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44-707: The Red Hare was mentioned in Lü Bu 's biographies in the historical texts Records of the Three Kingdoms and Book of the Later Han . It was described as very powerful and capable of "galloping across cities and leaping over moats ". Lü Bu rode this horse in 193 during a battle in Changshan ( 常山 ; around present-day Shijiazhuang , Hebei ), in which he helped another warlord Yuan Shao defeat his rival Zhang Yan . The Cao Man Zhuan ( 曹瞞傳 ) recorded that there

88-473: A feuilleton . The Count of Monte Cristo was stretched out to 139 instalments. Eugène Sue's serial novel Le Juif errant increased circulation of Le Constitutionnel from 3,600 to 25,000. Production in book form soon followed and serialisation was one of the main reasons that nineteenth-century novels were so long. Authors and publishers kept the story going if it was successful since authors were paid by line and by episode. Gustave Flaubert 's Madame Bovary

132-512: A day. [...] crosses rivers and climbs mountains as though it is moving on flat land, [...] It is of uniform ashen red, with not a hair of another colour; it measures one zhang from head to tail and eight chi from hoof to head; it neighs as if it has the ambition of soaring into the sky or diving into the sea." After Lü Bu's downfall and death at the Battle of Xiapi , the Red Hare comes into

176-706: A full translation of fascicle 29. Rafe de Crespigny , in addition to his translation of Sun Jian's biography (Fascicle 46), also translated excerpts of the Records of the Three Kingdoms in his translation of the Zizhi Tongjian that deals with the last years of the Han dynasty, as does Achilles Fang , who translated the Zizhi Tongjian fascicles that deal with the Three Kingdoms period proper. The Zizhi Tongjian fascicles in question draw heavily from Records of

220-418: A note or even offer a correction. In regard to historical events and figures, as well as Chen Shou's original text, he added his own commentary. Crucially, he cited his sources in almost every case. The Records of the Three Kingdoms was the main source of inspiration for the 14th century Romance of the Three Kingdoms , one of the four great Classic Chinese Novels . As such the records is considered one of

264-545: A serial format, for example, Alan Moore's Watchmen . The rise of fan fiction on the internet also follows a serial fiction style of publication, as seen on websites such as FanFiction.Net and Archive of Our Own (AO3) . Aspiring authors have also used the web to publish free-to-read works in serialised format on their own websites as well as web-based communities such as LiveJournal , Fictionpress.com, fictionhub, Kindle Vella and Wattpad . Many of these books receive as many readers as successful novels; some have received

308-453: A single work. Pei collected other records to add information he felt should be added. He provided detailed explanations to some of the geography and other elements mentioned in the original. He also included multiple accounts of the same events. Sometimes, the accounts he added contradicted each other, but he included them anyway since he could not decide which version was the correct one. If Pei added something that sounded wrong, he would make

352-606: A substantial print run of bound volumes: if the work was not a success, no bound volumes needed to be prepared. If, on the other hand, the serialised book sold well, it was a good bet that bound volumes would sell well, too. Serialised fiction surged in popularity during Britain's Victorian era , due to a combination of the rise of literacy, technological advances in printing, and improved economics of distribution. Most Victorian novels first appeared as instalments in monthly or weekly periodicals. The wild success of Charles Dickens 's The Pickwick Papers , first published in 1836,

396-475: A volume, and it is in the magazine that the best novelist always appears first." Among the American writers who wrote in serial form were Henry James and Herman Melville . A large part of the appeal for writers at the time was the broad audiences that serialisation could reach, which would then grow their following for published works. One of the first significant American works to be released in serial format

440-676: A year's time in 1894–95 and serialised only after completion, in 1895–96). In addition, works in late Qing dynasty China had been serialised. The Nine-tailed Turtle was serialised from 1906 to 1910. Bizarre Happenings Eyewitnessed over Two Decades was serialised in Xin Xiaoshuo (T: 新小說, S: 新小说, P: Xīn Xiǎoshuō ; W: Hsin Hsiao-shuo ; "New Fiction"), a magazine by Liang Qichao . The first half of Officialdom Unmasked appeared in instalments of Shanghai Shijie Fanhua Bao , serialised there from April 1903 to June 1905. With

484-519: Is Uncle Tom's Cabin , by Harriet Beecher Stowe , which was published over a 40-week period by The National Era , an abolitionist periodical, starting with the June 5, 1851 issue. Serialisation was so standard in American literature that authors from that era often built instalment structure into their creative process. James, for example, often had his works divided into multi-part segments of similar length. The consumption of fiction during that time

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528-456: Is a Chinese official history written by Chen Shou in the late 3rd century CE, covering the end of the Han dynasty ( c.  184  – 220 CE) and the subsequent Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE). It is regarded as to be the authoritative source text for these periods. Compiled following the reunification of China under the Jin dynasty (266–420) , the work chronicles

572-563: Is published in smaller, sequential instalments. The instalments are also known as numbers , parts , fascicules or fascicles , and may be released either as separate publications or within sequential issues of a periodical publication , such as a magazine or newspaper. Serialisation can also begin with a single short story that is subsequently turned into a series. Historically, such series have been published in periodicals. Popular short-story series are often published together in book form as collections. The growth of moveable type in

616-558: Is widely considered to have established the viability and appeal of the serialised format within periodical literature. During that era, the line between "quality" and "commercial" literature was not distinct. Other famous writers who wrote serial literature for popular magazines were Wilkie Collins , inventor of the detective novel with The Moonstone ; Anthony Trollope , many of whose novels were published in serial form in Cornhill magazine; and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , who created

660-547: The Book of Shu in the Records was composed by Chen Shou himself based on his earlier personal notes about events in Shu and other primary sources he collected, such as his previously compiled writings of Zhuge Liang . The Records of the Three Kingdoms used the year 220 CE—when the last emperor of the Han dynasty was forced to abdicate to Cao Pi—as the year in which the Wei dynasty

704-456: The Book of Wei by Wang Chen , Xun Yi , and Ruan Ji ; and the Book of Wu by Wei Zhao , Hua He , Xue Ying , Zhou Zhao ( 周昭 ), and Liang Guang ( 梁廣 ). Additionally, Yu Huan had completed his privately compiled history of Wei, the Weilüe . Chen Shou used these texts as the foundation of the Records of the Three Kingdoms . However, since the state of Shu lacked an official history bureau,

748-459: The Romance of the Three Kingdoms , though the Romance also includes a number of characters and stories that are fictional. However, most of the historical facts were drawn from Chen's Records . The Records of the Three Kingdoms has not been fully translated into English. William Gordon Crowell alludes to a project to translate Chen Shou's work with Pei Songzhi's commentary in full, but it

792-606: The Sherlock Holmes stories originally for serialisation in The Strand magazine. While American periodicals first syndicated British writers, over time they drew from a growing base of domestic authors. The rise of the periodicals like Harper's and the Atlantic Monthly grew in symbiotic tandem with American literary talent. The magazines nurtured and provided economic sustainability for writers, while

836-404: The 17th century prompted episodic and often disconnected narratives such as L'Astrée and Le Grand Cyrus . At that time, books remained a premium item, so to reduce the price and expand the market, publishers produced large works in lower-cost instalments called fascicles. These had the added attraction of allowing a publisher to gauge the popularity of a work without incurring the expense of

880-437: The Red Hare as a gift to Lü Bu and induce Lü Bu to betray his foster father, Ding Yuan , and defect to his side. Lü Bu is very pleased to receive the Red Hare. After Li Su convinces him to do so, he murders Ding Yuan and defects to Dong Zhuo, whom he pledges allegiance to and acknowledges as his new foster father. The Red Hare is described in the novel as follows: "[...] named 'Red Hare', capable of travelling 1,000 li in

924-692: The Road in The New York Times Magazine in 2007. The emergence of the World Wide Web prompted some authors to revise a serial format. Stephen King experimented with The Green Mile (1996) and, less successfully, with the uncompleted The Plant in 2000. Michel Faber allowed The Guardian to serialise his novel The Crimson Petal and the White . In 2005, Orson Scott Card serialised his out-of-print novel Hot Sleep in

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968-417: The Three Kingdoms consist of 65 fascicles divided into three books—one per eponymous kingdom—totaling around 360,000 Chinese characters in length. The Book of Wei , Book of Shu , and Book of Wu receive 30 fascicles, 15 fascicles, and 20 fascicles respectively. Each fascicle is organised in the form of one or more biographies. The author Chen Shou was born in present-day Nanchong , Sichuan , then in

1012-427: The Three Kingdoms . Further excerpts of the Records can be found in various sourcebooks dealing with East Asian history. Below is a table containing the known English translations of the Records of the Three Kingdoms that have been published in academia: Fascicle (book) In literature , a serial is a printing or publishing format by which a single larger work , often a work of narrative fiction ,

1056-672: The Vanities , about contemporary New York City, ran in 27 parts in Rolling Stone , partially inspired by the model of Dickens. The magazine paid $ 200,000 for his work, but Wolfe heavily revised the work before publication as a standalone novel. Alexander McCall Smith , author of The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series, experimented in 2004 with publishing his novel 44 Scotland Street in instalments every weekday in The Scotsman . Michael Chabon serialised Gentlemen of

1100-739: The author's success, as audience appetite created a demand for further instalments. In the German-speaking countries , the serialised novel was widely popularised by the weekly family magazine Die Gartenlaube , which reached a circulation of 382,000 by 1875. In Russia, The Russian Messenger serialised Leo Tolstoy 's Anna Karenina from 1873 to 1877 and Fyodor Dostoevsky 's The Brothers Karamazov from 1879 to 1880. In Poland, Bolesław Prus wrote several serialised novels: The Outpost (1885–86), The Doll (1887–89), The New Woman (1890–93), and his sole historical novel , Pharaoh (the latter, exceptionally, written entire over

1144-750: The death of Sun Hao in 284. One abstract regarding the chronology is translated as follows: In the 24th year (of Jian'an), the Former Lord became the King of Hanzhong, and he appointed (Guan) Yu as the General of the Vanguard. In the same year, (Guan) Yu led his men to attack Cao Ren at Fan. Lord Cao sent Yu Jin to aid (Cao) Ren. In autumn, great rains caused the Han River to flood. (Yu) Jin and all seven armies he oversaw were inundated. During

1188-480: The earliest extant native record being the Kojiki of 712. The text forms the foundation on which the 14th-century novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong is based. In addition, Chen Shou's literary style and vivid portrayal of characters have been a source of influence for the novel. The Records include biographies of historical figures such as Cao Cao and Guan Yu who feature prominently in

1232-652: The fifth century, the Liu Song dynasty historian Pei Songzhi (372–451) extensively annotated Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms using a variety of other sources, augmenting the text to twice the length of the original. This work, completed in 429, became one of the official histories of the Three Kingdoms period, under the title Sanguozhi zhu (三国志注 zhu meaning "notes"). Bibliographical records indicate that up until Pei's own Liu Song dynasty, Chen Shou's three books had circulated individually rather than as

1276-494: The first issue of his online magazine, InterGalactic Medicine Show . In 2008 McCall Smith wrote a serialised online novel Corduroy Mansions , with the audio edition read by Andrew Sachs made available at the same pace as the daily publication. In 2011, pseudonymous author Wildbow published Worm , which remains one of the most popular web serials of all time. Conversely, graphic novels became more popular in this period containing stories that were originally published in

1320-499: The main record. For example, the biography of Liu Yan begins with discussing his ancestor Liu Yu 's enfeoffment at Jingling (present-day Tianmen , Hubei ) in around 85 CE. The first event to receive detailed description throughout the work is the Yellow Turban Rebellion in 184. Many biographies make passing mention of the event, but more concrete information such as correspondence and troop movements during

1364-524: The most influential historical and cultural texts in Chinese history. In addition, the records provide one of the earliest accounts of Korea and Japan. Chen's Records set the standard for how Korea and Japan would write their official histories as well. Chen's Records is the chronologically final text of the "Four Histories" ( 四史 ), which together influenced and served as a model for Korean and Japanese official histories. The Records are important to

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1408-404: The political, social, and military events within rival states Cao Wei , Shu Han and Eastern Wu into a single text organized by individual biography. The Records are the primary source of information for the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , considered to be one of the four classic novels emblematic of written vernacular Chinese . While large subsections of

1452-480: The possession of the warlord Cao Cao . Cao Cao gives it to Guan Yu later in an attempt to influence Guan Yu to join him. After Guan Yu's death, Ma Zhong (馬忠) takes the Red Hare and presents it to his lord Sun Quan , who immediately gives the horse as a gift to Ma Zhong. The Red Hare starves itself for days and dies. Records of the Three Kingdoms The Records of the Three Kingdoms

1496-750: The research of early Korean ( 삼국지 Samguk ji ) and Japanese history (三国志 Sangokushi). It provides, among other things, the first detailed account of Korean and Japanese societies such as Goguryeo , Yemaek and Wa . The passages in Fascicle 30 about the Wa, where the Yamatai-koku and its ruler Queen Himiko are recorded, are referred to as the Wajinden in Japanese studies . The Japanese did not have their own records until more than three centuries later, with

1540-931: The rise of broadcast—both radio and television series —in the first half of the 20th century, printed periodical fiction began a slow decline as newspapers and magazines shifted their focus from entertainment to information and news. However, some serialisation of novels in periodicals continued, with mixed success. The first several books in the Tales of the City series by Armistead Maupin appeared from 1978 as regular instalments in San Francisco newspapers. Similar serial novels ran in other city newspapers, such as The Serial (1976; Marin County ), Tangled Lives (Boston), Bagtime (Chicago), and Federal Triangle (Washington, D.C.). Starting in 1984, Tom Wolfe 's The Bonfire of

1584-518: The state of Shu Han . After the Conquest of Shu by Wei in 263, he became an official historian under the government of the Jin dynasty , and created a history of the Three Kingdoms period. After the Conquest of Wu by Jin in 280, his work received the acclaim of senior minister Zhang Hua . Prior to the Jin dynasty, both the states of Cao Wei and Wu has already composed their own official histories:

1628-413: The uprising can be found in fragmentary form in at least four fascicles: the biographies of Cheng Yu , Yu Jin , Liu Bei , and Sun Jian . The three books in the Records of the Three Kingdoms end at different dates, with the main section of the Book of Wei ending with the abdication of Cao Huan in 265, the Book of Shu ending with the death of Liu Shan in 271, and the Book of Wu ending with

1672-608: The work have been selected and translated into English, the entire corpus has yet to receive an unabridged English translation. The Book of Han and Records of the Three Kingdoms join the original Han-era universal history Records of the Grand Historian to constitute the first three entries in the Twenty-Four Histories canon, with each work cementing the new genre's literary and historiographical qualities as established by Sima Qian . The Records of

1716-463: The writers helped grow the periodicals' circulation base. During the late 19th century, those that were considered the best American writers first published their work in serial form and then only later in a completed volume format. As a piece in Scribner's Monthly explained in 1878, "Now it is the second or third rate novelist who cannot get publication in a magazine, and is obliged to publish in

1760-520: Was a saying at the time to describe Lü Bu and his Red Hare: "Among men, Lü Bu; Among steeds, Chì Tù (the Red Hare)". The Red Hare has a more prominent role in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. It is originally a prized steed of the warlord Dong Zhuo . After hearing a suggestion from his adviser Li Su , Dong Zhuo sends Li Su to present

1804-604: Was apparently discontinued. Parts of that project are published by Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell under the title Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary ( University of Hawaii Press , 1999), which includes the translations for fascicles 5, 34, and 50. Other translations include Kenneth J. Dewoskin's Doctors Diviners and Magicians of Ancient China: Biographies of Fang-Shih ( Columbia University Press , 1983), which includes

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1848-407: Was different than in the 20th century. Instead of being read in a single volume, a novel would often be consumed by readers in instalments over a period as long as a year, with the authors and periodicals often responding to audience reaction. In France, Alexandre Dumas and Eugène Sue were masters of the serialised genre. The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo each appeared as

1892-409: Was established. The Records refer to the rulers of Wei as 'Emperors' and those of Shu and Wu as 'Lords' or by their personal names. Due to the biographical rather than primarily annalistic arrangement of the work, assigning dates to the historical content is both imprecise and non-trivial. Certain fascicles contain background information about their subjects' forebears which date back centuries before

1936-523: Was serialised in La Revue de Paris in 1856. Some writers were prolific. Alexandre Dumas wrote at an incredible pace, oftentimes writing with his partner twelve to fourteen hours a day, working on several novels for serialised publication at once. However, not every writer could keep up with the serial writing pace. Wilkie Collins , for instance, was never more than a week before publication. The difference in writing pace and output in large part determined

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