98-547: Palembang ( Indonesian pronunciation: [paˈlɛmbaŋ] , Palembang : Pelémbang , Jawi : ڤليمبڠ ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra . The city proper covers 352.51 square kilometres (136.10 square miles ) on both banks of the Musi River in the eastern lowlands of southern Sumatra . It had a population of 1,668,848 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023
196-578: A Camat. They are further divided again into 107 kelurahan ( urban villages ). They are listed below with their areas, their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses, and the latest official estimates (as at mid 2023). The table also includes the numbers of kelurahan (urban villages) in each district, and its postal codes. Note: (a) Two additional districts - Ilir Timur Tiga (East Ilir III) and Jakabaring - were established in 2017 by splitting from Ilir Timur Dua (East Ilir II) and Seberang Ulu Satu (Upper Seberang I) districts respectively; their populations at
294-792: A UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Shailendras are considered to have been a thalassocracy and ruled vast swathes of maritime Southeast Asia; however, they also relied on agricultural pursuits, by way of intensive rice cultivation on the Kedu Plain of Central Java. The dynasty appeared to be the ruling family of the Mataram Kingdom of Central Java, and for some period, the Srivijaya Kingdom in Sumatra. The inscriptions created by Shailendras use three languages; Old Javanese , Old Malay , and Sanskrit — written either in
392-451: A 6-vowel system for Palembang, with /i/ and /u/ in closed syllables being realized as [ ɪ ] and [ ʊ ] , respectively. Some dictionaries of Palembang, however, also add [ ɛ ] and [ ɔ ] into the sound inventory for pronunciation guides without claiming their phonemic statuses (though one can see some minimal pairs as in [d͡ʒəro] 'inside' vs [d͡ʒərɔ] 'deterred'). An orthography has been made by
490-540: A distinction between schwa and /a/ in final closed syllables . To the north and east of Palembang, towards the border with Jambi Province and the waters of Bangka Strait , there exists the Pesisir or coastal variety, which is structurally very similar to the urban Palembang dialects. That said, Pesisir speech in the outer areas share high lexical similarity rates with neighboring Malayic lects of Jambi and Bangka . In addition, coastal speakers are not as tied to
588-510: A dozen burned cars, and several injured people inflicted by rioters as students marching to the Provincial People's Representative Council office of South Sumatra. Thousands of police and soldiers were put on guard at various points in the city. The Volunteer Team for Humanity (Indonesian: Tim Relawan untuk Manusia , or TRUK) reported that cases of sexual assault also took place. A sports complex, including Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium ,
686-486: A local content subject (curriculum activity) for elementary and secondary schools in the Palembang area since 2021. Dunggio (1983) lists 26 phonemes for the Palembang dialect; specifically, there are 20 consonants and 6 vowels. However, another study by Aliana (1987) states that there are only 25 phonemes in Palembang, reanalyzing /z/ as an allophone of /s/ and /d͡ʒ/ instead. As mentioned above, Dunggio proposes
784-621: A long time, Palembang is significantly influenced by Javanese , down to its core vocabularies. While the name Palembang in the broad sense can also refer to the Musi dialect group as a whole, it is most commonly used as an endonym for the speech used in the city and its immediate rural vicinity. In 2008, all the ISO 639-3 codes for Musi dialects, including [plm] for Palembang, were retired and merged into [mui] Musi. The old codes ([plm], [lmt], [pen], [rws]) are no longer in active use, but still have
882-457: A major Japanese attack was anticipated, and the Allied air units had withdrawn from southern Sumatra by the evening of 16 February 1942. Other personnel were evacuated via Oosthaven (now Bandar Lampung) by ships to Java or India. The Japanese managed to restore production at both main refineries, and these petroleum products were significant in their war effort. Despite Allied air raids, production
980-461: A military expedition that captured Palembang and deposed the sultan. His younger brother, the pro-British Najamudinn, was installed onto the throne instead. The Dutch colonial government attempted to recover their influence at the court in 1816, but Sultan Najamuddin was uncooperative. An expedition launched by the Dutch in 1818 captured Sultan Najamudin and he was exiled to Batavia. A Dutch Army garrison
1078-699: A millennium. The kingdom flourished by controlling the international trade through the Strait of Malacca from the seventh to thirteenth century, establishing hegemony over polities in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. Sanskrit inscriptions and Chinese travelogues report that the kingdom prospered as an intermediary in the international trade between China and India. Because of the Monsoon , or biannual seasonal wind, after getting to Srivijaya, traders from China or India had to stay there for several months waiting
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#17327654973821176-705: A place called "Matajap," and (in the interpretation of some scholars) founding the polity of Srivijaya. The "Matajap" of the inscription is believed to be Mukha Upang, a district of Palembang. According to George Coedes , "in the second half of the 9th century Java and Sumatra were united under the rule of a Sailendra reigning in Java...its centre at Palembang." As the capital of the Srivijaya kingdom, this second oldest city in Southeast Asia has been an important trading centre in maritime Southeast Asia for more than
1274-458: A place or situation, the city's name means "a place to pan gold and diamond ores". It is said that during antiquity, the ruler ordered gold and diamond miners to pan their ores in the city for security and surveillance reasons. Others say that the name comes from the word lembang in Malay. By adding the same prefix, the city's name means "a place where the water leaks". It also means "a place which
1372-471: A status as a city and has its own local government and legislative body. The executive head of Palembang is the Mayor. The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The city government enjoys greater decentralization of affairs than the provincial body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities and public transportation. Current Mayor of
1470-570: A surprise attack on the Khmers by approaching the capital from the river, after a sea crossing from Java. The young king of Khmer was later punished by the Maharaja, and subsequently the kingdom became a vassal of Sailendra dynasty. In 916 CE, Abu Zaid Hasan mentioned that a polity called Zabag invaded the Khmer kingdom, using 1000 "medium-sized" vessels, which resulted in a Zabag victory. The head of
1568-465: A thousand Buddhist monks and learned scholars, sponsored by the kingdom to study religion in Palembang. He also recorded that there were many "states" under the kingdom called Srivijaya (Shili Foshi). In 990, an army from the Kingdom of Mataram in Java attacked Srivijaya. Palembang was sacked and the palace was looted. Cudamani Warmadewa , however, requested protection from China. By 1006, the invasion
1666-593: A trade post in Palembang in 1619. In 1642, the company obtained monopoly over the ports pepper trade. Tensions mounted between the Dutch and locals, peaking in 1657 when a Dutch ship was attacked in Palembang. This provided opportunity for the company to launch a punitive expedition in 1659, in which the city was burnt to the ground. During the Napoleonic Wars in 1812, Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II repudiated British claims to suzerainty. The British responded by mounting
1764-483: Is called Kū-káng ( 舊港 ) in Hokkien, meaning "Old Port"; 巨 is read as kū in certain dominant dialects of Hokkien and was thus borrowed to use in place of 舊 . The Kedukan Bukit Inscription , which is dated 682 AD, is the oldest inscription found in Palembang. The inscription tells of a king who acquires magical powers and leads a large military force over water and land, setting out from Tamvan delta, arriving at
1862-413: Is considered a dialect of Malay with a significant portion being Javanese loanwords. The natives originating from other parts of South Sumatra have their own regional languages, such as Komering , Besemah , Rawas and Semendo . Chinese languages are also largely used by local Chinese communities. Palembang officially recognizes six religious faiths, of which the most widely held is Islam. According to
1960-578: Is influenced by tidal cycle . In rainy season, many areas on the city are inundated by the river's tide. Palembang's topography is quite different between the Seberang Ilir and Seberang Ulu areas. Seberang Ulu's topography is relatively flat. Seberang Ilir's topography is more rugged with altitude variation between 4 and 20 metres (13 and 66 feet ). Palembang is located in the tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen Af ) zone with significant rainfall even in its driest months. The climate in Palembang
2058-476: Is linked to the rise of Standard Indonesian influence in the daily speech of urban areas. In terms of phonology, Pasar speakers also tend to realize Proto-Malayic *r as an apical trill [r] as in Standard Indonesian, instead of using voiced/voiceless velar fricative [ɣ~x] as is common among traditional speakers of Palembang Lama. Lastly, only traditional speakers consistently maintain
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#17327654973822156-511: Is no historical evidence for such titles in the Funan period. The Shailendra rulers maintained cordial relations, including marriage alliances with Srivijaya in Sumatra . For instance, Samaragrawira married Dewi Tara, a daughter of Srivijayan Maharaja Dharmasetu . The mutual alliance between the two kingdoms ensured that Srivijaya had no need to fear the emergence of a Javanese rival and that
2254-401: Is often described as a "hot, humid climate with a lot of rainfall throughout the year". The annual average temperature is around 27.3 °C (81.1 °F). Within this tropical climate, except for precipitation and monsoonal wind direction, the city experiences no other seasonal change throughout the year. Average rainfall annually is 2,623 millimetres or 103 inches. During its wettest months,
2352-586: Is often used as evidence that the Shailendra dynasty came from Sumatra because it assumes the word Selendra as the Malay designation for Shailendra and assumed that Dapunta Selendra was the predecessor of the dynasty. Recent studies show no such evidence: According to Damais, the Sojomerto inscription dates from early 9th century, placing it after the Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 AD). In addition,
2450-465: Is used in conversations with community leaders, elders, or respected individuals, especially during Palembang traditional ceremonies. In contrast, the saghi-saghi register, which is more rooted in native Malayic vocabulary, is used in everyday conversation. Sailendra The Shailendra dynasty ( IAST : Śailēndra , Indonesian pronunciation: [ʃaɪlenˈdraː] derived from Sanskrit combined words Śaila and Indra , meaning "King of
2548-585: The 2018 Asian Games along with Jakarta . The first light rail system in Indonesia was operated in Palembang in July 2018. The city attracted 2,011,417 tourists in 2017, including 9,850 foreign tourists. Traffic jams, floods, slums, pollution, and peatland fire are problems in Palembang. Some believe that the name "Palembang" is derived from the word limbang in Malay . By adding the prefix pe- which indicates
2646-591: The Chola kingdom in Southern India, as shown by several south Indian inscriptions. An 11th-century inscription mentioned the grant of revenues to a local Buddhist sanctuary, built in 1005 by the king of the Srivijaya. In spite the relations were initially fairly cordial, hostilities had broken out in 1025. Rajendra Chola I the Emperor of the Chola dynasty conquered some territories of the Shailendra dynasty in
2744-464: The Demak Sultanate fell under Kingdom of Pajang , a Demak nobleman, Geding Suro with his followers fled to Palembang and established a new dynasty. It is from this period, that Islam became the dominant religion in Palembang. The Sultanate of Palembang was proclaimed in 1659. The Grand Mosque of Palembang was built in 1738 under the reign of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I Jaya Wikrama, and
2842-603: The Kawi alphabet , or pre- Nāgarī script . The use of Old Malay has sparked speculation of a Sumatran origin, or Srivijayan connection of this family. On the other hand, the use of Old Javanese suggests their firm political establishment on Java. The use of Sanskrit usually indicates the official nature, and/or religious significance, of the event described in any given inscription. The Sojomerto inscription (9th century CE) discovered in Batang Regency , Central Java, mentioned
2940-773: The Kelurak inscription (782) and the Karangtengah inscription (824). Outside Indonesia, the name Shailendra is to be found in the Ligor inscription (775) on the Malay peninsula and Nalanda inscription (860) in India. It is possible that it was Paṇaṃkaraṇa that create the Chaiya, or Ligor inscription (775), and took control over Srivijayan realm in the Southern Thailand Malay Peninsula. Although
3038-502: The 11th century. The devastation caused by Chola invasion of Srivijaya in 1025, marked the end of Shailendra family as the ruling dynasty in Sumatra. The last king of Shailendra dynasty — the Maharaja Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman — was imprisoned and taken as hostage. Nevertheless, amity was re-established between the two states, before the end of the 11th century. In 1090 a new charter was granted to
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3136-572: The 17th century. This text was written in Classical Malay with some influence from the Javanese language , considering the Palembang royal family originated from Java . The Javanese influence in Palembang began at least as early as the 14th century. William Marsden noted two distinct language varieties used in Palembang in the 18th century. The language of the palace was a refined Javanese dialect and Malay mixed with foreign vocabulary, while
3234-461: The 2010 Census are included in the figures given for the districts from which they were cut out. Note the affixes can be translated as: "Satu" = "One"; "Dua" = "Two"; "Tiga" = "Three"; "Timur" = "East"; "Barat" = "West"; "Ilir" = "Lower" (or "Downriver"); "Ulu" - "Upper" (or "Upriver"). Palembang is an ethnically diverse city. The indigenous population in the region of Palembang are Palembang people . Many of them live in traditional settlements along
3332-520: The 2017 data from Badan Pusat Statistik Palembang, the population of Palembang was 92.22% Muslim, 3.91% Buddhist , 2.23% Protestant , 1.49% Roman Catholic , 0.13% Hindu , and 0.02% Confucianist. Muslims in Palembang are mainly from the Shafi`i school of Sunni Islam . There are several mosques with considerable heritage and historical significance, chiefly the Great Mosque of Palembang , which
3430-558: The 8th to the 9th century, confined only in Central Java, from the era of Panangkaran to Samaratungga. However the recent interpretation suggests the longer period of Shailendra family might existed, from the early 9th century (edict of Sojomerto inscription) to early 11th century (the fall of Shailendran dynasty of Srivijaya under Chola invasion). For certain period, Shailendras ruled both Central Java and Sumatra. Their alliance and intermarriage with Srivijayan ruling family resulted with
3528-599: The Dutch after an urban battle with Republicans on 1–5 January 1947, which is nicknamed Pertempuran Lima Hari Lima Malam (Five Days and Nights Battle). The battle ended with a ceasefire and the Republican forces retreated as far as 20 kilometres (12 miles) from Palembang. During the occupation, the Dutch formed the federal state of South Sumatra in September 1948. After the transfer of sovereignty on 27 December 1949, South Sumatra State, along with other federal states and
3626-708: The Japanese paratroopers failed to capture the Pangkalan Benteng airfield, they managed to gain undamaged possession of the Plaju oil refinery. However, the second oil refinery in Sungai Gerong was demolished by the Allies. A counter-attack by Landstorm troops and anti-aircraft gunners from Prabumulih managed to retake the complex but took heavy losses. The planned demolition failed to do any serious damage to
3724-458: The Khmer king was then brought to Zabag. Regardless of whether the story was true or not or just a legend, it may have a connection with the independence of Cambodia from Javanese suzerainty in 802 CE. Zabag might corresponds to Jawaka/Javaka, which may refer to Java or South Sumatra. After 824, there are no more references to the Shailendra house in the Javanese epigraphic record. Around 860
3822-463: The Mountain", also spelled Sailendra , Syailendra or Selendra ) was the name of a notable Indianised dynasty that emerged in 8th-century Java , whose reign signified a cultural renaissance in the region. The Shailendras were active promoters of Mahayana Buddhism and covered the Kedu Plain of Central Java with Buddhist monuments , one of which is the colossal stupa of Borobudur , now
3920-1008: The Musi River bank, although there has been a recent efflux of Palembang people to the outer suburbs. Many people of other ethnicities from other parts of South Sumatra and beyond also live in Palembang. There are also significant Javanese , Minangkabau , Arab , Indian and Chinese communities who are inhabitants of Palembang. Arab Indonesian communities mainly live in several villages such as Kampong Al Munawwar in 13 Ulu, Kampong Assegaf in 16 Ulu, Kampong Al Habsyi in Kuto Batu, Kampong Jamalullail in 19 Ilir and Kampong Alawiyyin in Sungai Bayas, 10 Ilir. Conversely, Chinese Indonesian communities mainly live in commercial districts in Palembang although there are several traditional Chinese villages like Kampong Kapitan in 7 Ulu. And Indian in 18 Ilir. The local language of Palembang, Musi (Baso Plembang),
4018-575: The Musi grouping, specifically the Palembang–Lowland cluster, which also includes the Lowland subcluster containing Belide, Lematang Ilir, and Penesak varieties. Internally, the Palembang subcluster can be divided into three dialects, namely 1) Palembang Lama ("Old" Palembang), 2) Palembang Pasar ("Bazaar" Palembang) and 3) Pesisir ("Coastal"). Palembang Lama refers to the traditional variety spoken natively by ethnic Palembang communities, both within
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4116-405: The Palembang ethnic identity as the speakers in the urban Palembang area and its immediate vicinity. As with other Malayic varieties, the Palembang language is a descendant of Proto-Malayic , which is believed to have originated from western Kalimantan. According to Adelaar (2004), the development of Malay as a distinct ethnic group may have been influenced by contact with Indian culture following
4214-544: The Republic formed a short-lived United States of Indonesia before the states were abolished and integrated back into the form of Republic on 17 August 1950. During PRRI / Permesta rebellion, the rebel faction established Dewan Garuda (Garuda Council) in South Sumatra on 15 January 1957 under Lieutenant Colonel Barlian took over the local government of South Sumatra. In April 1962, Indonesian government started
4312-638: The Residency of Palembang, encompassing the territory that would become the South Sumatra province after Indonesian independence. Its first resident was Jan Izaäk van Sevenhoven . From the late nineteenth century, with the Dutch introduction of new export crops including robusta coffee , Palembang rose as an economic centre. During the early 20th century, the development of the petroleum and rubber industries in Palembang Residency drove
4410-506: The Shailendra had access to the international market. Karangtengah inscription dated 824 mentioned about king Samaratungga. His daughter named Pramodhawardhani has inaugurated a Jinalaya , a sacred buddhist sanctuary. The inscription also mentioned a sacred Buddhist building called Venuvana to place the cremated ashes of King Indra. The Tri Tepusan inscription dated 842 mentioned about the sima (tax free) lands awarded by Śrī Kahulunan (Pramodhawardhani, daughter of Samaratungga) to ensure
4508-566: The Shailendra monarch Samaratunga and princess Tara. This ended the Shailendra presence in Java and Balaputra retreated to the Srivijaya kingdom in Sumatra, where he became the paramount ruler. Earlier historians, such as N.J. Krom and Coedes, tend to equate Samaragrawira and Samaratungga as the same person. However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, mentioned in Mantyasih inscription as fifth monarch of Mataram Kingdom . Which means Samaratungga
4606-833: The Shailendras originated in India and established themselves in Palembang before the arrival of Srivijaya's Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa . In 683, the Shailendras moved to Java because of the pressure exerted by Dapunta Hyang and his troops. In 1934, the French scholar Coedes proposed a relation with the Funan kingdom in Cambodia . Coedes believed that the Funanese rulers used similar-sounding 'mountainlord' titles, but several Cambodia specialists have discounted this. They hold there
4704-514: The ailing King Sanjaya ordering his son, Rakai Panaraban or Panangkaran, to convert to Buddhism because their faith in Shiva was feared by the people in favor of the pacifist Buddhist faith. The conversion of Panangkaran to Buddhism also corresponds to the Raja Sankhara inscription , which tells of a king named Sankhara (identified as Panangkaran) converting to Buddhism because his Shaiva faith
4802-505: The area's fuel supply and airfield, Palembang offered potential as a military base area, to both the Allies and the Japanese. The main battle occurred during 13–16 February 1942. While the Allied planes were attacking Japanese shipping on 13 February, Kawasaki Ki-56 transport planes of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Chutai , Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF), dropped Teishin Shudan (Raiding Group) paratroopers over Pangkalan Benteng airfield. At
4900-628: The city and the "relic areas" around it. Meanwhile, Palembang Pasar is a koiné that has become a lingua franca to bridge interethnic communication in Palembang and other major population centers throughout the region. This variety is often used polyglossically with Indonesian (resulting in the so-called "Palembang Indonesian" variety) and other regional languages/dialects in the area, both Malayic and non-Malayic. In terms of lexicon , Palembang Lama retains many Javanese loanwords that are no longer used by speakers of Palembang Pasar. This decreasing number of Javanese loanwords used by Pasar speakers
4998-542: The city is Harnojoyo , previous vice mayor who is appointed because the previous mayor, Romi Herton was impeached because of a bribery scandal during his election. Besides Mayor and Vice Mayor, there is the Palembang City Regional House of Representatives , which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by the people in legislative elections every five years. Palembang consists of eighteen kecamatan (districts), each headed by
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#17327654973825096-594: The city's economic growth. This saw a growth in migrants, an increase in urbanisation , and development of the socioeconomic infrastructure. Palembang became the most populous urban centre outside Java. An oil embargo had been imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and due to its oil refineries, Palembang was a high priority objective for Japanese forces. With
5194-419: The city's lowlands are frequently inundated by torrential rains. However, in its driest months, many peatlands around the city dried, making them more vulnerable to wildfires , causing prolonged haze in the city. Due to the city's very low latitude, the typhoon risk of the city is nearly absent. Palembang is roughly divided by Musi River into two major areas known as Seberang Ilir (lit. "downstream bank") in
5292-707: The construction of Ampera Bridge which was completed and officially opened for public on 30 September 1965 by Minister/Commander of the Army Lieutenant General Ahmad Yani on 30 September 1965, only hours before he was killed by troops belonging to the 30 September Movement . At first, the bridge was known as the Bung Karno Bridge, after the president, but following his fall, it was renamed the Ampera Bridge. A second bridge in Palembang which crosses Musi River, Musi II Bridge
5390-416: The direction of the wind changes, or had to go back to China or India. Thus, Srivijaya grew to be the biggest international trade centre, and not only the market, but also infrastructures for traders such as lodging and entertainment also developed. It functioned as a cultural centre as well. Yijing , a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who stayed in today's Palembang and Jambi in 671, recorded that there were more than
5488-407: The everyday language of the Palembang people was a Malay dialect, characterized primarily by the pronunciation of the vowel 'a' being changed to 'o'. Today the use of the Palembang language is officially recognized by the government of South Sumatra as one of the indigenous language varieties in South Sumatra that must be preserved. As part of efforts to promote and preserve the Palembang language,
5586-661: The fierce battle that ensued, the Ming soldiers and Ming superior armada finally destroyed the pirate fleet and killed 5,000 of its men. Chen was captured and held for public execution in Nanjing in 1407. Peace was finally restored to the Strait of Malacca as Shi Jinqing was installed as Palembang's new ruler and incorporated into what would become a far-flung system of allies who acknowledged Ming supremacy in return for diplomatic recognition, military protection, and trading rights. After
5684-526: The funding and maintenance of a Kamūlān called Bhūmisambhāra . Kamūlān itself from the word mula which means 'the place of origin', a sacred building to honor the ancestors . These findings suggested that either the ancestors of the Shailendras were originated from Central Java, or as the sign that Shailendra have established their holds on Java. Casparis suggested that Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra which in Sanskrit means "The mountain of combined virtues of
5782-600: The government of South Sumatra, supported by the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs , launched the Quran (the holy book of Islam) with a Palembang language translation. This translation was released by the Research and Development Center for Religious Literature and Heritage in 2019. In addition, The refined register of the Palembang language, known as jegho / jero (or alus ), has also been included as
5880-511: The inscription is a direct ancestor of modern Malay languages (including Palembang). Aside from ancient inscriptions, there are very few other written sources that can serve as references for the development of the Palembang language. One such written source is the Kitab Undang-Undang Simbur Cahaya, which is believed to have been compiled by Queen Sinuhun, the wife of Palembang ruler Prince Sido ing Kenayan, around
5978-467: The largest rivers in Sumatra, the Musi River, runs through the city, dividing the city area into two major parts which are Seberang Ilir in the north (comprising 13 of the 18 city districts) and Seberang Ulu in the south (comprising Seberang Ulu Satu, Kertapati, Jakabaring, Seberang Ulu Dua and Plaju Districts). Palembang is also located on the confluence of two major tributaries of Musi River, which are Ogan River and Komering River . The river's water level
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#17327654973826076-462: The list of Shailendran king in middle and later period with their connections to Sanjaya and Srivijaya, based on inscriptions and Carita Parahyangan manuscript. However, there is some confusion occurred, because the Shailendra seems to rule many kingdoms; Kalingga, Mataram and later Srivijaya. As the result name of the same kings often overlapped and seem to rule these kingdoms simultaneously. The questionmark (?) signify doubt or speculation because of
6174-407: The local office of Language Development and Fostering Agency . It is closely related to the Indonesian Spelling System , using the same 26-letters Latin alphabet with the optional use of the letter é. The Palembang language has two linguistic registers : jegho or alus (also often identified as bebaso ) and saghi-saghi . The jegho or alus register contains many borrowed Javanese words and
6272-401: The meaning assigned to them when they were established in the Standard. Based on lexicostatistical analyses, mappings of sound changes , and mutual intelligibility tests, McDowell & Anderbeck (2020) classify Malayic varieties in southern Sumatra into two dialect groups, namely 1) South Barisan Malay (also called Central Malay or Middle Malay ) and 2) Musi . Palembang is part of
6370-437: The merging of two royal houses, with Shailendran finally emerge as the ruling family of both Srivijaya and Mataram (Central Java). Some historians tried to reconstruct the order and list of Shailendra rulers, although there is some disagreement on the list. Boechari tried to reconstruct the early stage of Shailendra based on Sojomerto inscription, while other historians such as Slamet Muljana and Poerbatjaraka tried to reconstruct
6468-419: The migration of Proto-Malayic speakers to southern Sumatra. The Sriwijaya Kingdom , centered in Palembang in the 7th century, was one of the earliest, if not the first, manifestations of the Malay nation-state. The Kedukan Bukit inscription found in Palembang is the earliest written evidence of the Malayic language family spoken in the region. However, linguists still debate whether the language variety used in
6566-421: The name Dapunta Selendra and Selendranamah . The name 'Selendra' has been suggested as another spelling of Shailendra, meaning that Dapunta Selendra was the progenitor of Shailendra family in Central Java. However, recent analysis suggested that this was not true: The inscription has diphthong ai in it, so it is unlikely that Selendra was another name for Shailendra, and the Sumatran origin of Sailendra dynasty
6664-419: The name Selendra from the Sojomerto inscription does not seem to have anything to do with Shailendra: The inscription mentions the words hakairu and daiva which have the diphthong ai, so that diphthong should also be used in the name Dapunta Selendra . In addition, this theory is obsolete because there is no data on the existence of the Shailendra dynasty in Sumatra earlier than the ninth century and Srivijaya
6762-437: The name re-appears in the Nalanda inscription in India. According to the text, the king Devapaladeva of Bengala ( Pala Empire ) had granted ' Balaputra , the king of Suvarna-dvipa' (Sumatra) the revenues of 5 villages to a Buddhist monastery near Bodh Gaya . Balaputra was styled a descendant from the Shailendra dynasty and grandson of the king of Java. From Sumatra, the Shailendras also maintained overseas relations with
6860-456: The north and Seberang Ulu (lit. "upstream bank") in the south. Seberang Ilir is the main economic and political centre in Palembang and contained a prominent portion of the city's highrises. Seberang Ulu is undergoing massive development, especially in Jakabaring, with the construction of business centre, government building, and the most notably is the construction of the city's sport complex, Jakabaring Sport City . Palembang administratively has
6958-421: The old Buddhist sanctuary, it is the last known inscription with a reference to the Shailendras. With the absence of legitimate successor, Shailendra dynasty seems ceased to rule. Other family within Srivijaya mandala took over the throne, a new Maharaja named Sri Deva according to Chinese source establishing new dynasty to rule Srivijaya. He sent an embassy to the court of China in 1028 CE. Sri Kesari Warmadewa
7056-471: The refinery, but the oil stores were set ablaze. Two hours after the first drop, another 60 Japanese paratroopers were dropped near Pangkalan Benteng airfield. As the Japanese landing force approached Sumatra, the remaining Allied aircraft attacked it, and the Japanese transport ship Otawa Maru was sunk. Hurricanes flew up the rivers, machine-gunning Japanese landing craft. However, on the afternoon of 15 February, all Allied aircraft were ordered to Java, where
7154-479: The rise of the Shailendras occurred in Kedu Plain in the Javanese heartland, their origin has been the subject of discussion. Apart from Java itself, an earlier homeland in Sumatra , India , Funan , or Cambodia has been suggested. The latest studies apparently favour a native origin of the dynasty. Despite their connections with Srivijaya in Sumatra and Thai-Malay Peninsula, the Shailendras were more likely of Javanese origin. One theory suggests that Shailendra
7252-413: The same time Mitsubishi Ki-21 bombers from the 98th Sentai dropped supplies for paratroopers. The formation was escorted by a large force of Nakajima Ki-43 fighters from the 59th and 64th Sentai . As many as 180 men from the Japanese 2nd Parachute Regiment, under Colonel Seiichi Kume, dropped between Palembang and Pangkalan Benteng, and more than 90 men came down west of the refineries at Plaju. Although
7350-419: The survivor used as rafts. The rafts were wobbled ( limbang-limbang ) by the waves until they drifted ashore to a land which was later named Palimbang by them. Palembang also has a special Chinese character rendition like several cities in Indonesia. In modern Chinese, Palembang is written as Jùgǎng ( Chinese : 巨港 ; lit. 'giant port'). 巨 here is a sound-borrowing at Hokkien. Palembang
7448-520: The ten stages of Boddhisattvahood ", was the original name of Borobudur. The received older version holds that the Shailendra dynasty existed next to the Sanjaya dynasty in Java. Much of the period was characterized by peaceful co-existence and cooperation but towards the middle of the 9th century relations had deteriorated. Around 852 the Sanjaya ruler Pikatan had defeated Balaputra, the offspring of
7546-416: The twenty-year disruption of trade, the reach of Srivijaya was diminished. Its territories began to free themselves from the suzerainty of Palembang and to establish many small kingdoms all over the former empire. Srivijaya finally declined with the military expedition by Javanese kingdoms in the thirteenth century. Prince Parameswara fled from Palembang after being crushed by Javanese forces. The city
7644-518: The two refinery complexes, against determined Japanese defence. The aviation fuel output was reduced by 75% for the loss of 32 aircraft to combat and landings. On 8 October 1945, the Resident of South Sumatra, Adnan Kapau Gani, and Gunseibu officers raised the Indonesian flag during a ceremony. It was declared that Palembang Residency was under control of Republicans. Palembang was occupied by
7742-558: Was 1,772,492 (comprising 887,101 males and 885,391 females). Palembang is the second most populous city in Sumatra, after Medan , and the twelfth most populous city in Indonesia . The Palembang metropolitan area has an estimated population of more than 2.7 million in 2023. It comprises the city and parts of regencies surrounding the city, including Banyuasin Regency (11 administrative districts), Ogan Ilir Regency (7 districts), and Ogan Komering Ilir Regency (4 districts). Palembang
7840-545: Was a native Javanese dynasty and the Sanjaya dynasty was actually a branch of the Shailendras since Sri Sanjaya and his offspring belong to the Shailendra family that were initially the Shaivist rulers of the Mataram Kingdom . The association of Shailendra with Mahayana Buddhism began after the conversion of Panaraban or Panangkaran to Buddhism. This theory is based on the Carita Parahyangan , which tells of
7938-562: Was built during the Palembang Sultanate era, widely regarded as the main mosque of Palembang. Palembang language Palembang , also known as Palembang Malay ( Baso Pelémbang ), is a Malayic variety of the Musi dialect chain primarily spoken in the city of Palembang and nearby lowlands, and also as a lingua franca throughout South Sumatra . Since parts of the region used to be under direct Javanese rule for quite
8036-444: Was built in Palembang's southern district of Jakabaring over 1998-2004. Palembang then hosted the 2004 National Games , 47 years after the games were last held outside Java and 51 years since held in Sumatra. Palembang went on to co-host the 2011 Southeast Asian Games with Jakarta. Two years later, Palembang replaced Riau province's capital Pekanbaru as host city of the 2013 Islamic Solidarity Games after Riau Governor Rusli Zainal
8134-429: Was built on 4 August 1992. On 6 December 1988, Indonesia government expanded Palembang's administrative area as far as 12 kilometers from the city center, with 9 villages from Musi Banyuasin integrated into 2 new districts of Palembang and 1 village from Ogan Komering Ilir integrated into Seberang Ulu I District. During May 1998 riots of Indonesia , Palembang was also ravaged by riots with 10 burned shops, more than
8232-513: Was completed in 1748. Settlements grew along the Musi River , with some houses built on rafts. The Sultanate legislated only citizens of Palembang could reside downstream of Seberang Ilir where the palace was located, whereas non-citizens were required to reside on the opposite bank known as Seberang Ulu. Several local rivals, such as Banten , Jambi , and Aceh threatened the existence of the Sultanate. The Dutch East India Company established
8330-943: Was completed in 2015. In 2010, Palembang launched its bus transit system , Transmusi. In 2015, the central government began upgrading Palembang's transportation with the construction of a light rail transit system from Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport to Jakabaring, followed by toll roads , two Musi River bridges, and two flyovers, ahead of the 2018 Asian Games. The city's main toll road commenced operation in October 2017. At 2°59′10″S 104°45′20″E / 2.98611°S 104.75556°E / -2.98611; 104.75556 , Palembang occupies 400.61 km of vast lowland area east of Bukit Barisan Mountains in southern Sumatra with average elevation of 8 metres (26 feet), approximately 105 kilometres (65 miles) from nearby coast at Bangka Strait . One of
8428-458: Was constantly inundated by water". It refers to the geographical features of Palembang, which is a wetland. Some say that the name was given by four brothers who survived a shipwreck near Musi River during the Majapahit reign. It is said that on their way to a new colony in eastern Sumatra when their ship was wrecked, all belongings in the ship sunk into the sea except a broken wooden box which
8526-408: Was established in 1821, but Najamuddin attempted an attack and a mass poisoning of the garrison, which was intervened by the Dutch. Mahmud Badaruddin II was exiled to Ternate , and his palace was burned to the ground. The Sultanate was later abolished by the Dutch and direct colonial rule was established. Following the Dutch abolition of the Palembang Sultanate in 1825, Palembang became the capital of
8624-597: Was feared by the people. Unfortunately, the Raja Sankhara inscription is now missing. Other scholars hold that the expansion of Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya was involved in the rise of the dynasty in Java. Supporters of this connection emphasize the shared Mahayana patronage; the intermarriages and the Ligor inscription. Also the fact that some of Shailendra's inscriptions were written in old Malay , which suggested Srivijaya or Sumatran connections. The name 'Selendra'
8722-480: Was finally repelled. In retaliation, Srivijaya king sent his troops to assist King Wurawari of Luaram in his revolt against Mataram. In subsequent battles, Mataram Palace was destroyed and the royal family of Mataram executed. In 1068, King Virarajendra Chola of the Chola Dynasty of India conquered what is now Kedah from Srivijaya. Having lost many soldiers in the war and with its coffers almost empty due to
8820-531: Was first mentioned in Sojomerto inscription as "Dapunta Selendra". Dapunta Selendra is suggested as the ancestor of Shailendras. The title Dapunta is similar to those of Srivijayan King Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa , and the inscription — although discovered in Central Java north coast — was written in old Malay, which suggested the Sumatran origin or Srivijayan connection to this family. The Sojomerto inscription
8918-537: Was implicated in a corruption case. Palembang and Jakarta co-hosted the 2018 Asian Games. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in 2005 declared Palembang a "Water Tourism City". Further tourism promotions were launched by Yudhoyono's administration in 2008 amid criticism that souvenirs promoting local culture for the campaign were actually imported from China. Palembang's first flyover was completed at Simpang Polda in September 2008. A second flyover, in Jakabaring,
9016-612: Was largely maintained. The city was defended from air attacks by the Imperial Japanese Army's Palembang Defense Unit . In August 1944, USAAF B-29 bombers flying from India, raided the Palembang refineries in what was the longest range regular bombing mission of the war. In January 1945, in Operation Meridian I and II , the British Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm launched two major attacks on
9114-671: Was said to be a Buddhist king of the Shailendra dynasty who led a military expedition to establish a Mahayana Buddhist government in Bali . In 914, he left a record of his endeavour in the Belanjong pillar in Sanur in Bali. According to this inscription, the Warmadewa dynasty was probably the branch of Shailendras that ruled Bali. Traditionally, the Shailendra period was viewed to span from
9212-551: Was the capital of Srivijaya , a Buddhist kingdom that ruled much of the western Indonesian Archipelago and controlled many maritime trade routes, including the Strait of Malacca . Palembang was incorporated into the Dutch East Indies in 1825 after the abolition of the Palembang Sultanate . It was chartered as a city on 1 April 1906. Palembang was the host city of the 2011 Southeast Asian Games and
9310-627: Was the successor of Samaragrawira, and Balaputradewa that is also Samaragrawira's son, is Samaratungga's younger brother and ruled in Suvarnadvipa (Sumatra), and he is not Samaratungga's son. This version holds Balaputra that reign in Sumatra challenged the Pikatan-Pramodhawardhani legitimation in Java, arguing that his niece and her husband has less rights to rule Java compared to his. In 851 an Arabic merchant named Sulaiman recorded an event about Javanese Sailendras staging
9408-420: Was then plagued by pirates, notably Chen Zuyi and Liang Daoming . In 1407, Chen was confronted at Palembang by the returning imperial treasure fleet under Admiral Zheng He . Zheng made the opening gambit, demanding Chen's surrender and the pirate quickly signalled agreement while preparing for a surprise pre-emptive strike. But details of his plan had been provided to Zheng by a local Chinese informant, and in
9506-518: Was thus unproven. The earliest dated inscription in Indonesia in which clearly mentioned the dynastic name of Śailēndra as Śailēndravamśatilaka appears is the Kalasan inscription (778) of central Java, which mention its ruler Mahārāja dyāḥ Pañcapaṇa kariyāna Paṇaṃkaraṇa and commemorates the establishment of a Buddhist shrine, Candi Kalasan , dedicated for the goddess Tara . The name also appears in several other inscriptions like
9604-532: Was unable to conquer Java. What happened was the opposite — the Shailendra dynasty subdued Srivijaya and its area on the Malay peninsula. According to the old theory of Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1933), an Indian scholar, the Shailendra dynasty that established itself in the Indonesian archipelago originated from Kalinga (modern Odisha ) in Eastern India. This opinion is also shared by Nilakanta Sastri and J. L. Moens. Moens (1937) further describes that
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