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Red Hat Linux

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Red Hat Linux was a widely used commercial open-source Linux distribution created by Red Hat until its discontinuation in 2004.

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73-675: Early releases of Red Hat Linux were called Red Hat Commercial Linux . Red Hat published the first non-beta release in May 1995. It included the Red Hat Package Manager as its packaging format, and over time RPM has served as the starting point for several other distributions, such as Mandriva Linux and Yellow Dog Linux . In 2003, Red Hat discontinued the Red Hat Linux line in favor of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) for enterprise environments. Fedora Linux , developed by

146-917: A recursive acronym ) is a free and open-source package management system . The name RPM refers to the .rpm file format and the package manager program itself. RPM was intended primarily for Linux distributions ; the file format is the baseline package format of the Linux Standard Base . Although it was created for use in Red Hat Linux , RPM is now used in many Linux distributions such as PCLinuxOS , Fedora Linux , AlmaLinux , CentOS , openSUSE , OpenMandriva and Oracle Linux . It has also been ported to some other operating systems , such as Novell NetWare (as of version 6.5 SP3), IBM's AIX (as of version 4), IBM i , and ArcaOS . An RPM package can contain an arbitrary set of files. Most RPM files are "binary RPMs" (or BRPMs) containing

219-720: A 'wrapping' driver that uses Windows' own driver ntfs.sys , exists for Linux. It was built as a Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) program and released under the GPL but work on Captive NTFS ceased in 2006. Linux kernel versions 5.15 onwards carry NTFS3, a fully functional NTFS Read-Write driver which works on NTFS versions up to 3.1 and is maintained primarily by the Paragon Software Group . Mac OS X 10.3 included Ustimenko's read-only implementation of NTFS from FreeBSD. Then in 2006 Apple hired Anton Altaparmakov to write

292-455: A Linux kernel driver by Szabolcs Szakacsits. It was re-written as a FUSE program to work on other systems that FUSE supports like macOS , FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD , Solaris, QNX , and Haiku and allows reading and writing to NTFS partitions. A performance enhanced commercial version of NTFS-3G, called " Tuxera NTFS for Mac", is also available from the NTFS-3G developers. Captive NTFS ,

365-480: A case, the developer could provide only an SRPM, which is still an installable RPM. This is a special version of SRPM. It contains "SPEC" file and optionally patches, but does not include sources (usually because of license). As of June 2010 , there are two versions of RPM in development: one led by the Fedora Project and Red Hat, and the other by a separate group led by a previous maintainer of RPM,

438-572: A company, so that its managers get to know when someone tries to delete them or make a copy of them, and whether they succeed. Encrypting File System (EFS) provides user-transparent encryption of any file or folder on an NTFS volume. EFS works in conjunction with the EFS service, Microsoft's CryptoAPI and the EFS File System Run-Time Library (FSRTL). EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk symmetric key (also known as

511-477: A deeply esoteric method of tracking browsing history with concomitant privacy risks. If the downloaded file is executable (e.g. an installer), the Zone ADS can be used for reflection , enabling the program to identify where it was downloaded from, which may occasionally be used for telemetry and/or security purposes, whereby a program can attempt to verify that it was downloaded from an official source (assuming

584-638: A feature that allows backups of a system while in use. Starting with Windows NT 3.1 , it is the default file system of the Windows NT family superseding the File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. NTFS read/write support is available on Linux and BSD using NTFS3 in Linux and NTFS-3G in BSD . NTFS uses several files hidden from the user to store metadata about other files stored on

657-409: A file has multiple names via hard links, updating a file via one name does not update the cached data associated with the other name. You can always obtain up-to-date data using GetFileInformationByHandle (which is the true equivalent of POSIX stat function). This can be done using a handle which has no access to the file itself (passing zero to CreateFile for dwDesiredAccess), and closing this handle has

730-729: A former employee of Red Hat. The rpm.org community's first major code revision was in July 2007; version 4.8 was released in January 2010, version 4.9 in March 2011, 4.10 in May 2012, 4.11 in January 2013, 4.12 in September 2014 and 4.13 in July 2015. This version is used by distributions such as Fedora Linux , Red Hat Enterprise Linux and derivatives , openSUSE , SUSE Linux Enterprise , Unity Linux , Mageia , OpenEmbedded , Tizen and OpenMandriva Lx (formerly Mandriva ). Jeff Johnson,

803-532: A new NTFS implementation for Mac OS X 10.6 . Native NTFS write support is included in 10.6 and later, but is not activated by default, although workarounds do exist to enable the functionality. However, user reports indicate the functionality is unstable and tends to cause kernel panics . Paragon Software Group sells a read-write driver named NTFS for Mac , which is also included on some models of Seagate hard drives. The NetDrive package for OS/2 (and derivatives such as eComStation and ArcaOS ) supports

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876-603: A new feature in the file system; all the others are new operating system features that make use of NTFS features already in place. NTFS is optimized for 4  KB clusters , but supports a maximum cluster size of 2   MB . (Earlier implementations support up to 64   KB) The maximum NTFS volume size that the specification can support is 2 − 1 clusters, but not all implementations achieve this theoretical maximum, as discussed below. The maximum NTFS volume size implemented in Windows XP Professional

949-693: A partition type 07 must perform additional checks to distinguish between HPFS and NTFS. Microsoft has released five versions of NTFS: The NTFS.sys version number (e.g. v5.0 in Windows 2000) is based on the operating system version; it should not be confused with the NTFS version number (v3.1 since Windows XP). Although subsequent versions of Windows added new file system-related features, they did not change NTFS itself. For example, Windows Vista implemented NTFS symbolic links , Transactional NTFS , partition shrinking, and self-healing. NTFS symbolic links are

1022-462: A patched version of GCC from CVS that they called "2.96". The decision to ship an unstable GCC version was due to GCC 2.95's bad performance on non-i386 platforms, especially DEC Alpha . Newer GCCs had also improved support for the C++ standard, which caused much of the existing code not to compile. In particular, the use of a non-released version of GCC caused some criticism, e.g. from Linus Torvalds and

1095-434: A plugin which allows read and write access to NTFS volumes. There is a free-for-personal-use read/write driver for MS-DOS by Avira called "NTFS4DOS". Ahead Software developed a "NTFSREAD" driver (version 1.200) for DR-DOS 7.0x between 2002 and 2004. It was part of their Nero Burning ROM software. NTFS uses access control lists and user-level encryption to help secure user data. In NTFS, each file or folder

1168-473: A potential hiding place for malware, spyware, unseen browser history, and other potentially unwanted information. Alternate streams are not listed in Windows Explorer, and their size is not included in the file's size. When the file is copied or moved to another file system without ADS support the user is warned that alternate data streams cannot be preserved. No such warning is typically provided if

1241-478: A reasonable maximum size for a compressed file on an NTFS volume with a 4   KB (default) cluster (block) size. This reasonable maximum size decreases sharply for volumes with smaller cluster sizes. Large compressible files become highly fragmented since every chunk smaller than 64   KB becomes a fragment. Flash memory, such as SSD drives do not have the head movement delays and high access time of mechanical hard disk drives , so fragmentation has only

1314-506: A regular hard link. The NTFS file system has a limit of 1024 hard links on a file. Alternate data streams allow more than one data stream to be associated with a filename (a fork ), using the format "filename:streamname" (e.g., "text.txt:extrastream"). These streams are not shown to or made editable by users through any typical GUI application built into Windows by default, disguising their existence from most users. Although intended for helpful metadata , their arcane nature makes them

1387-404: A result of this common ancestry, HPFS and NTFS use the same disk partition identification type code (07). Using the same Partition ID Record Number is highly unusual, since there were dozens of unused code numbers available, and other major file systems have their own codes. For example, FAT has more than nine (one each for FAT12 , FAT16 , FAT32 , etc.). Algorithms identifying the file system in

1460-492: A single installation command needs to specify all the relevant packages. RPMs are often collected centrally in one or more repositories on the internet. A site often has its own RPM repositories which may either act as local mirrors of such internet repositories or be locally maintained collections of useful RPMs. Several front-ends to RPM ease the process of obtaining and installing RPMs from repositories and help in resolving their dependencies. These include: Working behind

1533-493: A smaller penalty. If system files that are needed at boot time (such as drivers, NTLDR, winload.exe, or BOOTMGR) are compressed, the system may fail to boot correctly, because decompression filters are not yet loaded. Later editions of Windows do not allow important system files to be compressed. Since Windows 10 , Microsoft has introduced new file compression scheme based on the XPRESS algorithm with 4K/8K/16K block size and

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1606-411: A system with Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) and 64-bit support. GPT data disks are supported on systems with BIOS. The NTFS maximum theoretical limit on the size of individual files is 16   EB ( 16 × 1024 or 2 bytes ) minus 1   KB, which totals 18,446,744,073,709,550,592 bytes. With Windows 10 version 1709 and Windows Server 2019 , the maximum implemented file size

1679-478: A user (using RPM) installs a package, thus enabling the user (via RPM) to reverse the changes and remove the package later. If the database gets corrupted (which is possible if the RPM client is killed ), the index databases can be recreated with the rpm --rebuilddb command. Whilst the RPM format is the same across different Linux distributions , the detailed conventions and guidelines may vary across them. An RPM

1752-520: A user holding administrative privileges. Windows Vista adds mandatory access control info to DACLs. DACLs are the primary focus of User Account Control in Windows Vista and later. The second ACL, called system access control list (SACL), defines which interactions with the file or folder are to be audited and whether they should be logged when the activity is successful, failed or both. For example, auditing can be enabled on sensitive files of

1825-407: A user-friendly way. NTFS Streams were introduced in Windows NT 3.1 , to enable Services for Macintosh (SFM) to store resource forks . Although current versions of Windows Server no longer include SFM, third-party Apple Filing Protocol (AFP) products (such as GroupLogic 's ExtremeZ-IP) still use this feature of the file system. Compression is enabled on a per-folder or per-file basis by setting

1898-473: Is 2 − 1 clusters, partly due to partition table limitations. For example, using 64   KB clusters, the maximum size Windows XP NTFS volume is 256   TB minus 64   KB . Using the default cluster size of 4   KB, the maximum NTFS volume size is 16   TB minus 4   KB. Both of these are vastly higher than the 128   GB limit in Windows XP SP1 . The size of a partition in

1971-497: Is 8   PB minus 2   MB or 9,007,199,252,643,840 bytes. While the different NTFS versions are for the most part fully forward - and backward-compatible , there are technical considerations for mounting newer NTFS volumes in older versions of Microsoft Windows. This affects dual-booting, and external portable hard drives. For example, attempting to use an NTFS partition with "Previous Versions" ( Volume Shadow Copy ) on an operating system that does not support it will result in

2044-472: Is a journaling file system and uses the NTFS Log ( $ LogFile ) to record metadata changes to the volume. It is a feature that FAT does not provide and is critical for NTFS to ensure that its complex internal data structures will remain consistent in case of system crashes or data moves performed by the defragmentation API, and allow easy rollback of uncommitted changes to these critical data structures when

2117-472: Is a spec file. Spec files end in the ".spec" suffix and contain the package name, version, RPM revision number, steps to build, install, and clean a package, and a changelog. Multiple packages can be built from a single RPM spec file, if desired. RPM packages are created from RPM spec files using the rpmbuild tool. Spec files are usually distributed within SRPM files, which contain the spec file packaged along with

2190-532: Is added by Internet Explorer and by most browsers to mark files downloaded from external sites as possibly unsafe to run; the local shell would then require user confirmation before opening them. When the user indicates that they no longer want this confirmation dialog, this ADS is deleted. This functionality is also known as " Mark of the Web ". Without deep modifications to the source code, all Chromium (e.g. Google Chrome ) and Firefox -based web browsers also write

2263-497: Is assigned a security descriptor that defines its owner and contains two access control lists (ACLs). The first ACL, called discretionary access control list (DACL), defines exactly what type of interactions (e.g. reading, writing, executing or deleting) are allowed or forbidden by which user or groups of users. For example, files in the C:\Program Files folder may be read and executed by all users but modified only by

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2336-406: Is delivered in a single file, normally with a filename in the format: For example, in the package filename libgnomeuimm-2.0-2.0.0_3.i386.rpm , the <name> is libgnomeuimm , the <version> is 2.0 , the <release> is 2.0.0_3 , and the <architecture> is i386 . The associated source package would be named libgnomeuimm-2.0-2.0.0_3.src.rpm RPMs with

2409-456: The $ LogFile by versions of Windows older than 8.0 results in an unnecessary invocation of the CHKDSK disk repair utility. This is particularly a concern in a multi-boot scenario involving pre- and post-8.0 versions of Windows, or when frequently moving a storage device between older and newer versions. A Windows Registry setting exists to prevent the automatic upgrade of the $ LogFile to

2482-516: The $ LogFile . Backward compatibility is provided by downgrading the $ LogFile to version 1.1 when an NTFS volume is cleanly dismounted. It is again upgraded to version 2.0 when mounting on a compatible version of Windows. However, when hibernating to disk in the logoff state (a.k.a. Hybrid Boot or Fast Boot, which is enabled by default), mounted file systems are not dismounted, and thus the $ LogFile s of any active file systems are not downgraded to version 1.1. The inability to process version 2.0 of

2555-477: The Zone.Identifier stream to downloaded files. As of Windows 10, the contents of the Zone.Identifer stream are structured like an INI file (i.e. a key-value store ) that includes the keys HostIpAddress , HostUrl , and ReferrerUrl . To some extent, these are implementation-defined fields, but they typically contain the domain name and exact URL of the original online download location, potentially offering

2628-427: The noarch.rpm extension do not depend on a particular CPU architecture. For example, these RPMs may contain graphics and text for other programs to use. They may also contain shell scripts or programs written in other interpreted programming languages such as Python . The RPM contents also include a package label , which contains the following pieces of information: The package label fields do not need to match

2701-451: The LZX algorithm; both are variants of LZ77 updated with Huffman entropy coding and range coding , which LZNT1 lacked. These compression algorithms were taken from Windows Imaging Format (WIM file). The new compression scheme is used by CompactOS feature, which reduces disk usage by compressing Windows system files. CompactOS is not an extension of NTFS file compression and does not use

2774-446: The 'compressed' attribute. When compression is enabled on a folder, any files moved or saved to that folder will be automatically compressed using LZNT1 algorithm (a variant of LZ77 ). The compression algorithm is designed to support cluster sizes of up to 4 KB; when the cluster size is greater than 4 KB on an NTFS volume, NTFS compression is not available. Data is compressed in 16-cluster chunks (up to 64 KB in size); if

2847-500: The File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes a relatively small amount of time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric key cipher is used. The symmetric key that is used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a public key that is associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in an alternate data stream of the encrypted file. To decrypt

2920-603: The GCC Steering Committee; Red Hat was forced to defend this decision. GCC 2.96 failed to compile the Linux kernel, and some other software used in Red Hat, due to stricter checks. It also had an incompatible C++ ABI with other compilers. The distribution included a previous version of GCC for compiling the kernel, called "kgcc". As of Red Hat Linux 7.0, UTF-8 was enabled as the default character encoding for

2993-534: The Master Boot Record (MBR) is limited to 2 TiB with a hard drive with 512-byte physical sectors, although for a 4 KiB physical sector the MBR partition size limit is 16 TiB. An alternative is to use multiple GUID Partition Table (GPT or "dynamic") volumes for be combined to create a single NTFS volume larger than 2 TiB. Booting from a GPT volume to a Windows environment in a Microsoft supported way requires

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3066-581: The RPM maintainer since 1999, continued development efforts together with participants from several other distributions. RPM version 5 was released in May 2007. This version was used by distributions such as Wind River Linux (until Wind River Linux 10), Rosa Linux, and OpenMandriva Lx (former Mandriva Linux which switched to rpm5 in 2011 ) and also by the OpenPKG project which provides packages for other common UNIX-platforms. OpenMandriva Lx has switched back to rpm.org for 4.0 release. OpenEmbedded ,

3139-451: The backend database although since 4.15 in 2019, it supports building rpm packages without Berkeley DB ( –disable-bdb ). Features of RPM include: Packages may come from within a particular distribution (for example Red Hat Enterprise Linux ) or be built for it by other parties (for example RPM Fusion for Fedora Linux). Circular dependencies among mutually dependent RPMs (so-called " dependency hell ") can be problematic; in such cases

3212-636: The change. Version 8.0 was also the second to include the Bluecurve desktop theme . It used a common theme for GNOME-2 and KDE 3.0.2 desktops, as well as OpenOffice-1.0. KDE members did not appreciate the change, claiming that it was not in the best interests of KDE. Version 9 supported the Native POSIX Thread Library , which was ported to the 2.4 series kernels by Red Hat. Red Hat Linux lacked many features due to possible copyright and patent problems. For example, MP3 support

3285-526: The community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat, is a free-of-cost alternative intended for home use. Red Hat Linux 9, the final release, hit its official end-of-life on April 30, 2004, although updates were published for it through 2006 by the Fedora Legacy project until the updates were discontinued in early 2007. Version 3.0.3 was one of the first Linux distributions to support ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) binaries instead of

3358-429: The compiled version of some software. There are also "source RPMs" (or SRPMs) containing the source code used to build a binary package. These have an appropriate tag in the file header that distinguishes them from normal (B)RPMs, causing them to be extracted to /usr/src on installation. SRPMs customarily carry the file extension ".src.rpm" (.spm on file systems limited to 3 extension characters, e.g. old DOS FAT ). RPM

3431-712: The compression reduces 64   KB of data to 60   KB or less, NTFS treats the unneeded 4   KB pages like empty sparse file clusters—they are not written. This allows for reasonable random-access times as the OS merely has to follow the chain of fragments. Compression works best with files that have repetitive content, are seldom written, are usually accessed sequentially, and are not themselves compressed. Single-user systems with limited hard disk space can benefit from NTFS compression for small files, from 4   KB to 64   KB or more, depending on compressibility. Files smaller than approximately 900 bytes are stored within

3504-464: The contents of a directory using FindFirstFile/FindNextFile family of APIs, (equivalent to the POSIX opendir/readdir APIs) you will also receive this cached information, in addition to the name and inode. However, you may not see up-to-date information, as this information is only guaranteed to be updated when a file is closed, and then only for the directory from which the file was opened. This means where

3577-576: The contents of those previous versions being lost. A Windows command-line utility called convert.exe can convert supporting file systems to NTFS, including HPFS (only on Windows NT 3.1, 3.5, and 3.51), FAT16 and FAT32 (on Windows 2000 and later). FreeBSD 3.2 released in May 1999 included read-only NTFS support written by Semen Ustimenko. This implementation was ported to NetBSD by Christos Zoulas and Jaromir Dolecek and released with NetBSD 1.5 in December 2000. The FreeBSD implementation of NTFS

3650-498: The directory entry of the MFT . Users of fast multi-core processors will find improvements in application speed by compressing their applications and data as well as a reduction in space used. Even when SSD controllers already compress data, there is still a reduction in I/Os since less data is transferred. According to research by Microsoft's NTFS Development team, 50–60   GB is

3723-693: The drive which can help improve speed and performance when reading data. In the mid-1980s, Microsoft and IBM formed a joint project to create the next generation of graphical operating system ; the result was OS/2 and HPFS . Because Microsoft disagreed with IBM on many important issues, they eventually separated; OS/2 remained an IBM project and Microsoft worked to develop Windows NT and NTFS. The HPFS file system for OS/2 contained several important new features. When Microsoft created their new operating system, they borrowed many of these concepts for NTFS. The original NTFS developers were Tom Miller , Gary Kimura, Brian Andrew, and David Goebel. Probably as

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3796-434: The file is attached to an e-mail, or uploaded to a website. Thus, using alternate streams for critical data may cause problems. Microsoft provides a downloadable tool called Streams to view streams on a selected volume. Starting with Windows PowerShell 3.0, it is possible to manage ADS natively with six cmdlets: Add-Content, Clear-Content, Get-Content, Get-Item, Remove-Item, Set-Content. A small ADS named Zone.Identifier

3869-424: The file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key that is stored in the data stream. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. Also, in case of a user losing access to their key, support for additional decryption keys has been built into the EFS system, so that a recovery agent can still access

3942-481: The filename. Libraries are distributed in two separate packages for each version. One contains the precompiled code for use at run-time, while the second one contains the related development files such as headers, etc. Those packages have "-devel" appended to their name field. The system administrator should ensure that the versions of the binary and development packages match. The format is binary and consists of four sections: The "Recipe" for creating an RPM package

4015-484: The files if needed. NTFS-provided encryption and NTFS-provided compression are mutually exclusive; however, NTFS can be used for one and a third-party tool for the other. The support of EFS is not available in Basic, Home, and MediaCenter versions of Windows, and must be activated after installation of Professional, Ultimate, and Server versions of Windows or by using enterprise deployment tools within Windows domains. NTFS

4088-404: The implementation. pm provides greatly enhanced database support for tracking and verifying installed packages. For a system administrator performing software installation and maintenance, the use of package management rather than manual building has advantages such as simplicity, consistency and the ability for these processes to be automated and non-interactive. rpm uses Berkeley DB as

4161-414: The incidental effect of updating the cached information. Windows uses hard links to support short (8.3) filenames in NTFS. Operating system support is needed because there are legacy applications that can work only with 8.3 filenames, but support can be disabled. In this case, an additional filename record and directory entry is added, but both 8.3 and long file name are linked and updated together, unlike

4234-404: The included software packages – not contributions to the distribution as such. This was changed in late 2003 when Red Hat Linux merged with the community -based Fedora Project . The new plan was to draw most of the codebase from Fedora Linux when creating new Red Hat Enterprise Linux distributions. Fedora Linux replaced the original Red Hat Linux download and retail version. The model is similar to

4307-602: The last major user of RPM5, switched back to rpm.org due to issues in RPM5. NTFS NT File System ( NTFS ) (commonly called New Technology File System ) is a proprietary journaling file system developed by Microsoft in the 1990s. It was developed to overcome scalability, security and other limitations with FAT . NTFS adds several features that FAT and HPFS lack, including: access control lists (ACLs); filesystem encryption; transparent compression; sparse files ; file system journaling and volume shadow copy ,

4380-538: The newer version. The problem can also be dealt with by disabling Hybrid Boot. The USN Journal (Update Sequence Number Journal) is a system management feature that records (in $ Extend\$ UsnJrnl ) changes to files, streams and directories on the volume, as well as their various attributes and security settings. The journal is made available for applications to track changes to the volume. This journal can be enabled or disabled on non-system volumes. The hard link feature allows different file names to directly refer to

4453-405: The older a.out format. Red Hat Linux introduced a graphical installer called Anaconda developed by Ketan Bagal, intended to be easy to use for novices, and which has since been adopted by some other Linux distributions. It also introduced a built-in tool called Lokkit for configuring the firewall capabilities. In version 6 Red Hat moved to glibc 2.1, egcs-1.2 , and to the 2.2 kernel. It

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4526-572: The relationship between Netscape Communicator and Mozilla , or StarOffice and OpenOffice.org , although in this case the resulting commercial product is also fully free software . Release dates were drawn from announcements on comp.os.linux.announce . Version names are chosen as to be cognitively related to the prior release, yet not related in the same way as the release before that. The Fedora and Red Hat Projects were merged on September 22, 2003. RPM Package Manager RPM Package Manager ( RPM ) (originally Red Hat Package Manager , now

4599-558: The same file contents. Hard links may link only to files in the same volume, because each volume has its own MFT . Hard links were originally included to support the POSIX subsystem in Windows NT. Although hard links use the same MFT record ( inode ) which records file metadata such as file size, modification date, and attributes, NTFS also caches this data in the directory entry as a performance enhancement. This means that when listing

4672-405: The scenes of the package manager is the RPM database, stored in /var/lib/rpm . It uses Berkeley DB as its back-end. It consists of a single database ( Packages ) containing all of the meta information of the installed RPMs. Multiple databases are created for indexing purposes, replicating data to speed up queries. The database is used to keep track of all files that are changed and created when

4745-406: The source code. A typical RPM is pre-compiled software ready for direct installation. The corresponding source code can also be distributed. This is done in an SRPM, which also includes the "SPEC" file describing the software and how it is built. The SRPM also allows the user to compile, and perhaps modify, the code itself. A software package could contain only platform independent scripts. In such

4818-552: The stream has not been removed or spoofed ) and can transmit the information back over the internet (an example of this in action is BiglyBT 's installer). Malware has used alternate data streams to hide code. Since the late 2000s, some malware scanners and other special tools check for alternate data streams. Due to the risks associated with ADS, particularly involving privacy and the Zone.Identifier stream, there exists software specifically designed to strip streams from files (certain streams with perceived risk or all of them) in

4891-402: The system. This had little effect on English -speaking users, but enabled much easier internationalisation and seamless support for multiple languages, including ideographic , bi-directional and complex script languages along with European languages . However, this did cause some negative reactions among existing Western European users, whose legacy ISO-8859 –based setups were broken by

4964-573: The volume is remounted. Notably affected structures are the volume allocation bitmap, modifications to MFT records such as moves of some variable-length attributes stored in MFT records and attribute lists, and indices for directories and security descriptors . The ( $ LogFile ) format has evolved through several versions: The incompatibility of the $ LogFile versions implemented by Windows 8 , Windows 10 , Windows 11 prevents Windows 7 (and earlier versions of Windows) from recognizing version 2.0 of

5037-507: Was also ported to OpenBSD by Julien Bordet and offers native read-only NTFS support by default on i386 and amd64 platforms as of version 4.9 released 1 May 2011. Linux kernel versions 2.1.74 and later include a driver written by Martin von Löwis which has the ability to read NTFS partitions; kernel versions 2.5.11 and later contain a new driver written by Anton Altaparmakov ( University of Cambridge ) and Richard Russon which supports file read. The ability to write to files

5110-450: Was disabled in both Rhythmbox and XMMS ; instead, Red Hat recommended using Ogg Vorbis , which has no patents. MP3 support, however, could be installed afterwards, through the use of packages. Support for Microsoft's NTFS file system was also missing, but could be freely installed as well. Red Hat Linux was originally developed exclusively inside Red Hat, with the only feedback from users coming through bug reports and contributions to

5183-414: Was introduced with kernel version 2.6.15 in 2006 which allows users to write to existing files but does not allow the creation of new ones. Paragon's NTFS driver (see below) has been merged into kernel version 5.15, and it supports read/write on normal, compressed and sparse files, as well as journal replaying. NTFS-3G is a free GPL -licensed FUSE implementation of NTFS that was initially developed as

5256-648: Was originally written in 1997 by Erik Troan and Marc Ewing , based on pms , rpp , and pm experiences. pm was written by Rik Faith and Doug Hoffman in May 1995 for Red Hat Software, its design and implementations were influenced greatly by pms , a package management system by Faith and Kevin Martin in the fall of 1993 for the Bogus Linux Distribution. pm preserves the " Pristine Sources + patches" paradigm of pms , while adding features and eliminating arbitrary limitations present in

5329-451: Was the first version to use the GNOME as its default graphical environment. It also introduced Kudzu , a software library for automatic discovery and configuration of hardware. Version 7 was released in preparation for the 2.4 kernel, although the first release still used the stable 2.2 kernel. Glibc was updated to version 2.1.92, which was a beta of the upcoming version 2.2 and Red Hat used

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