adriatic Sea to the Aegean Sea , from which they were sold on to either slavery in Spain in the West or slavery in Egypt in the South. Unlike with Zadar , there was not much friction between Ragusa and Venice as the city had not yet begun to compete as an alternative carrier in
7304-668: Was also well represented at the Sorbonne University in Paris. The fate of Ragusa was linked to that of the Ottoman Empire. Ragusa and Venice lent technical assistance to the Ottoman– Mameluke – Zamorin alliance that the Portuguese defeated in the Battle of Diu in the Indian Ocean (1509). There is some evidence of Ragusan trade with India in the 16th century. This has been historical evidence of this in
7392-556: Was established between Podvisoki and Ragusa. This trading activity culminated in the year 1428, on 9 August, when a group of Vlachs pledged to the lord of Ragusa, Tomo Bunić, that they would provide a delivery of 600 horses along with 1500 modius of salt . The intended recipient of the delivery was Dobrašin Veseoković, and in exchange the Vlachs agreed to receive payment equal to half the amount of salt delivered. In 1430 and 1442,
7480-460: Was founded on the principle, declared at the 1943 AVNOJ session in Jajce and comparatively well-respected by the Đilas commission in 1945, of establishing the federative republics in their borders of 1878, which is why the Neum enclave is now part of independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, including most of Klek (Ponta Kleka, Rep Kleka), the two islets Veliki and Mali Školj and the rock of Lopata in
7568-559: Was granting them some privileges. In the 16th century the administrative units of the Republic were: the City of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), counties ( Konavle , Župa dubrovačka – Breno , Slano – Ragusan Littoral , Ston , Island of Lastovo , Island of Mljet, Islands of Šipan, Lopud and Koločep) and captaincies ( Cavtat , Orebić , Janjina ) with local magistrates appointed by the Major Council. Lastovo and Mljet were semi-autonomous communities each having its own Statute. According to
7656-671: Was refused to the representative of the Ragusan Republic. All of this was in blatant contradiction to the solemn treaties that the Austrian Emperors signed with the Republic: the first on 20 August 1684, in which Leopold I promised and guaranteed inviolate liberty ("inviolatam libertatem") to the Republic, and the second in 1772, in which the Empress Maria Theresa promised protection and respect of
7744-524: Was separated from the Dalmatian possessions of its rival Venice by two buffer zones ceded by Ragusa to the Ottoman Empire to prevent the possibility of Venice invading via land: north of its territory is Neum and the bay of Klek, and south of its territory is Sutorina with the port of Herceg Novi on the Bay of Kotor , part of Montenegro since 1947 (later the topic of the now-resolved Sutorina dispute ). The Karlowitz borders were reaffirmed in 1718 by
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