50-598: Recherla Nayakas were an Andhra dynasty that wrested power from the Musunuri Nayakas and became the dominant power in the Telangana region during the late 14th century and early 15th century (r. 1368–1435). They were based at Rachakonda , southeast of Golconda , the border with the Bahmani sultanate during this period, and built a second base at Devarakonda . Even though modern historians of Andhra identify
100-459: A "man of knowledge" and had an interest in subjects like philosophy, medicine, mathematics, religion, Persian and Urdu/Hindustani poetry. In his " Medieval India ", "He was perfect in the humanities of his day, a keen student of Persian poetry ... a master of style, supremely eloquent in an age of rhetoric, a philosopher trained in Logic and Greek metaphysics, with whom scholars feared to argue,
150-494: A dog or cat was left), it is generally believed that this is an exaggeration. Such exaggerated accounts simply imply that Delhi suffered a downfall in its stature and trade. Besides, it is believed that only the powerful and nobility suffered hardships if any. Two Sanskrit inscriptions dated 1327 and 1328 C.E. confirm this view and establish the prosperity of the Hindus of Delhi and its vicinity at that time. Although this decision
200-651: A larger rebellion against the Tughluq rule, driving it out of Warangal in 1336. According to the Kaluvacheru grant of Anithalli, a female member of the Panta Reddi clan in 1423, Kapaya Nayaka was assisted by 75 Nayakas. The grant also states that Prolaya Vema Reddi was one among these 75 Nayakas. Muhammad bin Tughluq, who became the Sultan of Delhi in 1324, witnessed numerous rebellions starting in 1330, first in
250-824: A mathematician and lover of science." Barani has written that Tughluq wanted the traditions of the nubuwwah to be followed in his kingdom. Even though he did not believe in mysticism, Chandra states that he respected the Sufi saints, which is evident from the fact of his building of the mausoleum of the saint Nizamuddin Auliya at Nizamuddin Dargah . Critics have called him hasty in nature, owing to most of his experiments failing due to lack of preparation. Ibn Battuta has also written that he depended on his own judgment and rarely took advice from others and has also criticized him for his giving of excessive gifts and "harsh punishments". He
300-785: A ruling family of 14th-century South India who were briefly significant in the region of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh . Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka is said to have taken a leadership role among the Andhra chieftains and driven out the Delhi Sultanate from Warangal . But his rise was soon challenged by the Bahmani Sultanate and he was defeated along with the Vijayanagar in the Bahmani–Vijayanagar War . The Recherla Nayakas wrested power from him in 1368. Little
350-497: A significant threat to the Tughluq empire. Tughluq raised an army of possibly up to 370,000 soldiers in 1329. Barani has written that Tughluq took no step to check the ability of the soldiers or the brand of horses. They were paid in one year advance, and after being kept idle for one year, Tughluq found it difficult to pay them. Therefore, he decided to disperse and dissolve the soldiers in 1329. In 1333, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led
400-700: A temple. Firuz Shah Tughlaq had claimed that before his rule, idol-temples had been permitted to be rebuilt contrary to the Sharia. The contemporaneous Jain authorities attests Muhammad cordial relations with the Jains and further showing favour to the Jain scholars. Tughluq was a strict Muslim, maintaining his five prayers during a day, used to fast in Ramadan. According to 19th century CE British historian Stanley Lane-Poole, apparently courtesans had hailed Tughluq as
450-522: A wider swathe of eastern Telangana that was governed from there. He also tried to support other rebels in the surrounding areas, although in the case of aid given to Alauddin Bahman Shah , the outcome was that his fellow rebel turned on him. Several military engagements with Bahman Shah followed over a period of years, during which Kapaya Nayaka had to cede various forts and territories, including Golconda (near modern Hyderabad). His weakened position
500-471: Is known of the Musunuri family; they are often described as "obscure". The founding ruler of the family, Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka not to be confused with prolaya vema reddi a contemporary ruler from reddi dynasty, suddenly appears as a new ruler at Rekapalle, near Bhadrachalam , around 1330. Prolaya Nayaka was son of Musunuri Pochaya Nayaka. Some Andhra historians state that Musunuri Nayakas belonged to
550-600: The Chagatai Khanate , ruled over Turkistan and Transoxiana and another branch of Hulagu Khan conquered present day Iran and Iraq . However, at the time of Tughlaq, both of the dynasties were on the downfall, with conditions in Transoxiana unstable after the death of Tarmashirin . He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited nobles and leaders from these regions and gave them grants. At that time many Afghan rulers gained independence and posed
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#1732775430475600-548: The Kakatiya dynasty . Muhammad ascended to the Delhi throne upon his father's death in 1325. Muhammad bin Tughluq had an interest in medicine . He was also skilled in several languages: Persian , Hindavi , Arabic , Sanskrit and Turkic . Ibn Battuta , the famous traveler and jurist from Morocco, wrote in his book about his time at the Sultan's court. Muhammad bin Tughluq was born to Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq , who founded
650-705: The Kamma caste group. However, according to Cynthia Talbot, the modern castes of Andhra region did not originate until the late stages of the Vijayanagara Empire . Musunuri Nayakas were ardent saivities and Kapaya Nayaka acclaimed that he was chosen by none other than the Lord Visweswara of Kashi (i.e. Lord Siva) to protect the Dharma. After the fall of the Kakatiyas, their empire was annexed by
700-753: The Reddy dynasty in the coastal Andhra region. They were initially allied with the Bahmani sultanate , following the same terms of agreement as reached by the Musunuri Nayakas in 1364, whereas the Reddys were allied to the Vijayanagara Empire . Following a split among the Reddy clan, into Rajahmundry Reddys and Kondavidu Reddys, the Kondavidu Reddys switched their allegiance to the Bahmanis and
750-647: The Tughlaq dynasty after taking control of the Delhi Sultanate . He is also known as Prince Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Juna Khan or Ulugh Khan. Jauna Khan remarked that he was "bound to all Indians by ties of blood and relation." After the death of his father Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq , Muhammad bin Tughlaq ascended the throne of Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi in February, 1325 CE . In his reign, he conquered Warangal (in present-day Telangana , India), Ma'abar ( Kayalpatnam ) and Madurai ( Tamil Nadu , India), and areas up to
800-808: The Vilasa grant, Prolaya Nayaka ruled from Rekapalle located at the edge of the Papikondalu hills (part of the Eastern Ghats ), Rekapalle could control the narrow Sabari river valley lying between the Bhadrachalam forest and the Papikondalu forest. Konda Reddis , who populate the hill forests would have facilitated Prolaya Nayaka's rebellion against the Sultanate. Rekapalle is also a strategic location to control or obstruct communications on
850-972: The Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I the Turquoise throne of Warangal, made during the Delhi rule, as part of a treaty agreement. After the death of Kapaya Nayaka, his allied Nayakas are said to have returned to their own towns, and the period of the Musunuri family ended. The Recherla Nayakas became the dominant power in the Telangana that lasted till 1435. Muhammad bin Tughluq Muhammad bin Tughluq ( Persian : محمد بن تغلق ; Persian pronunciation: [mu.ham.ˈmad bin tuɣ.ˈlaq] ; 1290 – 20 March 1351), also named Jauna Khan as Crown Prince, also known by his epithets , The Eccentric Prince , or The Mad Sultan ,
900-532: The Delhi Sultanate. Ulugh Khan (also known as Muhammad bin Tughluq ), the general that conquered Warangal, renamed it "Sultanpur" and remained as the governor of the region for a short period. In 1324, he was recalled to Delhi to succeed the Khaljis as Muhammad bin Tughluq . A former Kakatiya commander, Nagaya Ganna Vibhudu, now renamed Malik Maqbul , was appointed as the governor of the region. However,
950-629: The Godavari river passing through the hills. Prolaya Vema Reddi of the Panta Reddi clan, who seems to have established his own independent rule in Addanki by 1325, is believed to have taken control of the region between the Krishna and Godavari rivers, perhaps up to Rajahmundry . Historian M. Rama Rao states that Prolayavema Reddi and Prolaya Nayaka must have made a 'joint effort' to drive
1000-600: The Muslim rule out from the area. In 1330, Prolaya Nayaka published the Vilasa grant , a copper-plate grant near Pithapuram , in which he bemoaned the devastation of the Telugu country brought about by northern Muslim armies and attempted to legitimise himself as the rightful restorer of order. Prolaya Nayaka left no children and was succeeded by a cousin, Kapaya Nayaka, who governed until 1368 and attempted to further expand his rule. Kapaya Nayaka ( r. 1333–1368) led
1050-540: The Pandya empire. Two other titles held by 'Dacha Nayaka' related to this event are Kañci Kavāṭa Chuṟakāra and Pañca Pānḍya Daḷavibhāḷa (i.e. destroyer of armies of five Pandyas, namely, Vira Pandya, Vikrama Pandya, Parakrama Pandya, Sundara Pandya, and Kulasekhara Pandya). The Recherla Nayakas built two fortified towns at Rachakonda and Devarakonda in the Nalgonda district . The Recherlas had as their rivals
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#17327754304751100-745: The Qarachil expedition to the Kullu - Kangra region of modern-day Himachal Pradesh in India. Historians like Badauni and Ferishta wrote that Tughluq originally wanted to cross the Himalayas and invade China. However, he faced local resistance in Himachal . Dharm Chand of the Hindu Rajput kingdom of Katoch clan of Kangra defeated the army of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq which was not able to fight in
1150-570: The Recherla Nayakas with Velamas , Cynthia Talbot states that the formation of the Velama community dates to a later period, the mid-sixteenth century at the earliest. The Recherla Nayakas are believed to have established their first base at Amanugallu . Driven by ambition and avarice, Recherla Nayaks (Anapota and Maada Nayaka) joined hands with Bahmani Sultan and marched on Warangal. In a battle fought at Bhimavaram in 1368, Kapaya Nayaka
1200-740: The Recherlas aligned themselves with the Vijayanagara. A major battle ensued at Pangal Fort (near Wanaparthi) in 1419 in which the coalition of the Vijayanagara, Recherlas and Rajahmundry Reddys was victorious. However, the change of allegiance by Recherlas led to attacks by the Bahmani sultanate in the 1420s, who captured Warangal as well as Rachakonda by 1435. Thereafter, the Recherla chiefs remained small players scattered throughout Telangana. Musunuri Nayakas The Musunuri Nayakas were
1250-400: The Tughluq hold over the erstwhile Kakatiya empire was tenuous and a number of local chieftains seized effective power. Vilasa grant was the only inscription made by Prolaya Nayaka that got discovered. This grant was very crucial for Andhra history gave new insight into the history of Andhra and Telangana, and the happenings aftermath of the death of Kakatiya Prataparudra II. This Vilasa grant
1300-573: The army. Barani had also written that the sultan's treasury had been exhausted by his action of giving rewards and gifts in gold. In the rural areas, officials like the muqaddams paid the revenue in brass and copper coins and also used the same coins to purchase arms and horses. As a result, the value of coins decreased, and, in the words of Satish Chandra , the coins became " as worthless as stones ". This also disrupted trade and commerce. The token currency had inscriptions in Persian and Arabic marking
1350-456: The artistic perfection of design and finish. In 1330, after his failed expedition to Deogiri , he issued token currency; that is coins of brass and copper were minted whose value was equal to that of gold and silver coins. Historian Ziauddin Barani felt that this step was taken by Tughluq as he wanted to annex all the inhabited areas of the world for which a treasury was required to pay
1400-599: The command of Krishn Naig, who reduced Wurungole and compelled Imad-ool-Moolk, the governor, to retreat to Dowlatabad [Daulatabad]. Historian R. C. Majumdar characterizes it as a 'national revolt' backed up by a regular army. Governor Malik Maqbul found himself unable to withstand the rebellion and fled to Delhi. Ferishta states that Kapaya Nayaka and Ballala III then jointly marched on the newly declared Madurai Sultanate and divested it of its outlying territories, in particular Tondaimandalam . Kapaya Nayaka took control of Warangal from Malik Maqbul in 1336 and thus also of
1450-519: The contrary, Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammed was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities. Ibn Battuta mentions that the king of China (the Yuan Emperor ) had sent an embassy to Muhammad for reconstruction of a sacked temple at Sambhal . The envoys were however denied with the statement that only those living in a Muslim territory who paid the jizya could be permitted to restore
1500-585: The downfall of the Islamic Sultanate of Delhi. To add to Tughluq's woes, his own generals rebelled against him. One of his generals, an Afghan or Turk Muslim named Hasan Gangu , would go on to form the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan during the Rebellion of Ismail Mukh . Historian Ishwari Prasad writes that different coins of different shapes and sizes were produced by his mints which lacked
1550-510: The hills. Nearly all his 100,000 soldiers perished and were forced to retreat. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq died in 1351 on his way to Thatta , Sindh , while he was campaigning in Sindh against Taghi, a Turkic slave tribe. It was during his reign that the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed by twofold resistance. One was from Rajputs led by Hammir Singh of Mewar. and the other from Harihara and Bukka of South India. While Rana Hammir Singh liberated
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1600-512: The immediate vicinity in the Ganga-Yamuna doab, which caused a famine in Delhi, and rebellions within ranks in Ma'bar ( Madurai ) and Bengal. It is possible that Kapaya Nayaka advanced in the direction of Warangal in this period, acquiring some of its territory. Consequently, Telangana was also counted among the rebellious territories. In 1334–35, the Sultan marched on Deccan in an attempt to quell
1650-519: The immigrants. Even though the citizens migrated, they showed dissent. According to Ibn Batuta's accounts, the reason for the transfer of capital was that Tughluq shifted the capital for protection from Mongol and Afghan Invasion which was later confirmed by Historian Garner Brown. In the process, many died on the road due to hunger and exhaustion as there were not enough resources. Moreover, coins minted in Daulatabad around 1333, showed that Daulatabad
1700-471: The modern day southern tip of the Indian state of Karnataka . In the conquered territories, Tughluq created a new set of revenue officials to assess the financial aspects of the area. Their accounts helped the audit in the office of the wazir . Muhammad bin Tughluq was also known for his tolerance for other religions. Several historians mention that the Sultan honored the Jain monk Jinaprabha Suri during
1750-481: The rebellions, but his army was struck by some kind of epidemic and the Sultan himself fell gravely ill. He was forced to retreat to Delhi via Daulatabad. It is said that about a third of his army perished due to the epidemic. Ferishta narrates that, around this time, Kapaya Nayaka approached the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III for assistance in evicting the Sultanate from Warangal. After consideration, assistance
1800-401: The road; he set up halting stations at an interval of two miles. Provisions for food and water were also made available at the stations but most of the people died during the shifting as the ruler was not able to provide them with enough food and water for their survival. Tughluq established a khanqah at each of the stations where at least one sufi saint was stationed. A regular postal service
1850-594: The share of 7 plates held by Venkata Rao Pantulu got preserved and now they are currently located in the Government museum at Chennai . These 7 copper plates are deciphered by Somasekhara Sarma and they reveal about a land grant to Brahmins in Konaseema region nearby a village named Vilasa ( Telugu : విలస ), currently in Ainavilli Mandal of Konaseema district , Andhra Pradesh. According to
1900-454: The strategic Rajputana following the victory in Battle of Singoli in 1336, Harihara and Bukka established a new empire called Vijayanagara Empire , by initially defeating and later ending Madurai Sultanate that was ruling the city of Madurai and its environs of South India on behalf of Delhi Sultanate. Several other south Indian rulers like Musunuri Kaapaaneedu , etc. also contributed to
1950-505: The use of new coins instead of the royal seal and so the citizens could not distinguish between the official and the forged coins. Records show that the use of token currency had stopped by 1333 as Ibn Battuta who came to Delhi in 1334, wrote a journal which made no mention of this currency. There are conflicting views expressed by historians on his religious tolerance. While visitors Ibn Battuta, Nunez and Firistha mention that Muhammed Bin Tughlaq showed intolerance to other religions, on
2000-424: The year 1328. Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammad was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities. In 1327, Tughluq ordered to move his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (also known as Devagiri) (in present-day Maharashtra ) in the Deccan region of India. Muhammad bin Tughlaq himself had spent a number of years as a prince on campaign in the southern states during the reign of his father. Daulatabad
2050-812: Was "the second capital". In 1334, there was a rebellion in Mabar , led by the North Indian Muslim soldier, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan Kaithali , a native of Kaithal in North India , who founded the Madurai Sultanate . While on his way to suppress the rebellion, there was an outbreak of bubonic plague at Bidar due to which Tughluq himself became ill, and many of his soldiers died. While he retreated back to Daulatabad, Mabar and Dwarsamudra broke away from Tughluq's control. This
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2100-580: Was also situated at a central place so the administration of both the north and the south could be possible. These elite colonists from Delhi were Urdu-speakers , who carried the Urdu language to the Deccan. These immigrants included Hasan Gangu , a celebrated general who would later found the Bahmanid Empire . A broad road was constructed for convenience. Shady trees were planted on both sides of
2150-407: Was established between Delhi and Daulatabad. In 1329, his mother also went to Daulatabad, accompanied by the nobles. By around the same year, Tughluq summoned all the slaves, nobles, servants, ulema , sufis to the new capital. The new capital was divided into wards called mohalla with separate quarters for different people like soldiers, poets, judges, and nobles Grants were also given by Tughluq to
2200-815: Was exploited by the Reddis of Kondavidu and the Recherla Nayakas , the latter of whom killed him in battle at Bhimavaram near Warangal in 1368. Despite his supposed opposition to the Dehlavi Sultans, Kapaya Nayaka continued using the Kush Mahal built by the Sultans in Warangal and adopted the Persianised title "Sultan of the Andhra country" ( Āndhra Suratrāṇa ). In 1361, he gifted to
2250-425: Was followed by a revolt in Bengal . Fearing that the sultanate's northern borders were exposed to attacks, in 1335, he decided to shift the capital back to Delhi , forcing the citizens to return to their previous city. This caused many more deaths. While most of the Medieval historians, including Barani and Ibn Battuta, tend to have implied that Delhi was entirely emptied (as is famously mentioned by Barani that not
2300-453: Was killed and the Recherlas got control of Telangana. Anapota Nayaka later claimed, in an inscription issued in 1369, that his grandfather, Dachaya, had served as a chief under the Kakatiyas and that Prataparudra II conferred on him the title Pandya-raja-gaja-kesari (a lion against the Pandya elephants). The titles related to the defeat of Pandyas was after a battle at Kanchipuram against Pandyas where Recherla Nayakas defeated five royals of
2350-441: Was offered. Bilal Dew [Ballala], convened a meeting of his kinsmen and resolved, first, to secure the forts of his own country. and then to remove his seat of government among the mountains. Krishn Naig [Kapaya Nayak] promised, on his part also, that when their plans were ripe for execution, to raise all the Hindoos of Wurungole and Telingana and put himself at their head.... He (Bilal Dew) then raised an army and put part of it under
2400-564: Was originally discovered in the 19th century but it came to limelight after nearly a century and got deciphered by the eminent Indian historian, Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma who specialized in the medieval history of Andhra and Telangana. The grant details got published in Volume 32 of the Epigrahia Indica, which mentions that the original discovery happened at Kandarāḍa , a village near the ancient town Pithapuram , Andhra Pradesh , by Hundi Venkata Rao Pantulu and his Vaishya partner. These discovered 14 copper plates were equally distributed and
2450-462: Was the eighteenth Sultan of Delhi . He reigned from February 1325 until his death in 1351. The sultan was the eldest son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq , founder of the Tughlaq dynasty . In 1321, the young Muhammad was sent by his father to the Deccan Plateau to fight a military campaign against the Kakatiya dynasty . In 1323, the future sultan successfully laid siege upon the Kakatiya capital in Warangal . This victory over King Prataparudra ended
2500-441: Was unpopular among the Muslim elite, one impact of this decision was that Islamic rule in Deccan lasted centuries longer than Delhi's own unstable authority over the south. If not for Tughlaq's creation of a Muslim elite at Daulatabad, there would have been no stable Muslim power like the Bahmani Sultanate to check the rising power of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire . After the death of Genghis Khan , one line of his descendants,
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