List of forms of government
25-494: [REDACTED] Look up representative or Rep. in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Representative may refer to: Politics [ edit ] Representative democracy , type of democracy in which elected officials represent a group of people House of Representatives , legislative body in various countries or sub-national entities Legislator , someone who
50-531: A legislature (such as a parliament or congress), which may be composed of a single chamber (unicameral), two chambers (bicameral), or more than two chambers (multicameral). Where two or more chambers exist, their members are often elected in different ways . The power of representatives is usually curtailed by a constitution (as in a constitutional democracy or a constitutional monarchy ) or other measures to balance representative power: Some political theorists, such as Edmund Burke , believe that part of
75-476: A corporation in Japan The Representative (newspaper) , unsuccessful 1826 London newspaper See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Representative Representation (disambiguation) Rep (disambiguation) Presentative (disambiguation) Special Representative , a diplomatic rank The Representative (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
100-508: A diplomatic rank The Representative (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Representative . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Representative&oldid=1114441146 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
125-490: A group of people House of Representatives , legislative body in various countries or sub-national entities Legislator , someone who is a member of a legislature Mathematics [ edit ] Representative (mathematics) , an element of an equivalence class representing the class Other uses [ edit ] Sales representative Manufacturers' representative Customer service representative Holiday rep Representative sample , in statistics
150-449: A sample or subset meant to represent a population Representative director (Japan) , most senior executive in charge of managing a corporation in Japan The Representative (newspaper) , unsuccessful 1826 London newspaper See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Representative Representation (disambiguation) Rep (disambiguation) Presentative (disambiguation) Special Representative ,
175-482: Is a member of a legislature Mathematics [ edit ] Representative (mathematics) , an element of an equivalence class representing the class Other uses [ edit ] Sales representative Manufacturers' representative Customer service representative Holiday rep Representative sample , in statistics a sample or subset meant to represent a population Representative director (Japan) , most senior executive in charge of managing
200-419: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages representative [REDACTED] Look up representative or Rep. in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Representative may refer to: Politics [ edit ] Representative democracy , type of democracy in which elected officials represent
225-639: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Representative democracy Representative democracy , electoral democracy or indirect democracy is a type of democracy where representatives are elected by the public. Nearly all modern Western-style democracies function as some type of representative democracy: for example, the United Kingdom (a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy ), Germany (a federal parliamentary republic ), France (a unitary semi-presidential republic ), and
250-407: Is known as the iron law of oligarchy . Representative democracies which are stable have been analysed by Adolf Gasser and compared to the unstable representative democracies in his book Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas which was published in 1943 and a second edition in 1947. Adolf Gasser stated the following requirements for a representative democracy in order to remain stable, unaffected by
275-577: The Reform Act 1832 with launching modern representative democracy in the United Kingdom. Globally, a majority of governments in the world are representative democracies, including constitutional monarchies and republics with strong representative branches. Separate but related, and very large, bodies of research in political philosophy and social science investigate how and how well elected representatives, such as legislators, represent
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#1732773031554300-831: The United States (a federal presidential republic). This is different from direct democracy , where the public votes directly on laws or policies, rather than representatives. Political parties often become prominent in representative democracy if electoral systems require or encourage voters to vote for political parties or for candidates associated with political parties (as opposed to voting for individual representatives). Some political theorists (including Robert Dahl , Gregory Houston, and Ian Liebenberg) have described representative democracy as polyarchy . Representative democracy can be organized in different ways including both parliamentary and presidential systems of government . Elected representatives typically form
325-477: The marginalized . Proponents of direct democracy criticize representative democracy due to its inherent structure. As the fundamental basis of representative democracy is non inclusive system, in which representatives turn into an elite class that works behind closed doors, as well as the criticizing the elector system as being driven by a capitalistic and authoritarian system. The system of stochocracy has been proposed as an improved system compared to
350-813: The Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, although short-lived, the National Convention was elected by all males in 1792. Universal male suffrage was re-established in France in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848 . Representative democracy came into general favour particularly in post- industrial revolution nation states where large numbers of citizens evinced interest in politics , but where technology and population figures remained unsuited to direct democracy. Many historians credit
375-586: The Roman than the Greek model, because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives, and which had an elected or nominated leader. Representative democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives; as opposed to direct democracy, a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly. A European medieval tradition of selecting representatives from
400-569: The United States in 1787, with a national legislature based partly on direct elections of representatives every two years, and thus responsible to the electorate for continuance in office. Senators were not directly elected by the people until the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. Women, men who owned no property, and Black people, and others not originally given voting rights, in most states eventually gained
425-533: The constituents do not fully agree with the decision, then the representative acts as a trustee. The Roman Republic was the first known state in the Western world to have a representative government, despite taking the form of a direct government in the Roman assemblies . The Roman model of governance would inspire many political thinkers over the centuries, and today's modern representative democracies imitate more
450-418: The duty of a representative is not simply to follow the wishes of the electorate but also to use their own judgment in the exercise of their powers, even if their views are not reflective of those of a majority of voters. A representative who chooses to execute the wishes of their constituents acts as a delegate. If the representative chooses to use their best judgment and knowledge in making decisions, even when
475-410: The interests or preferences of one or another constituency. The empirical research shows that representative systems tend to be biased towards the representation of more affluent classes to the detriment of the population at large. In his book Political Parties , written in 1911, Robert Michels argues that most representative systems deteriorate towards an oligarchy or particracy . This
500-418: The iron law of oligarchy: A drawback to this type of government is that elected officials are not required to fulfill promises made before their election and are able to promote their own self-interests once elected, providing an incohesive system of governance. Legislators are also under scrutiny as the system of majority-won legislators voting for issues for the large group of people fosters inequality among
525-425: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Representative . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Representative&oldid=1114441146 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
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#1732773031554550-497: The system of representative democracy, where representatives are elected. Stochocracy aims to at least reduce this degradation by having all representatives appointed by lottery instead of by voting. Therefore, this system is also called lottocracy. The system was proposed by the writer Roger de Sizif in 1998 in his book La Stochocratie . Choosing officeholders by lot was also the standard practice in ancient Athenian democracy and in ancient India . The rationale behind this practice
575-582: The towns . Later, in the 17th century, the Parliament of England implemented some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy , culminating in the Glorious Revolution and passage of the Bill of Rights 1689 . Widening of the voting franchise took place through a series of Reform Acts in the 19th and 20th centuries. The American Revolution led to the creation of a new Constitution of
600-443: The various estates ( classes , but not as we know them today) to advise/control monarchs led to relatively wide familiarity with representative systems inspired by Roman systems. In Britain, Simon de Montfort is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments. The first , in 1258, stripped the king of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included ordinary citizens from
625-711: The vote through changes in state and federal law in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Until it was repealed by the Fourteenth Amendment following the Civil War , the Three-Fifths Compromise gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in free states. In 1789, Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of
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