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55-481: The Eresma is a river in central Spain. It flows through Castile and León (specifically the provinces of Segovia and Valladolid ). It has a total length of 134 km and drains a basin with an area of 2,940 km. The name of the river has been derived from the Iberian "Iri-sama" which means "that which surrounds the big city". The city referred to here is not Segovia itself as sometimes thought, but rather

110-514: A great regionalist activity favorable to a region of eleven provinces, and even bases for the Statute of Autonomy were elaborated. The Diario de León advocated for the formalization of this initiative and the constitution of an autonomous region with these words: Join in a personality León and Old Castile around the great basin of the Douro, without to fall now into provincial rivalries. The end of

165-490: A level of impermeable marls , is the second largest of the peninsula. This geological configuration has allowed upwellings of mineral-medicinal or thermal water, used now or in the past, in Almeida de Sayago , Boñar , Calabor , Caldas de Luna , Castromonte , Cucho , Gejuelo del Barro , Morales de Campos , Tresacasas , Valdelateja and Villarijo , among other places. The main hydrographic network of Castile and León

220-400: A manifesto, federal republicans representatives of the 17 provinces of Albacete, Ávila, Burgos, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, León, Logroño, Madrid, Palencia, Salamanca, Santander, Segovia, Soria, Toledo, Valladolid and Zamora proposed in the so-called Castilian Federal Pact the conformation of an entity formed by two different "states": the state of Old Castile -that is presently built for

275-527: A period of high water flow in the autumn and winter season in proportion to precipitation and a short, violent water flow in the spring when the snow melts. Castile and Le%C3%B3n Castile and León is a landlocked region, bordered by Portugal as well as by the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia , Asturias , Cantabria , the Basque Country , La Rioja , Aragon , Castilla–La Mancha ,

330-463: A silver field, a rampant lion of purple, lingued, dyed and armed with gules, crowned with gold. Likewise, the flag is described as follows: The flag of Castile and León is quartered and contains the symbols of Castile and León, as described in the previous section. The flag will fly in all the centres and official acts of the Community, to the right of the Spanish flag. Following the same wording,

385-407: A uniprovincial autonomous community, but in the municipalities of the province the situation was equal between the supporters of the uniprovincial autonomy and the supporters of the union. The City Council of Cuéllar initially adhered to this autonomic initiative in agreement adopted by the corporation on October 5, 1981. However, another agreement adopted by the same corporation dated December 3 of

440-881: Is constituted by the Douro river and its tributaries. From its source in the Picos de Urbión , in Soria, to its mouth in the Portuguese city of Porto , the Douro covers 897 km. From the north descend the Pisuerga , the Valderaduey and the Esla rivers, its tributaries more plentiful and by the east, with less water in its flows, highlight the Adaja and the Duratón . After passing

495-585: Is covered by deposited clay materials that have given rise to a dry and arid landscape. The Northern Plateau (Meseta Norte) is constituted by Paleozoic sockets. At the beginning of the Mesozoic Era , once the Hercynian folding that raised the current Central Europe and the Gallaeci zone of Spain , the deposited materials were dragged by the erosive action of the rivers. During the alpine orogeny ,

550-557: Is one of the communities in Spain with the highest level of water dammed. Many of these natural lakes are being used as an economic resource, boosting rural tourism and helping to conserve ecosystems. The Sanabria Lake was a pioneer in this. Castile and León has a continental Mediterranean climate, with long, cold winters, with average temperatures between 3 and 6 °C in January and short, hot summers (average 19 to 22 °C), but with

605-426: Is that they do not reach temperatures of the order of -5 ° to -10 °C. Likewise, in situations of anticyclone , in the interior of the region they cause persistent fogs, creating prolonged cold situations due to radiation processes. The intense "cold waves" of the winter central months are typical, showing a particular tendency to occur from the second fortnight of December to the first of February. During its course

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660-651: Is the primitive County of Castile , which would grow into a powerful kingdom among the Christian kingdoms of the Peninsula. The first Castilian count was Fernán González . León and Castile continued to expand to the South, even beyond the Douro river, seeking to conquest lands under Islamic rule. That was the time of the Cantares de gesta , poems which recount the great deeds of the Christian nobles who fought against

715-601: Is the same as that corresponding to the symbols of the State -whose outrages are classified as crime in article 543 of the Penal Code -. In the articulated statuary, the coat of arms is defined as follows: The coat of arms of Castile and León is a stamped shield by open royal crown , barracked in cross. The first and fourth quartering: in the field of gules , a merloned golden castle of three merlons, drafted of sable and rinse of azure . The second and third quartering: in

770-540: The Reconquista (Reconquest). In the mountainous area of Asturias , a small Christian kingdom was created that opposed the Islamic presence in the Peninsula. It proclaimed itself an heir of the last Visigoth kings, who in turn had been deeply romanized. This resistance of Visigoth-Roman heritage, supported by Christianity, was becoming increasingly strong and expanding to the south, eventually establishing its court in

825-619: The Atapuerca Mountains have been found many bones of the ancestors of Homo sapiens , making these findings one of the most important to determine the history of human evolution. The most important discovery that catapulted the site to international fame was the remains of Homo heidelbergensis . Before the arrival of the Romans, it is known that the territories that make up Castile and León today were occupied by various Celtic peoples , such as Vaccaei , Autrigones , Turmodigi ,

880-744: The Atlantic Ocean . Several rivers of the community pour their waters into the Ebro basin , in Palencia, Burgos and Soria ( Jalón river ), that of Miño-Sil in León and Zamora, that of the Tagus in Ávila and Salamanca (rivers Tiétar and Alberche and Alagón respectively) and Cantabrian basin in the provinces through which the Cantabrian Mountains extends. In addition to the rivers,

935-720: The Autonomous Nationalist Party of Castile and León (1977). Later after the extinction of these formations arose in 1993 Regionalist Unity of Castile and León . At the same time, others of Leonesist character arose, such as the Leonese Autonomous Group (1978) or Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (1980), which advocated the creation of a Leonese autonomous community, composed of provinces of León , Salamanca and Zamora . The popular and political support that maintained

990-885: The Community of Madrid and Extremadura . Chiefly comprising the northern half of the Inner Plateau , it is surrounded by mountain barriers (the Cantabrian Mountains to the North, the Sistema Central to the South and the Sistema Ibérico to the East) and most of the territory is drained by the Douro River (Spanish: Duero ), flowing west toward the Atlantic Ocean . The autonomous community

1045-465: The Cortes of León of 1188 as the cradle of worldwide parliamentarism . The region is strongly affected by population ageing . The Statute of Autonomy of Castile and León, reformed most recently in 2007, establishes in the sixth article of its preliminary title the symbols of the community's exclusive identity. These are: the coat of arms , the flag , the banner and the anthem. Its legal protection

1100-615: The León alone option (see Leonesism ), one of them according to some sources brought together a number close to 90 000 people, This was the highest concentration held in the city in the Democratic period until the demonstrations rejecting the 2004 Madrid train bombings . In an agreement adopted on 31 July 1981, the Provincial Council of Segovia decided to exercise the initiative so that Segovia could be constituted as

1155-531: The Socialist Party and Communist Party ) or creation of an uniprovincial autonomy; the latter option was chosen because it had more support among the population. After the creation of the Castilian-Leonese pre-autonomous body, which was supported by the Provincial Council of León in its agreement of April 16, 1980, this institution revoked its original agreement on January 13, 1983, just as

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1210-521: The Spanish Civil War and the beginning of Franco regime ended the aspirations of the autonomy for the region. The philosopher José Ortega y Gasset collected this scheme in his publications. After the death of Francisco Franco, regionalist, autonomist and nationalist organizations ( Castilian-Leonese regionalism and Castilian nationalism ) as Regional Alliance of Castile and León (1975), Regional Institute of Castile and León (1976) or

1265-515: The Vettones , Astures or Celtiberians . The Roman conquest resulted in warring with the local tribes. One particularly famous episode was the siege of Numantia , an old town located near the current city of Soria . The romanization was unstoppable, and to this day great Roman works of art have remained, mainly the Aqueduct of Segovia as well as many archaeological remains such as those of

1320-747: The Douro basin also hosts a large number of lakes and lagoons such as the Negra de Urbión Lake , in the Picos de Urbión , the Grande de Gredos Lake , in Gredos, the Sanabria Lake , in Zamora or the La Nava de Fuentes Lake in Palencia. Also emphasize a great amount of reservoirs, fed by the water coming from the rains and the thaw of the snowy summits. Thus, Castile and León, despite not having abundant rainfall,

1375-573: The Muslim enemy. Despite this, Christian and Muslim kings maintained diplomatic relations. One clear example is Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, El Cid , paradigm of the medieval Christian knight, who fought both for Christian and Muslim kings. The origin of the definitive dynastic unification of the kingdoms of Castile and León, which had been separated for just seven decades, was in 1194. Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso IX of León signed in Tordehumos

1430-407: The Spanish autonomous community of Castile and León depicts the traditional arms of Castile (the yellow castle) quartered with the arms of León (the purple lion). It is topped with a royal crown. The lion design is attributed to Alfonso VII , who became king of Castile and León in 1126. The castle symbol is attributed to his grandson Alfonso VIII , In 1230, Ferdinand III united

1485-521: The ancient Clunia , Salt mines of Poza de la Sal and the vía de la Plata pathway, which crosses the west of the community from Astorga ( Asturica Augusta ) to the capital of modern Extremadura , Mérida ( Emerita Augusta ). With the fall of Rome, the lands were occupied militarily by the Visigoth peoples of Germanic origin. The subsequent arrival of the Arabs was followed by a process known as

1540-444: The banner is constituted by the shield quartered on a traditional crimson background. The Statute also expresses: "The anthem and the other symbols [...] will be regulated by specific law". After the promulgation of the fundamental norm, this law was not promulgated, so the anthem does not exist, but de iure is a symbol of autonomy. Several archaeological findings show that in prehistoric times these lands were already inhabited. In

1595-598: The case of Cantabria the creation of an autonomous community was advocated for historical, cultural and geographical reasons, while in La Rioja the process was more complex due to the existence of three alternatives, all based on historical and socio-economic reasons: union with Castile and León (advocated by the Union of the Democratic Centre political party), union to a Basque-Navarrese community (supported by

1650-536: The city of León , becoming the Kingdom of León . To encourage the repopulation of the newly reconquered lands, a number of fueros ("letters of repopulation") were granted by the monarchs. In the Middle Ages , Christian pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela were popularized. The Camino de Santiago , running along the northern part of the region, was a major part of the route of pilgrimage, so it contributed to

1705-485: The city of Segovia , which it surrounds in a closed meander . Eresma river then runs northwest, passing near Hontanares , Los Huertos , Bernardos , Navas de Oro , Coca, and Villeguillo . It enters the province of Valladolid through Olmedo , Pedrajas, Alcazarén , and Hornillos. Later it flows from the right into the Adaja in Matapozuelos . The Eresma River has a pluvio-nival regime , which means that it has

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1760-464: The contrast between winter and summer temperatures, as well as day and night temperatures. Maritime winds are stopped by the mountainous barriers that surround Castile and León, stopping also the precipitations and causing the rains to fall very unequally in the Castilian and Leonese territory. While in the middle of the Douro basin there is an annual average of 450 mm, in the western regions of

1815-540: The creation of General council of Castile and León by Royal Decree-Law 20/1978, of 13 June. In times of the First Spanish Republic (1873–1874), the federal republicans conceived the project to create a federated state of eleven provinces in the valley of the Spanish Douro, that would also have included the provinces of Santander and Logroño . Very few years before, in 1869, as part of

1870-529: The creation of a Castilian and Leonese Commonwealth of eleven provinces, an idea that would be maintained in later years. At the end of 1931 and beginning of 1932, from León, Eugenio Merino elaborated a text in which the base of a Castilian-Leonese regionalism was put. The text was published in the Diario de León newspaper. During the Second Spanish Republic , especially in 1936, there was

1925-587: The current Castilian-Leonese provinces and the provinces of Logroño and Santander-, and the state of New Castile -which conforms to the current provinces of Castile-La Mancha plus the province of Madrid -. The end of the Republic, at the beginning of 1874, thwarted the initiative. In 1921, on the occasion of the fourth centenary of the Battle of Villalar , the Santander City Council advocated

1980-518: The draft of the Organic Law entered the Spanish parliament. The Constitutional Court determined which of those contradictory agreements was valid in the Sentence 89/1984 of September 28 ; it declares that the subject of the process is no longer, as in its preliminary phase, the councils and municipalities, but the new body. After the sentence, there were several demonstrations in León in favor of

2035-597: The materials that formed the plateau broke through multiple points. From this fracture rose the mountains of León , with mountains of not much height and, constituting the spine of the Plateau (Meseta), the Cantabrian Mountains and the Sistema Central, formed by materials such as granite or metamorphic slates. The karst complex of Ojo Guareña , consisting of 110 km of galleries and its caves formed in carbonatic materials of Coniacian which are situated on

2090-636: The most extreme minimum temperatures occur, whose values vary between -10 ° and -13 °C of its westernmost sector and -15 ° and -20 °C of the central plains and high moorlands. The lowest recorded records reach -22 °C of Burgos , -21.9 °C in Coca (Segovia), -20.4 °C in Ávila , -20 °C in Salamanca and -19.2 °C in Soria . The high altitude of the Meseta and its mountains accentuates

2145-625: The mountains of León, the Cantabrian Mountains and the southern area of the provinces of Ávila and Salamanca, rainfall reaches 1500 mm per year, with a maximum of 3400 mm per year in the western part of the Sierra de Gredos , in the Candelario-Bejar Massif, which makes this area the rainiest not only from Spain, but from the Iberian Peninsula. Coat of arms of Castile and Le%C3%B3n The coat of arms of

2200-542: The north-western quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory borders on the north with the uniprovincial communities of Asturias and Cantabria , as well as with the Basque Country ( Biscay and Álava ); to the east with the uniprovincial community of La Rioja and with Aragon ( province of Zaragoza ), to the south with the Community of Madrid , Castile-La Mancha (provinces of Toledo and Guadalajara ) and Extremadura ( province of Cáceres ) and to

2255-537: The other eight provinces and legal coverage was given through the Organic Law 5/1983 for "reasons of national interest", as provided for in article 144 c of the Spanish Constitution for those provinces that have not exercised their right on time. Since 2019, the ayuntamientos of several municipalities of the province of León (including the capital's) have passed motions to propose the split of

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2310-405: The provinces of the region of León from Castile and León and become a standalone autonomous community. As leonesism has traditionally been a fringe movement in the provinces of Zamora and Salamanca, some of these motions have limited to the prospect of a single-province autonomous community exclusively for León (' León solo '). Castile and León is a landlocked autonomous community , located in

2365-441: The same year revoked the previous one and the process was paralyzed pending the processing of an appeal filed by the provincial council against this last agreement; this change of opinion of the city council of Cuéllar tipped the scales in the province towards the autonomy with the rest of Castile and León, but it was an agreement that arrived out of time. Finally the province of Segovia was incorporated into Castile and León along with

2420-512: The spread of European cultural innovations throughout the peninsula. Today the Camino is still an important touristic and cultural attraction. In 1188, the basilica of San Isidoro of León was the setting of the first parliamentary body in the history of Europe, with the participation of the Third Estate . The king who summoned it was Alfonso IX of León . The legal basis for the kingdom

2475-515: The three or four months of summer aridity characteristic of the Mediterranean climate. Rainfall, with an average of 450–500 mm per year, is scarce, accentuating in the lower lands. In Castile and León the cold extends almost continuously for much of the year, being a very characteristic element of its climate . The coldest periods of winter are associated with invasions of a continental polar front and strata of marine arctic air, rare

2530-600: The throne. In the Cortes of Valladolid of 1295 , Ferdinand IV is recognized as king. The painting María de Molina presents her son Fernando IV in the Cortes of Valladolid of 1295 presides today the Spanish Congress of Deputies along with a painting of the Cortes of Cádiz , emphasizing the parliamentarian importance that has all the development of Cortes in Castile and León, despite its subsequent decline. The Crown

2585-437: The town of Coca located some 50 km away. The Eresma River starts in Valsaín valley of the Sierra de Guadarrama , where the confluence of several streams forms the river. Most of these streams descend from the slopes of mountains like Peñalara, Siete Picos , and Montón de Trigo . Its most important tributaries are Moros and the Voltoya that flow northward. After passing through San Ildefonso and Palazuelos , it reaches

2640-432: The town of Zamora , the Douro is confined between the canyons of the Arribes del Duero Natural Park , bordering with Portugal . On the left bank are important tributaries such as Tormes , Huebra , Águeda , Côa and Paiva, all from Sistema Central . On the right they reach the Sabor , the Tua and the Tâmega , born in the Galician Massif . After the Arribes area, the Douro turns west into Portugal until it empties into

2695-443: The treaty that pacified the area of Tierra de Campos and laid the foundation for a future reunification of the kingdoms, consolidated in 1230 with Ferdinand III the Saint . This agreement is called the Treaty of Tordehumos . During the Late Middle Ages there was an economic and political crisis produced by a series of bad harvests and by disputes between nobles and the Crown for power, as well as between different contenders for

2750-439: The two kingdoms and quartered the arms as a symbol of the union. Until the sixteenth century, a full castle, with walls and three towers, rather than the current town design, was used. Like Lyon in France, the name of the city of León has no link with the animal lion , as it comes from the Latin word legio ( legion ). Its original elements are used not only in the current autonomous community of Castilla y León , but also in

2805-478: The uniprovincial autonomy in León became very important in that city. The autonomous community of Castile and León is the result of the union in 1983 of nine provinces: the three that, after the territorial division of 1833, by which the provinces were created, were ascribed to the Region of León , and six ascribed to Old Castile ; however 2 provinces of Old Castile were not included: Santander (current community of Cantabria ) and Logroño (current La Rioja ). In

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2860-402: The west with Galicia (provinces of Lugo and Ourense ) and Portugal ( Bragança District and Guarda District ). The morphology of Castile and León consists, for the most part, of the northern half of the Meseta Central ( Meseta Norte ) and a belt of mountainous reliefs. The Meseta Central is a high plateau with an average altitude close to 800 m (2,600 ft) above sea-level ; it

2915-402: Was becoming more authoritarian and the nobility more dependent on it. The Reconquista continued advancing from the thriving Crown of Castile to the south, and culminated with the Granada War against the last Muslim stronghold in the Iberian peninsula, the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada , which surrendered on 2 January 1492. In June 1978, Castile and León obtained the pre-autonomy, through

2970-403: Was created in 1983 by grouping the provinces of León , Zamora , Salamanca (all three traditionally attached to the region of León ), Ávila , Burgos , Palencia , Segovia , Soria and Valladolid (attached to Old Castile ). The region contains eleven World Heritage Sites , making it (along with Lombardia in Italy) the region with most UNESCO World Heritage Sites. UNESCO recognizes

3025-429: Was the Roman law , and because of this the kings increasingly wanted more power, like the Roman emperors. This is very clearly seen in the Siete Partidas of Alfonso X of Castile , which shows the imperial monism that the king sought. The King did not want to be a primus inter pares , but the source of the law. Simultaneously, a county of this Christian kingdom of León, began to acquire autonomy and to expand. This

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