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68-635: This conflict is usually referred to as the Paregreg, but that term is based on a linguistic misunderstanding. In the Pararaton chronicle, in which the term for this war is found, events are labelled by adding the prefix pa- to one or more keywords. For example, the Javanese attack on Malayu in Sumatra in 1275 is called pamalayu , the rebellion of Rangga Lawe in 1295 is referred to as paranggalawe , and

136-471: A Chinese mythical creature. This might suggest a strong cultural relationship with China especially during Ming Dynasty . The local tradition linked this site with the pavilion of Queen Kencana Wungu, the Majapahit queen from the tales of Damarwulan and Menak Jingga. At Umpak stones form the base for wooden pillars, which were probably part of a wooden building. The organic material has decayed and only

204-567: A court official whose duty was to protect the markets. 'Eight thousand cash every day from the markets is the share' received by this official. The 'cash' referred to in this text is Chinese bronze coins which became Majapahit's official currency in around 1300, replacing gold and silver currency which had been in use for centuries. Chinese coins were apparently preferable because they were available in small denominations, suitable for use in markets. This change suggests that economic life in Trowulan

272-456: A flight of steps descends on the northern side. The principal structure, which projects from the southern wall of the basin, was modelled on the legendary Mount Mahameru . No longer complete, it consisted of terraced foundations, upon which would have rested a concentric arrangement of 'turrets' surrounding the highest peak of the building. Not far from Tikus Temple in the Keraton hamlet stands

340-541: A formal incarnation of the founder of the Singhasari kingdom (1222–1292), Ken Arok (or Ken Angrok). Almost half of the manuscript is the story of Ken Arok's career before he acceded to the throne in 1222. This part is mythical . There then follows several shorter narrative fragments in chronological order. Many of the events recorded here are dated. Towards the end, the pieces of history become shorter and shorter and are mixed with genealogical information concerning

408-635: A huge debt of gold to the Chinese Ming court, blood money as compensation for the death of Chinese envoys. During the Regreg War, some Chinese envoys were sent by Chinese Admiral Zheng He to visit the eastern court , however, they were caught in the middle of the battle. Around 170 Chinese envoys were killed during this battle as collateral victims, which caused the uproar of the Chinese Ming Emperor. For this incident, Wikramawardhana

476-411: A passage in the centre for people to walk through. This type of split gate has no doors and provides no real defensive purpose but narrowing the passage. It probably only served the ceremonial and aesthetic purpose, to create a sense of grandeur, before entering the next compound. Most historians agree that this structure is the gate of an important compound in the Majapahit capital. Speculations concerning

544-509: A plan of the capital have come to different conclusions. Older research at Trowulan has concentrated on monumental remains: temples, tombs, and a bathing place. Archaeological surveys and excavations have recently found the remains of industrial, commercial, and religious activity, habitation areas, water supply systems, and water canals all of which are evidence of dense population during the 14th to 15th centuries. In October 2009, Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Indonesia submitted Trowulan to

612-486: A recreational pool for Majapahit royalty to entertain envoys and guests. The 46,875-square meter pool was built slightly higher than its surroundings and is currently used to irrigate paddy fields adjacent to the pool. The Islamic tomb of Champa Princess is believed to be the tomb of a Majapahit king's consort. According to local traditions, she is said to have married one of the last of the Majapahit kings and to have converted him to Islam before she died in 1448. Near

680-527: A reward for Wiraraja's help, in 1295, Raden Wijaya agreed to give him the eastern portions of East Java , which includes Blambangan areas with Lumajang as its capital. Throughout Raden Wijaya's reign, Arya Wiraraja ruled the eastern realm peacefully as Majapahit's vassal, yet enjoyed substantial freedom. In 1316, Jayanagara , son and heir of Raden Wijaya, cracked down on the Nambi rebellion in Lumajang. Nambi

748-454: A sacred crossroads. Just inside the north gate was a courtyard containing religious buildings. On the eastern side of this courtyard were pavilions surrounded by canals where people bathed. At the south end, a gate led to rows of houses set on terraces in which palace servants lived. Another gate led to a third courtyard crowded with houses and a great hall for those waiting to be admitted into the ruler's presence. The king's quarters, which lay to

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816-411: A superior king of Singhasari. The promise was fulfilled. Ken Arok was begotten by Brahma a newly-wed peasant woman. On his birth, his mother laid him in a graveyard where his body, effulgent with light, attracted the attention of Ki Lembong, a passing thief. Ki Lembong adopted him, raised him, and taught him all of his arts. Ken Arok indulged in gambling , plunder, and rapine. In the manuscript, it

884-405: Is a ritual bathing pool ( petirtaan ) which is perhaps the most exciting recent archaeological finding at Trowulan. Tikus Temple means 'rat temple', the name given to the discovery in 1914 because the site appeared during the excavation to be a rat-breeding enclosure. Restored to its present condition in 1985 and 1989, this complex of red brick takes the form of a sunken, rectangular basin, into which

952-478: Is still called Kemasan, from the word mas , meaning 'gold'. Gold ornaments have been discovered near this area, as well as the tools that were used for working the gold. Small clay cups might have been used for melting gold for use in lost wax casting . Bronze anvils and flat circular stones with three legs may have been used as work surfaces for chiseling and hammering metals. A large number of clay crucibles for melting bronze have been excavated at Pakis village, in

1020-401: Is supported in part by material evidence, which suggests that the monument once served as a royal mortuary shrine . The royal personage to whom the building was dedicated remains unclear. The ruin of Candi Gentong lies nearby. Segaran Pool is a large rectangular pool 800 x 500 metres in size. The name Segaran originated from the word 'segara' in Javanese which means 'sea', probably based on

1088-399: Is the Pararaton , often translated as Book of Kings . This term is a nominal derivation from the stem ratu ("monarch"). In the Pararaton itself, the word ratu is completely gender-neutral, so it should be translated as "monarch" or "royal", rather than as "king". The analysis of the derivation from ratu to pararaton is not fully certain, but the morphology denotes plurality. Thus,

1156-404: Is the daughter of Rajadewi and Wijayarajasa. The Nagarakretagama is more valid than Pararaton since it was written during Bhre Wirabhumi's lifetime. During the reign of Hayam Wuruk and Wijayarajasa, the relations between the western court of Majapahit and the eastern court are described as somewhat an uneasy coexistence and mutual respect, since Wijayarajasa was Hayam Wuruk's father-in-law. After

1224-406: Is unknown; they may have served multiple purposes. Some may have been used in religious shrines attached to dwellings, as in modern Bali . Examples of these terracottas in the form of miniature buildings and animals have been found at shrines on Mount Penanggungan . Others, such as humorous depictions of foreigners, may simply have been meant as toys for children. During the last half-year of 2008,

1292-569: Is written as such that Ken Arok was saved many times by divine intervention. There is a scene in Mount Kryar Lejar wherein Gods descend in a conference and Batara Guru declares Ken Arok his son. Ken Arok is also destined to bring stability and power to Java. The prelude of the Pararaton is followed by the meeting of Ken Arok with Lohgawe , a Brahmana who came from India to make sure Batara Guru 's instructions were fulfilled. It

1360-615: The Indonesian province of East Java . It includes approximately 100 square kilometres and has been theorized to be the site of the eponymous capital city of the Majapahit Empire , which is described by Mpu Prapanca in the 14th-century poem Nagarakretagama and in a 15th-century Chinese source. When it was the capital of the Majapahit Empire, the city was known as Wilwatikta , which is a name also synonymous with

1428-745: The Pararaton with the Pallava Canggal inscription (732 AD), the Śivagŗha (Siwagrha) inscription (856 AD), the Calcutta Stone (1041 AD) and the Babad Tanah Jawi (1836 AD). These show clear similarities in character, structure, and function and also similarity with texts from the Malay historiography . Trowulan Trowulan is an archaeological site in Trowulan Subdistrict , Mojokerto Regency , in

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1496-551: The UNESCO World Heritage list. According to the account of Prapanca in the Nagarakretagama poem, the royal compound was surrounded by a thick, high wall of red brick . Nearby was the fortified guard post. Huge doors of decorated iron led to the main gate into the palace which was located in the north wall. Outside the north gate was a long building where courtiers met once a year, a marketplace, and

1564-424: The 14th century. The gate is of the ' candi bentar ' or split gateway type, a structure that may have appeared during the Majapahit era. It is one of the oldest and the largest surviving 'Candi Bentar' dated from the Majapahit era. The 'Candi Bentar' took the shape of a typical Majapahit temple structure – consisting of three parts; foot, body, and tall roof – evenly split into two mirroring structures to make

1632-416: The 14th–15th-century Majapahit era. The actual function of the pool is unknown. A study suggested that the pool probably served various functions, but mainly as the city reservoir, the source of freshwater essential for the high-density urban area, especially during the dry season. Another popular local belief is that the pool was used as the bathing place and as a swimming pool to train Majapahit troops, and as

1700-515: The Blambangan area in the "eastern hook" of Java. According to Pararaton, he is the son of Hayam Wuruk with a concubine and adopted as a foster son by Bhre Daha (Rajadewi), the wife of Wijayarajasa. Later Bhre Wirabhumi would be married to Bhre Lasem sang Alemu, the daughter of Bhre Pajang (Hayam Wuruk's sister). According to Nagarakretagama , the wife of Bhre Wirabhumi is Nagarawardhani, the daughter of Bhre Lasem also known as Indudewi. Indudewi

1768-629: The Indonesian government sponsored a massive exploration on the site that is believed to be the place where the palace of Majapahit once stood. Jero Wacik , the Indonesian Minister of Culture and Tourism stated that the Majapahit Park would be built on the site and completed as early as 2009, in order to prevent further damage caused by home-made brick industries that develop on the surrounding area. Majapahit Park would expand

1836-509: The Majapahit court. The Chinese Imperial court responded by recognizing his province's independence from Majapahit, in exchange Bhre Wirabhumi accepted a seal, commission, and other insignia of Chinese suzerainty over his land. This action would lead to a larger Regreg war in 1404. In Old Javanese, the word regreg means "to proceed with halts and jerks, to proceed slowly" (Zoetmulder 1982, s.v. "rĕgrĕg"). It indicates that there were many battles fought between eastern and western Majapahit throughout

1904-523: The Majapahit monarch. After the death of Gajah Mada , Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi , and Rajadewi, he built a new eastern court in Pamotan, thus in Pararaton, he was also mentioned as Bhatara Parameswara ring Pamotan . The Regreg war was incited by Bhre Wirabhumi. The real name of Bhre Wirabhumi is unknown. His name simply means Bhre ( Duke ) of Wirabhumi, a province of Majapahit that corresponds with

1972-582: The Ming court. The Western Kingdom was led by Wu-lao-po-wu , and the Eastern Kingdom was led by Wu-lao-wang-chieh . Wu-lao-po-wu is the Chinese pronunciation of Bhra Prabu , which refers to Hayam Wuruk (according to Pararaton ), while Wu-lao-wang-chieh refers to Bhre Wengker, alias Wijayarajasa, the husband of Rajadewi (Hayam Wuruk's aunt). It seems that Wijayarajasa had the ambition to be

2040-526: The Story of Ken Angrok"). The addition of serat , a Modern Javanese term for "book", seems to have been an innovation by Brandes. It is inappropriate to refer to the Pararaton as a serat , because it does not belong to the Modern Javanese tradition in which serat are found. Furthermore, no manuscript of the Pararaton refers to the text as a serat . The most widely acceptable title for this text

2108-677: The Trowulan Museum , located on the west side of Segaran Pool. Excavations in and around Trowulan have shown that parts of the old settlement still lie buried under several metres of mud and volcanic debris, a result of the frequent eruptions of nearby Mount Kelud , as well as frequent flooding of the Brantas River . Several archaeological ruins lie scattered around Trowulan village. Several are quite damaged, while others have undergone reconstruction. Most are constructed of red brick . Tikus Temple ( lit.   ' Rat temple ' )

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2176-466: The capital as 'All where one can go out without passing through paddy fields.' Temple reliefs from Majapahit do not depict urban scenes, but some contain sketches of settlements indicated as pavilions enclosed within walls. The word 'kuwu' in Nagarakretagama seems to refer to the settlement units consisting of a group of buildings surrounded by a wall, in which a large number of people lived under

2244-519: The central court, Majapahit could do nothing to assert their rules. In 1405, West Borneo was held under Chinese influence. Followed by the rebellions in Palembang , Malayu , and Malacca that would grow into thriving ports independent from Majapahit. On the northern coast of Borneo, the Brunei Kingdom has also liberated itself from Javanese overlordship. Moreover, Wikramawardhana also owed

2312-429: The control of a nobleman. This pattern characterised the 16th-century coastal cities of Java described by early European visitors, and Majapahit's capital was probably composed of such units. The ancient city ruins at Trowulan had been discovered by the 19th century. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles , Lieutenant-Governor of British Java , Governor-General of Bencoolen from 1811 until 1816 and an indefatigable enthusiast for

2380-533: The death of Hayam Wuruk in 1389, he was succeeded by his nephew and also son-in-law, Wikramawardhana . In the eastern court, after the death of Wijayarajasa in 1398, he was succeeded by his foster son that also his granddaughter's husband, Bhre Wirabhumi. Wirabhumi would rule the Blambangan kingdom with Lumajang as his capital. After the death of Indudewi, the position of Bhre Lasem was awarded to her daughter, Nagarawardhani. However, Wikramawardhana also bestowed

2448-447: The empire's name. It was razed during the invasion of Girindrawardhana to defeat Kertabhumi in 1478. After this event Majapahit's capital was moved to Daha ( Kediri ). The Trowulan Museum includes a collection of artifacts. The Nagarakretagama contains poetic descriptions of the palace of Majapahit and its surroundings but is limited to the royal and religious sectors. Some of the details are vague, so scholars who have tried to compile

2516-482: The existing Trowulan Museum and provide a Majapahit themed education and recreation park. Nevertheless, the project leaves huge attention to some historians, since constructing the park's foundation in Segaran site located in the south side of Trowulan Museum will inevitably damage the site itself. Ancient bricks and wells which are historically valuable were found scattered on the site. The government then argued that

2584-548: The form of vessels, such as water ewers ( kendi ), with thin-walled bodies, graceful shapes, and a glossy red surface created by burnishing . These must have been made by full-time professional potters. Water containers were one of the Majapahit urban potter's main products and many large round water jars have been found. Square water 'boxes' were decorated with aquatic motifs or other scenery. Terracotta figurines were produced in large quantities, representing many subjects: gods, humans, animals, buildings, and scenes. Their function

2652-430: The gate with Jayanegara , the second Majapahit king, the successor to Kertarajasa Jayawarddhana , founder of the Majapahit Empire. According to tradition, Jayanegara fell from the gate as a child, causing defects to his body. The name probably also means 'little monarch', as Jayanegara ascended to the throne at a young age. Historian connects this gate with Çrenggapura (Çri Ranggapura) or Kapopongan of Antawulan (Trowulan),

2720-620: The head of Bhre Wirabhumi to the western court ( Trowulan ). Later Bhre Wirabhumi would be sanctified in Girisa Pura temple located in the Lung area. After the defeat of Bhre Wirabhumi, the eastern court was finally reunited with the western court. However, the ongoing conflicts all these years have kept Majapahit preoccupied and has loosened Majapahit's grip on their overseas vassals. As one by one Majapahit's overseas possessions outside of Java have liberated themselves and refuse to pay tribute to

2788-443: The island's history, reported the existence of ' ruins of temples.... scattered about the country for many miles '. Much of the region was blanketed with dense teak forest at that time, making detailed survey impossible. Nonetheless, Raffles was so impressed by what he saw that he later referred to Trowulan as ' this pride of Java '. Most of the archaeological relics discovered in Trowulan and its vicinity are stored and displayed in

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2856-548: The last king of Majapahit. Pararaton The Pararaton ( Book of Kings ), also known as the Katuturanira Ken Angrok ( Story of Ken Angrok ), is a 16th-century Javanese historical chronicle written in Kawi (Old Javanese) . The comparatively short text of 32 folio-size pages (1126 lines) contains the history of the kings of Singhasari and Majapahit in eastern Java . The Pararaton opens with

2924-418: The local suggestion that the large pool is the miniature of the sea. Surrounding the water basin is a rectangular wall made of red brick. The brick pool structure was discovered in 1926 by Henri Maclaine Pont ; at that time the pool was covered in dirt and mud. Reconstruction took place some years later and now the Segaran pool functions as a recreational pool and fishing pond. The brick structure originated from

2992-580: The massacre of the Sundanese at Bubat in 1357 is called pasuṇḍabubat . Hence the better translation of parĕgrĕg is "the Regreg incident". The word rĕgrĕg means slowly, with halts and jerks, but it can be a mutation of the word ragrag (falling off one by one). The Majapahit kingdom was established in 1293 by Raden Wijaya with the help of the cunning and able Arya Wiraraja , the Regent of Madura . As

3060-483: The members of the royal family of the Majapahit empire. Since the oldest colophon in the manuscripts contains the date 1522 Saka (1600 AD), the final part of the text must have been written between 1481 and 1600 AD. This chronicle is most commonly known as the Pararaton , a title which does not appear in the body of the text, but only in the colophons of around half of the surviving manuscripts. The body of

3128-411: The new Bhre Lasem, the wife of Bhre Tumapel. After the appointment of the new Bhre Lasem, a dispute erupted between the two palaces. According to Pararaton, in 1402 Bhre Wirabhumi and Wikramawardhana were involved in a bitter quarrel, and afterward, they shunned each other and refused to talk. In 1403, through a dangerous gamble of power, Wirabhumi sought military assistance from the Chinese court against

3196-445: The northeast edge of Kolam Segaran lies the ruin of Menak Jingga Temple. The structure is now ruined and stones scattered around the vicinity with the base still lies buried underground. Excavation still on the progress. The structure is made from carved andesite stone on the outer layer with red brick in the inner layer. The most exciting feature of this structure is the parts contained ornaments (probably roof part) identified as Qilin ,

3264-536: The original function of this majestic gateway have led to various suggestions, a popular one being that it was the entrance to the residence of Gajah Mada . Brahu Temple in the Bejijong village is the sole surviving structure of what was once a cluster of historic buildings. According to popular folk belief, it was in the vicinity of Brahu Temple that the cremation ceremonies for the first four Majapahit rulers were carried out. This tradition, while difficult to prove,

3332-414: The palace as clean and well-kept. It was said to have been enclosed within a brick wall more than 10 metres high and with a double gate. The houses inside were built on pillars and were 10–13 metres high, with wooden floors covered with fine mats on which people sat. Roofs were made from wooden shingles and the dwellings of the common people were roofed with straw. A book on Majapahit court etiquette defines

3400-408: The past, but instead determine future events. However, the majority of scholars accept some historicity in the Pararaton , noting numerous correspondences with other inscriptions and Chinese sources, and accept the manuscript's frame of reference within which a valid interpretation is conceivable. The manuscript was written under the Javanese kingship. For the Javanese people, it was the function of

3468-445: The recently restored gateway of "Bajang Ratu", an elegant red-brick paduraksa gate dating from the mid-14th century. The form of structure is tall and slender, rising to a height of 16.5 metres and displaying intricate relief decoration, especially on the roof section. The gate is adorned with bas reliefs depicting the story of Sri Tanjung and Ramayana . Bajang Ratu in Javanese means ' dwarf or defect monarch'. Folk tradition links

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3536-443: The root word 'celeng' itself means boar or pig. Coin containers in other shapes have also been found. Significant numbers of Majapahit Terracotta artefacts were commonly discovered in Trowulan. The craft of pottery was an important activity. Most potteries was intended for domestic use in cooking and storage, with decorations limited to stripes of red paint. Lamps for coconut oil are another common find. The finest pottery takes

3604-406: The ruler to link the present with the past and the future and to give human life its appropriate place in the cosmic order. The king, in the Javanese realm, is the sacral embodiment of the total state, just as his palace is a microcosmic copy of the macrocosmos. The king (or a founder of a dynasty ) possesses an innate divinity to a far higher degree than ordinary men. Hans Ras in 2001 compared

3672-530: The shrine mentioned in Nagarakertagama as the dharma place (holy compound) dedicated to King Jayanegara during his death on 1328. Wringin Lawang is located a short distance south of Indonesian National Route 15 at Jatipasar village. The name in Javanese means 'The Banyan Tree Gate'. The grand gate portals are made from red brick, with a base of 13 x 11 metres and a height of 15.5 metres, and date from

3740-504: The southern part of the site. Some of the bronze was used to cast uang gobog , large coins or amulets , in stone moulds. Other metal objects include ornate bronze lamps, water containers, bells and other items probably used in religious ceremonies, and instruments usually called 'slit drums'. Similar objects made of wood or bamboo are still found in Javanese and Balinese villages. Many iron tools were used, but most were probably imported, as Java has little iron ore. The Nawanatya mentions

3808-513: The stone base remains. In the Troloyo hamlet, numerous Islamic tombstones have been discovered, the majority of which date from between 1350 and 1478. These finds confirm not only that a Muslim community was well established in Java by the mid 14th century, but also that the religion was officially acknowledged and practiced within the royal capital itself. People believe that Troloyo also contains

3876-482: The tales in Serat Kanda , there was a war between Queen Kencanawungu, the ruler of Majapahit in the west against Menak Jingga the ruler of Blambangan in the east. Menak Jingga finally was killed by Damarwulan , a knight sent by Queen Kencanawungu. As a reward, Damarwulan would be wed to Queen Kencanawungu and become the king of Majapahit, stylized as Prabu Mertawijaya. From their union would born King Brawijaya

3944-478: The term pararaton can best be translated into English as The Monarchs or The Royals . The Pararaton commences with a brief prelude telling how Ken Arok incarnated himself when he became the king. He offered himself as a human sacrifice to Yamadipati , the Hindu God of Death, to save himself from death. As a reward, he was promised that upon his death he would return to Vishnu 's heaven and be reborn as

4012-418: The text itself begins with the statement: "Thus follows the Story of Ken Angrok" ( nihan katuturanira Ken Angrok ), which indicates that this was the original title of the text or at least of its first part, which focuses on Ken Angrok 's life. The edition of the text published by Jan Laurens Andries Brandes furnishes both alternative titles: Serat Pararaton atawa Katuturanira Ken Angrok ("The Book of Kings, or

4080-542: The title of Bhre lasem to his wife, the queen Kusumawardhani . That is why in Pararaton there are two Bhre Lasem, Bhre Lasem Sang Halemu (The Fat Bhre Lasem) Bhre Wirabhumi's wife, and Bhre Lasem Sang Ahayu (The Beautiful Bhre Lasem) Wikramawardhana's wife. The contest for the Bhre Lasem title has created an animosity between eastern and western courts, until 1400 when both Nagarawardhani and Kusumawardhani died. Wikramawardhana immediately appointed his daughter-in-law as

4148-745: The tomb of Raden Wijaya , and they use to make a pilgrim every Legi Friday. Other important ruins include: Archaeological excavations have revealed brick floors and the walls of some dwellings. In some cases, two or even three layers of such buildings are superimposed. These dwellings were equipped with wells and drains. Traces of a large reservoir and wells lined with brick or clay have also been located. Many pieces of gold jewellery from this period have been discovered in East Java . Although Java lacks significant gold resources, imports from Sumatra , Borneo , and Sulawesi made it possible for many goldsmiths to find work in Java. One hamlet of Trowulan

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4216-465: The two years, sometimes a battle was won by the western court, won by the eastern court. Finally, in 1406 the Western troops led by Bhre Tumapel, son of Wikramawardhana, penetrated the eastern palace. Bhre Wirabhumi was defeated and fled using a boat during the night. He was chased down and killed by Raden Gajah, also known as Bhra Narapati, titled Ratu Angabhaya of the Western court. Raden Gajah brought

4284-457: The west of this courtyard, had pavilions on decorated red brick bases, ornately carved wooden pillars, and a roof decorated with clay ornaments. Outside the palace were quarters for Shiva priests, Buddhists, and other members of the nobility. Further away, and separated from the palace by open fields, were more royal compounds, including that of the chief minister Gajah Mada . Here Prapanca's descriptions end. A 15th-century Chinese source describes

4352-483: Was Lohgawe who asked Ken Arok to meet Tunggul Ametung , ruler of Tumapel . Ken Arok then killed Tunggul Ametung to gain possession of Ametung's wife, Ken Dedes , and also the throne of Singashari. Some parts of the Pararaton cannot be accounted as historical facts. Especially in the prelude, fact and fiction, fantasy and reality go together. Scholars such as C. C. Berg argued that texts such as these are entirely supernatural and ahistorical, and intended not to record

4420-481: Was born Suhita who would ascend to the throne as queen regnant in 1427 to succeed Wikramawardhana. During the reign of Suhita, the killer of Bhre Wirabhumi, Raden Gajah, was punished by death sentence in 1433. The Regreg war is remembered in the collective memory of Javanese tradition. After the advent of Islamic polities in Java, the theme of Regreg war appeared in Javanese literature, such as in Serat Kanda , Serat Damarwulan , and Serat Blambangan . According to

4488-475: Was fined 60,000 tahil of gold by Ming's court. Until 1408 Wikramawardaha could only be paid 10,000 tahil. In the end, the emperor Yong Le pardoned the fine out of pity for the Javanese king. This event was recorded in the Yingya Shenglan by Ma Huan who was Zheng He's secretary. After the Regreg War, Wikramawardhana brought Bhre Daha, the daughter of Bhre Wirabhumi as a concubine. From that marriage

4556-458: Was marked by specialized occupations, wages, and the acquisition of most daily needs by purchase. Important evidence for the 14th-century Javanese perception of money comes in the form of clay piggy banks with slits in their backs large enough to admit a coin. The association of pig figurines and containers for saving money is obvious; in present Javanese and Indonesian , the word 'celengan' means ' piggy bank ', ' money box ', or ' saving ', while

4624-440: Was the successor of Arya Wiraraja. After that battle, the western and eastern realms of East Java were reunited. According to Pararaton , in 1376 appeared "a new mountain", which hinted at the emergence of a new keraton (court, palace, or center of power) opposed to the central authority of Majapahit. According to Ming Chinese chronicles, in 1377 there were two independent kingdoms in Java, both of which sent their envoys to

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