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33-711: The River Bulbourne is a small river in Dacorum , Hertfordshire , England . The word bourne derives from the Anglo-Saxon word for a stream . It is an unnavigable tributary of the River Gade , which flows into the River Colne , which in turn is a tributary of the River Thames . The Bulbourne is an example of a chalk stream , which is a watercourse that flows from chalk-fed groundwater. Chalk streams are

66-542: A large demand for British goods. Britain also had one of the largest spheres of influence due to its massive navy and merchant marine . The British government's concern for commercial interests was also important. The steam engine allowed for steamboats and the locomotives, which made transportation much faster. By the mid-19th century the Industrial Revolution had spread to Continental Europe and North America , and since then it has spread to most of

99-488: A similar area. The district was granted borough status in 1984, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor. Hemel Hempstead had maintained Charter Trustees from 1974 to 1984. The amalgamation of the former local authorities was symbolised in the seven oak leaves which surround a Tudor rose on the Dacorum coat of arms , issued in 1992. Hertfordshire has a two-tier structure of local government, with

132-486: A single spinning wheel, and Richard Arkwright made it driven by water. Later Arkwright opened a spinning mill which marked the beginning of the factory system . In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented a loom which was powered by water. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen produced the first successful steam engine , and in 1769, James Watt patented the modern steam engine. As a result, steam replaced water as industry's major power source. The steam engine allowed for steamboats and

165-658: A very rare habitat globally, with more than 85% of all the 210 chalk streams in the world are found in England. The river is reduced in size, due to human activity, the main one being the building of the London to Birmingham Grand Union Canal through the narrow valley which takes most of the river's water. The Bulbourne flows in the Chiltern Hills , part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England, which formed between 84 and 100 million years ago in

198-532: Is a local government district with borough status in Hertfordshire , England. The council is based in Hemel Hempstead . The borough also includes the towns of Berkhamsted and Tring and surrounding villages. The borough had a population of 155,081 in 2021. Dacorum was created in 1974 and is named after the ancient hundred of Dacorum which had covered a similar area. The borough of Dacorum

231-572: Is chalk, which outcrops in places along the east side of the valley. The subsoil is predominantly a stiff reddish clay-with-flints; in the valley itself the chalk is overlain with alluvium . The river runs in a south-easterly direction from between Cow Roast and Dudswell in Northchurch , through Berkhamsted , Bourne End and Boxmoor , to where it joins the River Gade at Two Waters in Apsley near Hemel Hempstead . The current total length of

264-682: Is commonly believed that the Industrial Age was supplanted by the Information Age in the late 20th century, a view that has become common since the Revolutions of 1989 , much of the Third World economy is still based on manufacturing , although mobile phones are now commonplace even in the poorest of countries, enabling access to global information networks. Even though many developing countries remain largely industrial,

297-489: Is elected together every four years. The borough's wards are: Hemel Hempstead is an unparished area . The rest of the borough is divided into 16 civil parishes , with Berkhamsted and Tring parish councils taking the style "town council". The civil parishes are: In terms of television, Dacorum is served by BBC London and ITV London with television signals received from the Crystal Palace transmitter and

330-570: Is the westernmost of Hertfordshire's ten districts. It borders St Albans , Three Rivers , Buckinghamshire and Central Bedfordshire . Dacorum means "of the Dacians " in medieval Latin. The name appears to reference a period in Saxon times when the area formed part of the Danelaw which covered much of what is now eastern England, although the duration and extent of Danish occupation in this area

363-558: Is unclear and continues to be debated by historians. In 1086, the Domesday Book records a hundred called Danais (also meaning "of the Danes") and a neighbouring hundred called Tring ; the two had merged into a single hundred by about 1200 which was thereafter called Dacorum. From the seventeenth century onwards, hundreds gradually declined in importance as administrative divisions, with their functions passing to other bodies such as

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396-604: The 2023 election and a subsequent change of allegiance in March 2024, the composition of the council was: The next election is due in 2027. The council is based at The Forum on Marlowes in Hemel Hempstead. From the council's creation in 1974 until 2017, the council was based at Dacorum Civic Centre, also on Marlowes in Hemel Hempstead. That building had previously been called Hemel Hempstead Town Hall, having been built for Hemel Hempstead Borough Council in 1966 to replace

429-662: The Cretaceous Period when the area was a chalk -depositing marine environment. The valley is at the southernmost limit of the Pleistocene glaciation ice erosion of the Chiltern scarp, giving it a smooth, rounded appearance. Around Berkhamsted the valley sides rise 300 ft. It is situated on the northern rim of the larger syncline or down-folding of rocks called the London Basin . The underlying geology

462-746: The Environment Agency , the Box Moor Trust restored a kilometre stretch of the River; the river in this location had been heavily modified in the past, and as a result was overly deep, straight and wide. As such, the restoration work was carried out in order to return the river to a more natural state. The bulk of this work was carried out in January 2017, whilst the creation of ephemeral ponds took place in November, 2017. The ‘Bringing Back

495-540: The Hemel Hempstead relay transmitter. However, Tring receives regional overlaps of both Sandy Heath ( BBC East / ITV Anglia ) and Oxford ( BBC South / ITV Meridian ) transmitters. Radio stations for the area are: Local newspapers are Hemel Hempstead Gazette and St Albans Observer . Two of the civil parishes in the borough also maintain their own separate twinning arrangements: 51°46′N 00°32′W  /  51.767°N 0.533°W  / 51.767; -0.533 Industrial Age While it

528-640: The Medieval period , the Bulbourne powered two watermills in Berkhamsted (Upper and Lower - recorded in 1086) and another in Bourne End. It also fed the three moats of the large Norman ( Motte and Bailey ) Berkhamsted Castle , that stands close to the centre of the town. The river created a marsh environment (at times referred to as an 'unhealthy swamp') in the centre of the valley, which added to

561-540: The Old Town Hall on High Street. On 16 January 2017 the council opened its new headquarters at The Forum, on the corner of Marlowes and Combe Street, immediately south of the Civic Centre, which was demolished shortly afterwards. Since the last boundary changes in 2007 the council has comprised 51 councillors , representing 25 wards , with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. The whole council

594-504: The Veolia water company claimed it was due to a low water table, caused by lack of rainfall. The Bourne Gutter is a short 400 yards (370 m) tributary of the Bulbourne, rising between Berkhamsted and Bourne End. In very wet years it runs from springs nearly three miles further up a side valley, near Hockeridge Bottom. According to local legend it is a "Woe Water", said to only flow at a time of national emergency. Another small tributary

627-485: The county courts . The final administrative functions of hundreds were extinguished in 1886. The modern local government district of Dacorum was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 , covering the whole area of five former districts and parts of another two, which were all abolished at the same time: The new district was named Dacorum after the medieval hundred, which had covered

660-460: The Bulbourne’ project scooped the ‘best medium scale’ award at The Wild Trout Trust Conservation Awards. The natural meander of this section of the chalk stream was restored (a globally rare habitat), creating new habitats for plants and wildlife. Removing a weir has allowed fish to move along the river, while cutting back trees has allowed more light to reach the river. Dacorum Dacorum

693-774: The Information Age is increasingly on the ground. Huge changes in agricultural methods made the Industrial Revolution possible. This agricultural revolution started with changes in farming in the Netherlands, later developed by the British. The Industrial Age began in Great Britain in the mid 18th century and was fueled by coal mining from places such as Wales and County Durham . The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because it had

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726-486: The River Bulbourne was reduced by centuries of increased drinking needs, dredging, milling and agriculture, as well as by the London to Birmingham Canal. In October 2011, concerns were raised about local water levels when the River Bulbourne dried up. Local commentators blamed increased water consumption brought about by the number of new property developments in Berkhamsted, although the Environment Agency and

759-407: The council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows: The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Dacorum. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council . The leaders since 1995 have been: Following

792-677: The defences of the castle. During the Industrial Age in 1797, the Grand Union Canal was dug alongside the entire length of the river, and the Bulbourne became the main source of water for the canal, which was the main link between London and the coalfields of the Midlands. This manmade waterway was the only one to be built across the Chilterns Hills. Ensuring a constant supply of water in a region of permeable chalk

825-499: The factors of production, land (all natural resources), capital, and labour. Britain had plenty of harbors that enabled trade, Britain had access to capital, such as goods and money, for example, tools, machinery, equipment, and inventory. Britain, lastly, had an abundance of labor, or industrial workers in this case. There are many other conditions that help show why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. The British Isles and colonies overseas represented huge markets that created

858-424: The locomotives, which made transportation much faster. By the mid-19th century the Industrial Revolution had spread to Continental Europe and North America , and since then it has spread to most of the world. The Industrial Age is defined by mass production , broadcasting , the rise of the nation state , power , modern medicine and running water . The quality of human life has increased dramatically during

891-745: The most important late Iron Age and Roman industrial areas in England). Water was drawn from 14 well shafts close to the river at Cow Roast , where a Roman town grew up between the river and the Roman- engineered Akeman Street (which had been a pre-existing route from St Albans ( Verulamium ) to Cirencester ( Corinium )) Iron production ceased at the end of the Roman period. There were Roman villas in Northchurch, Berkhamsted and Boxmoor . Early Anglo-Saxon settlements arose in Northchurch and Berkhamsted. In

924-449: The river is 7 miles (11 km); from its source to its mouth it falls 30 metres (98 ft). The River Bulbourne was historically rich in eels and other fish, fast-moving and prone to frequent localised flooding. Over the years, human activity has had a significant effect on the river. Originally, the source of the Bulbourne was near the hamlet of Bulbourne, near Tring (which would make the river 2.9 miles (4.7 km) longer); in 1700

957-481: The source was said to be Parkhill Farm, near Pendley Manor (making the river 0.5 miles (0.80 km) shorter). Settlement in the valley began prior to the Late Iron Age period. The upper Bulbourne Valley was rich in timber and iron ore in the form of bog iron . In the late Iron Age, a four-square-mile (ten-square-kilometre) area around Northchurch was a major iron production centre (considered to be one of

990-491: The ten district councils (including Dacorum Borough Council) providing district-level services, and Hertfordshire County Council providing county-level services. In some areas there is an additional third tier of civil parishes . The Liberal Democrats won a majority of the seats on the council at the 2023 election . Prior to 2023 the Conservatives had held a majority of the seats since 2003. The first election to

1023-401: The world. The cotton industry was the first industry to go through mechanization , the use of automatic machinery to increase production. The domestic system sprouted as a result of when businesses began importing raw cotton, employing spinners and weavers to make it into cloth from their home. James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny , which could produce eight times as much thread as

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1056-531: Was 60 feet (20 yd) at St Johns Well Lane (in Berkhamsted); it dried up in the 1930s due to increased local water-pumping needs. From at least the Middle Ages the 'holy well' there had been Berkhamsted's principal source of drinking water. The Bulbourne flows through Boxmoor , and it was on this stretch that a major river restoration project was undertaken in January 2017. Working in conjunction with

1089-661: Was an engineering challenge which required the building of reservoirs, pumps and boreholes. After the Pre-Roman Road and the canal, the next major transport route to carve its way along the Bulbourne valley was Sparrows Herne Turnpike founded in 1762, followed by the London to Birmingham railway , in 1834. In 1883, the Berkhamsted Times congratulated a Mr Bedford on having converted the remaining "dirty ditches and offensive marshes" into watercress beds. Thus

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