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49-638: Most of the museum collections is originated from the Majapahit era, however the collections also covered the era of Kahuripan, Kediri , and Singhasari kingdoms in East Java. The museum is located on the western side of the kolam Segaran. Trowulan museum has the largest collection of Majapahit relics in Indonesia. The Trowulan Museum's history is intertwined with Trowulan archaeological site itself. The ancient city ruins at Trowulan had been discovered by

98-538: A brownish-purplish dye for batik -making, while its fruit has medicinal values. A similar named city is also known, Kadiri in Andhra Pradesh , India . The origin of the word that is considered more appropriate is derived from the word "kadiri" in the Old Javanese language which means being able to stand alone, be independent, stand tall, have personality, or be self-sufficient. The Kingdom of Kediri

147-1197: A fight. Their favourite pastimes were cockfighting and pigfighting. The currency was made from a short-tempered mixture of copper , silver , and tin . The book of Chu-fan-chi mentioned that Java (Kediri) was ruled by a maharaja , who ruled several colonies: Pai-hua-yuan ( Pacitan ), Ma-tung (Medang), Ta-pen (Tumapel, now Malang ), Hi-ning ( Dieng ), Jung-ya-lu (Hujung Galuh, now Surabaya ), Tung-ki (Jenggi, West Papua ), Ta-kang ( Sumba ), Huang-ma-chu ( Southwest Papua ), Ma-li ( Bali ), Kulun (Gurun, identified as Gorong or Sorong in West Papua or an island in Nusa Tenggara ), Tan-jung-wu-lo ( Tanjungpura in Borneo), Ti-wu ( Timor ), Pingya-i ( Banggai in Sulawesi), and Wu-nu-ku ( Maluku ). Regarding Sanfoqi (Srivijaya), Chou-Ju-Kua reported that Kien-pi (Kampe, in northern Sumatra ) with armed forced rebellion had liberated themselves from Srivijaya, and crowned their king. The same fate befell some of Srivijaya's colonies on

196-759: A guide, Mongol troops declared war against Jayakatwang. Wijaya and his Mongol allies defeated Jayakatwang's navy in Surabaya at the delta of the Brantas River . Following the victory they marched along the Brantas to the Kediri Kingdom in Java's interior. After heavy fighting, they besieged and conquered Kediri. Jayakatwang was captured and then executed in March 1293. Jayakatwang's restoration of Kediri

245-519: A prophetic book ascribed to Jayabhaya, is well known among Javanese. It predicts that the archipelago would be ruled by a white race for a long time, then a yellow race for a short time, be glorious again. The Jayabhaya prophecies mention Ratu Adil , the Just Prince , a recurring popular figure in Javanese folklore. During the reign, Ternate was a vassal state of Kediri. Jayabhaya's successor

294-469: A simple archaeological storage building that became the old Trowulan Museum. It was established by Henri Maclaine Pont , a Dutch architect and archaeologist, and the Mojokerto regent Kanjeng Adipati Ario Kromodjojo Adinegoro. The new museum was officially opened in 1987. Covering a spacious area of some 57,625 square metres, this new site accommodates the collection of the old Trowulan Museum, as well as

343-481: A site at Ampelgading Malang. A statue displays the story Samodramanthana, or "The Churning of the Ocean of Milk" in finely carved relief. 7°33′36″S 112°22′51″E  /  7.56000°S 112.38083°E  / -7.56000; 112.38083 Kediri (historical kingdom) Kediri Kingdom , or Kāḍiri also known as Pañjalu ( Javanese : ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦭꦸ ) and Gégélang ( Javanese : ꦒꦺꦒꦺꦭꦁ ) in 1292-1293,

392-519: A square throne. After an audience, the state official would bow three times to the king. If the king travelled outside the palace, he rode an elephant and was accompanied by 500–700 soldiers and officials while his subjects, the people of Kediri, prostrated themselves as the king passed. According to Chinese sources , the main occupations of the Kediri people revolved around agriculture (rice cultivation), animal farming ( cattle , boar , poultry ), and

441-550: Is believed to have been established in the western part of the Brantas River valley, somewhere near modern Kediri city and surrounding Kediri Regency . The city of Daha existed before the founding of the kingdom. Daha is an abbreviation of Dahanapura , which means city of fire . This name is listed in the Pamwatan inscription issued by Airlangga in 1042. This is following the news in Serat Calon Arang , that at

490-483: Is the successor of Airlangga's Kahuripan kingdom and is thought of as the continuation of the Isyana Dynasty in Java. In 1042, Airlangga divided his kingdom of Kahuripan into two, Janggala and Panjalu (Kadiri), and abdicated in favour of his sons to live as an ascetic. He died seven years later. The first king of Kediri to leave historical records was Maharaja Çri Samaravijaya (1042–1051). His royal seal

539-730: The Arjuno-Welirang volcanoes and Mount Kawi . Kertanegara , the fifth ruler of Singhasari , was an ambitious man. In 1289, a Mongol emissary came to Java to demand his submission to the Great Khan of the Yuan dynasty . Kertanegara rejected them, cut their ears, and sent them back to China. Anticipating Mongolian revenge, he prepared to thwart the forthcoming invasion by conquering important ports and kingdoms in Maritime Southeast Asia . His most important expedition

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588-677: The Malay Peninsula that liberated themselves from Srivijaya domination. However, Srivijaya was still the mightiest and wealthiest state in the western part of the archipelago. Srivijaya's colonies were: Pong-fong ( Pahang ), Tong-ya-nong ( Trengganu ), Ling-ya-ssi-kia ( Langkasuka ), Kilan-tan ( Kelantan ), Fo-lo-an, Ji-lo-t'ing ( Jelutong ), Ts'ien-mai (?), Pa-t'a ( Paka ), Tan-ma-ling ( Tambralinga , Ligor or Nakhon Si Thammarat ), Kia-lo-hi ( Grahi , northern part of Malay peninsula), Pa-lin-fong ( Palembang ), Sin-t'o ( Sunda ), Lan-wu-li (Lamuri at Aceh ), and Si-lan. According to this source, in

637-499: The spice trade routes to Maluku . According to a Chinese source in the book of Chu-fan-chi written around 1225, Chou Ju-kua described that in the Southeast Asian archipelago, there were two powerful and rich kingdoms: Srivijaya and Java (Kediri). In Java, he found that people adhere to two religions: Buddhism and the religion of Brahmin ( Hinduism ). The people of Java were brave and short tempered, daring to put up

686-402: The 19th century. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles , governor of Java from 1811 until 1816 reported the existence of ruins of temples scattered about the country for many miles. Much of the region was blanketed with dense teak forest at that time, making detailed survey difficult. The urgent need to prevent looting and stealing from Trowulan archaeological site was one of the main reasons to build

735-535: The 5th month of the year, a water festival was celebrated with people travelling in boats along the river to celebrate. In the 10th month, another festival was held in the mountains. People would gather there to have fun and perform music with instruments such as flutes , drums , and wooden xylophones (an ancient form of gamelan ). The King wore silk garments, leather shoes , and ornate golden jewellery. He wore his hair up high on his head. Every day, he would receive state officials, and managers of his kingdom, on

784-421: The Javanese by that time. There was no physical punishment (jail or torture) of criminals. Instead, the people who committed unlawful acts were forced to pay fines in gold, except for thieves and robbers who were executed. In marital customs, the bride's family receives some amount of bride price from the groom's family. Instead of developing medical treatment, the Kediri people relied on prayers for Buddha . On

833-457: The Tarik forest in Brantas delta, to build a village that was later called Majapahit , named from the sour beal trees that grow in the area. The Mongol expedition of the Yuan dynasty sent by Kublai Khan departed from Quanzhou , traveled past Champa and Karimata , and landed at the port of Tuban in early 1293. Raden Wijaya saw this as an opportunity to avenge Kertanegara's death and claim

882-414: The bulk of the stone sculpture which used to be housed in the museum of Mojokerto. A newer museum is also proposed for the area and the location has been proposed as a World Heritage area Today the museum not only houses the archaeological relics from Majapahit era, but also collects and displays various archaeological relics discovered all over East Java . From the era of King Airlangga , Kediri , to

931-424: The capital city. Kertanegara was killed in his palace. Jayakatwang then declared himself ruler of Java and king of the restored Kediri. Among the few surviving relatives of Kertanegara was Raden Wijaya, who fled to Madura where he was sheltered by its regent, Arya Wiraraja . Following Wiraraja's plea, Jayakatwang pardoned Wijaya, who in return submitted himself to Jayakatwang. Jayakatwang gave Wijaya land in

980-423: The centre of political power, which was led by Girindrawardhana in 1478 after he managed to defeat Kertabhumi. But it was short lived since descendant of Bhre Kertabhumi who became ruler of Demak crushed Daha in 1527. Jayakatwang Jayakatwang (died c.1293) was the king of short-lived second Kingdom of Kediri (also known as Gelang-Gelang Kingdom ) of Java , after his overthrow of Kertanegara ,

1029-427: The community in the past when building settlements and other things. The first is called Anupa, and it is land that has fertile soil, is close to springs, and allows various kinds of seeds to grow well if planted there. The second is called Sadarana, and it is land that in some areas is fertile and in others less fertile. The third is called Janggala, and it is infertile land or wilderness. The word Pangjalu comes from

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1078-415: The development of eastern Java, written between 1112 and 1135. Jayabhaya (1135–1157) succeeded Bamesvara. His formal stylised name was Çri Maharaja çri Dharmmeçwara Madhusudanawataranindita Suhrtsingha Parakrama Digjayottunggadewa . The Lanchana of his reign Narasinghavatara depicts one of the avatars of Lord Vishnu , namely Narasinghavatara. His form is described as a human with a lion's head tearing

1127-501: The dominant kingdom in Java until overthrown in 1222 by Ken Arok , the first king of Singhasari. Jayakatwang was probably a descendant of the Kediri royal line, and thus held ambition to restore his line to power and rulership of Java. His name is derived from Sanskrit Jaya ( victory ) and Javanese ketawang ( rising, or appearing ). Kediri is located in a fertile rice -producing area on Brantas River banks, approximately 80 km west of Singhasari, but separated from it by

1176-579: The early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java ( Sunda ). Regarding Sunda , the book details that the port of Sunda ( Sunda Kelapa ) was excellent and strategically located and that the pepper from Sunda was among the best quality. The people worked in agriculture; their houses were built on wooden piles (rumah panggung). However, the country was infested with robbers and thieves. Celebrated as an era of blossoming literature, Kediri produced significant contributions in

1225-647: The eastern region of Kediri. Ken Arok 's troops managed to destroy Kertajaya 's troops. Thus, the era of the Kediri Kingdom ended, which from then on became the vassal of Tumapel or Singhasari . After Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, Kediri became an area under the rule of Singhasari. Ken Arok appointed Jayasabha, son of Kertajaya, as regent of Kediri. In 1258 the waning Jayasabha named Sastrajaya. In 1271 Sastrajaya faded into, namely Jayakatwang . In 1292, Jayakatwang rebelled against Singhasari led by Kertanegara , because of past grudges where his ancestor Kertajaya

1274-485: The end of Airlangga's reign, the center of the kingdom was no longer in Kahuripan , but has moved to Dahanapura and calls Airlangga the king of Daha. The kingdom was also known as Panjalu the correct reading is Pangjalu as the twin kingdom with Janggala . During the reign of Jayakatwang that revived the short-lived second dynasty of Kadiri, the kingdom is also known as Gelang-gelang or Gegelang. Other than Kadiri,

1323-423: The era of Singhasari and Majapahit . Large collections of Hindu-Buddhist stone sculptures as well as Majapahit Terracotta art also displayed in the museum. Among the objects on display, include the famous portrait statue of Airlangga portrayed as Vishnu mounting Garuda , from Candi Belahan. A winged figure which is said to portray the legendary king of Blambangan, Menak Jinggo. A part of Candi recovered from

1372-412: The field of Javanese classic literature. Next to the literary works already mentioned, Śiwarātrikalpa and Wrtasancaya by Mpu Tanakung, Krisnayana written by Mpu Triguna, and Sumanasantaka by Mpu Monaguṇa are also notable. The book of Ling-wai-tai-ta composed by Chinese author Chou K'u-fei in 1178, gave a glimpse of everyday life in Kediri that cannot be found in any other source material, about

1421-432: The government and people of Kediri. According to Chou K'u-fei, people wore clothes that covered them down to their legs, with a loose hairstyle. Their houses were clean and well arranged with floors made from green or yellow cut stones. Agriculture, animal farming, and trading flourished and gained the full attention of the government. He reported that silkworm farms to produce silk and cotton clothes had been adopted by

1470-407: The inscription, there is a title Senapati Sarwwajala , or laksmana , a title reserved for navy generals, which means that Kediri had a navy during his reign. The eighth king was Kameçvara (Kameshwara). His formal stylised name was Çri Maharaja Rake Sirikan çri Kameçvara Sakalabhuwanatustikarana Sarwaniwaryyawiryya Parakrama Digjayottunggadewa . He uses the (winged shell) as his royal seal under

1519-449: The inscription. The next monarch was King Gandra his formal stylised name was Çri maharaja çri Kroncarryadipa Handabhuwanapalaka Parakramanindita Digjayottunggadewanama çri Gandra . An inscription (dated 1181) from his reign documents the beginning of the adoption of animal names for important officials, such as Kbo Salawah , Menjangan Puguh , Lembu Agra , Gajah Kuning , and Macan Putih . Among these highly ranked officials mentioned in

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1568-544: The kingdom was also often referred to as Daha or Dahanapura, after its capital. The name "Daha" was used in the later Majapahit period, as the seat of the rival court of Trowulan . In the beginning, the name Pañjalu was used more often than the name Kediri. This can be found in the inscriptions published by the kings of Panjalu. The name Panjalu is also known as Pu-chia-lung in the Chinese chronicle entitled Ling wai tai ta (1178). Three types of land were used by

1617-519: The last king of Singhasari . He was eventually defeated by Raden Wijaya , Kertanegara's son-in-law using the troops of the Mongol Yuan dynasty that were invading Java . Raden Wijaya would later turn against the Mongols and found Majapahit , a great empire centered around Java . Since 1271, Jayakatwang was viceroy (or governor) of Kediri, a vassal state of Singhasari. Kediri was formerly

1666-523: The name Kamecwaralancana . During his reign, Mpu Dharmaja wrote Smaradhana , in which the king was adored as the incarnation of Kamajaya , the god of love, and his capital city Dahana was admired throughout the known world. Kameçvara's wife, Çri Kirana, was celebrated as the incarnation of Kamaratih , the goddess of love and passion. The tales of this story, known as the Panji cycle , spread throughout Southeast Asia as far as Siam . The last king of Kediri

1715-521: The reign of Kertajaya , and is told in Pararaton and Nagarakretagama . In 1222 Kertajaya was fighting against the brahmins . Then the Brahmins asked for protection from Ken Arok akuwu of Tumapel . Incidentally, Ken Arok also aspires to liberate Tumapel which is Kadiri's subordinate area. The climax of the battle between Kadiri and Tumapel occurred near the village of Ganter ( Genter ), in

1764-517: The spice trade. Daha, the capital city of Kediri, (suggested to be at the same site as modern Kediri ) is located inland, near the fertile Brantas river valley. From the predecessor kingdom of Airlangga's Kahuripan, Kediri inherited irrigation systems, including the Wringin Sapta dam. Kediri economy was partly monetised, with silver coins issued by the royal court. In later periods, Kediri economy grew to rely more heavily on trade, especially

1813-656: The spice trade. This resulted from Kediri's development of a navy, allowing them to control the spice trade routes to eastern islands. Kediri collected spices from tributaries in southern Kalimantan and the Maluku Islands . Indians and Southeast Asians then transported the spices to Mediterranean and Chinese markets by way of the Spice Route which linked a chain of ports from the Indian Ocean to southern China. The kingdom of Kediri collapsed during

1862-630: The stomach of Hiranyakasipu (King of the Giants). The name is Jayabhaya was immortalised in Sedah's Kakawin Bharatayuddha , a Javanese version of the Mahabharata , written in 1135. This Kakawin was perfected by his brother, Mpu Panuluh. Mpu Panuluh wrote Hariwangsa and Gatotkacasraya . Jayabhaya's reign was considered the golden age of Old Javanese literature. The Prelambang Joyoboyo ,

1911-471: The throne of Java. So he offered his submission, allying himself with the Mongols who weren't yet aware of the recent political changes in Java. The expedition consisted of an army of 20,000 with 1,000 ships and a year's worth of grain. The expedition consisted mostly of southern Chinese conscripts. Arriving at the port of Tuban , they began preparing their fleet to enter the rivers of Java. With Wijaya as

1960-550: The word Jalu which means male (Indonesian jantan) and the prefix Pang (Indonesian pe-, thus Indonesian pejantan, or one who is male ), and in this regional context means a fertile and independent area. The term Kadiri is a synonym of the word Pangjalu, and it also means independent. The name "Kadiri" or "Kediri" also comes from the Sanskrit word Khadri which means India Mulberry ( Morinda citrifolia ), locally known as pacé or mengkudu tree. The bark of morinda produces

2009-444: Was Garudmukhalancana or Garudmukha , the same as Airlangga's. He was succeeded by Çri Jyitêndrakara Parakrama Bhakta (1051–1112). It is not known exactly when Çri Bamesvara ascended the throne of the Kediri Kingdom. The Lanchana (royal seal) of his reign was a skull with a crescent moon called chandrakapala , the symbol of Shiva . During the reign of Maharaja Çri Bamesvara himself, there were at least ten inscriptions containing

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2058-403: Was Kritajaya/Kertajaya (1194–1222), King Çrngga or Kritajaya ruled Kediri, with the official name Çri maharaja çri Sarwweçwara Triwikramawataranindita Çrngga lancana Digwijayottunggadewa . He used a Crnggalancana picture of (Cangkha) flanked by two horns and continued with the words "Krtajaya" above. The presence of dominant horns makes this badge called Crnggalancana or horned badge. In 1222, he

2107-489: Was a Hindu-Buddhist Javanese kingdom based in East Java from 1042 until 1222 (1292–1293 under Jayakatwang ). This kingdom is centered in the ancient city Dahanapura , despite the lack of archaeological remains, the age of Kediri saw much development in classical literature. Mpu Sedah's Kakawin Bharatayuddha , Mpu Panuluh's Gatotkacasraya , and Mpu Dharmaja's Smaradhana blossomed in this era. The kingdom's capital

2156-460: Was defeated by Ken Arok. After successfully killing Kertanegara, Jayakatwang rebuilt the kingdom of Kediri but lasted only one year due to a combined attack launched by Yuan dynasty troops and Raden Wijaya troops who later founded Majapahit . According to Jiyu and Petak inscriptions, during the end of the Majapahit era in the 15th century, there was a brief resurrection of Daha (Kediri) as

2205-924: Was forced to surrender his throne to Ken Arok and so lost the sovereignty of his kingdom to the new kingdom of Singhasari . This was the result of his defeat at the battle of Ganter . This event marked the end of the Kediri era, and the beginning of the Singhasari era. The Kediri kingdom existed alongside the Srivijaya empire based in Sumatra throughout the 11th to 12th century and seems to have maintained trade relations with China and to some extent India. Chinese accounts identify this kingdom as Tsao-wa or Chao-wa (Java). The number of Chinese records signifies that Chinese explorers and traders frequented this kingdom. Relations with India were cultural, as several Javanese rakawi (poets or scholars) wrote literature that

2254-617: Was inspired by Hindu mythology, beliefs, and epics such as Mahabharata and Ramayana . In the 11th century, Srivijayan hegemony in the Indonesian archipelago began to decline, marked by Rajendra Chola's invasion of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. The Chola king of Coromandel conquered Kedah from Srivijaya . The weakening of Srivijayan hegemony has enabled the formation of regional kingdoms, like Kediri, based on agriculture rather than trade. Later Kediri managed to control

2303-441: Was short-lived, but the events of his reign would play an important part in the history of Java and Indonesia , especially in the rise of Majapahit under Raden Wijaya. Under the guise of returning to his domain in Majapahit to prepare his tribute for the Mongols, Raden Wijaya would go on to betray his Mongol allies who were exhausted after the war with Jayakatwang. He then drove them out of Java and established Majapahit , one of

2352-492: Was the Pamalayu expedition to Sumatra in 1292, where he sent the Javanese army to conquer Sumatra from various successor states of Srivijaya . With the bulk of the Javanese army overseas, Jayakatwang seized his chance and launched a coup against Singhasari. He launched a diversionary attack to the northern Java, where his troops drew the remaining Singhasari troops left on the island. With Singhasari defenseless he attacked

2401-479: Was Çri Sarwweçwara/ Sarvesvara (1159–1171) the royal symbol is named Sarwwecwaralancana , wing-shaped numbering nine and at the end, there is a crested circle. Where everything is surrounded by three striped circles. followed by Çri Aryyeçwara/ Aryesvara (1171–1181), who used Ganesha the elephant-headed god as Lanchana of his kingdom. and became the (royal seal) of his reign and the Kingdom of Kadiri as stated in

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