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69-524: Russo was born in Johnstown, New York , and raised in nearby Gloversville . He earned a bachelor's degree , a Master of Fine Arts degree, and a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Arizona , which he attended from 1967 through 1979. The subject of his doctoral dissertation was the works of the early American writer, historian and editor Charles Brockden Brown . Russo was teaching in

138-750: A 1994 film of the same title , starring Paul Newman , which Benton directed. Russo also wrote the teleplay for the HBO adaptation of his 2001 Pultizer Prize winning novel, Empire Falls . Russo's 1997 novel Straight Man was adapted by Paul Lieberstein and Aaron Zelman into a television show entitled Lucky Hank starring Bob Odenkirk for AMC . The series debuted on March 19, 2023 on AMC. Russo and his wife, Barbara, live in Portland, Maine , and spend winters in Boston. They have two daughters, Kate and Emily. Johnstown (city), New York Johnstown

207-632: A collection of short stories , and a memoir ( Elsewhere ). His short story "Horseman" was published in The Best American Short Stories 2007 edited by Stephen King and Heidi Pitlor. Besides his work as a book author, Russo along with director Robert Benton co-wrote the 1998 film Twilight , starring Paul Newman. He also wrote the screenplay for the 2005 film Ice Harvest and for the 2005 Niall Johnson film Keeping Mum , which starred Rowan Atkinson . Director Robert Benton adapted Russo's 1993 novel Nobody's Fool as

276-432: A downtown census tract which lost only 60 housing units, but 1,400 people, implying that a downtown jail or dormitory was missed in canvassing. NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg held a conference on March 27, 2011, to announce that the city would also challenge his city's census results, specifically the apparent undercounting in the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn . Bloomberg said that the numbers for Queens and Brooklyn,

345-469: A former conservative Republican Representative from Minnesota , stated that she would not fill out her census form other than to indicate the number of people living in her household because "the Constitution doesn't require any information beyond that." Former Republican representative and Libertarian presidential candidate Bob Barr stated that the census has become too intrusive, going beyond

414-473: A historically low participating ethnicity in the U.S. census. Rapper Ludacris also participated in efforts to spread awareness of the 2010 census. The Census Bureau hired about 635,000 people to find those U.S. residents who had not returned their forms by mail; as of May 28, 2010, 113 census workers had been victims of crime while conducting the census. As of June 29, there were 436 incidents involving assaults or threats against enumerators, more than double

483-621: A lawyer and abolitionist who studied law under her father, Daniel Cady. Because of her role, Johnstown, together with Seneca Falls, New York , where Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped organize the first Women's Rights Convention held in 1848, lays claim to being the birthplace of the women's rights movement in the United States. Stanton's speech, the Declaration of Sentiments , given at the Seneca Falls convention and modeled on

552-507: A living helping to supply and service the industry. One of the early industries that established itself in Johnstown was the Knox gelatine plant. It was built in 1890 by Charles B. Knox, a prominent Johnstown resident, who developed the granulated, unflavored gelatin still used in food preparation today. When Knox died in 1908, his wife Rose Knox managed the business. Knox became one of

621-528: A resident of Noorvik, Alaska . More than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U.S. Post Office beginning March 15, 2010. The number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1, 2010. Although the questionnaire used April 1, 2010, as the reference date as to where a person was living, an insert dated March 15, 2010, included the following printed in bold type: "Please complete and mail back

690-578: Is a city in and the county seat of Fulton County in the U.S. state of New York . The city was named after its founder, Sir William Johnson , Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Province of New York and a major general during the Seven Years' War in North America. It is located approximately 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Albany , about one-third of the way between Albany and

759-441: Is now known as Old Fort Johnson , also built a large manor house and estate for himself in 1763, Johnson Hall , where he lived until his death. Johnson Hall was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960. New York State operates it as a historic site. As the area owned and settled by Johnson grew, he convinced the governor, William Tryon , to establish a new county in upstate New York west of Albany County . This new county

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828-742: Is thought to have many conservative fans, to publicize the census. The results of the 2010 census determined the number of seats that each state received in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 2012 elections . Consequently, this affected the number of votes each state had in the Electoral College for the 2012 presidential election . Because of population changes, eighteen states had changes in their number of seats. Eight states gained at least one seat, and ten states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 12 seats being switched. Some objected to

897-688: The Adirondack Park . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 4.88 square miles (12.65 km ), of which 4.88 square miles (12.63 km ) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.02 km ), or 0.17%, is water. The city is bordered to the north, east, and west by the town of Johnstown , to the northeast by the city of Gloversville , and to the south by the town of Mohawk in Montgomery County. Cayadutta Creek, which runs through

966-569: The Declaration of Independence , is generally credited with instigating the women's suffrage movement in the United States. George Linius Streeter was a noted embryologist and Director of the Carnegie Institution of Washington . Son of George Austin Streeter, a glove-maker. Notes Bibliography 2010 United States Census The 2010 United States census was the 23rd United States census . National Census Day,

1035-712: The Finger Lakes region to the west, in the Mohawk Valley region , within the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains. The city of Johnstown is mostly surrounded by the town of Johnstown , of which it was once a part when it was a village . Adjacent to Johnstown is the City of Gloversville . The two cities are together known as the "Glove Cities" due to their history of manufacturing gloves and other leather apparel. Gloversville and Johnstown constituted

1104-615: The Lipton Tea Company. Johnstown is located along the southern edge of Fulton County, in the picturesque Mohawk Valley of upstate New York. It is slightly north of the route developed for the Erie Canal through what is now Montgomery County. Although not a hilltown, Johnstown is close to the Adirondack Mountains that stretch across the northern portion of Fulton County. It is near the southern border of

1173-668: The Mohawks and other members of the Iroquois Confederacy . Johnson's alliances and influence with the Iroquois played a significant part in the French and Indian War , in which he was a major general. As a reward for his services, Johnson received large tracts of land in what are now Hamilton and Fulton counties. Johnson established Johnstown and became one of New York's most prosperous and influential citizens. Johnson

1242-625: The New York Thruway . As of the census of 2000, there were 8,511 people, 3,579 households, 2,208 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,751.1 inhabitants per square mile (676.1/km ). There were 3,979 housing units at an average density of 818.7 per square mile (316.1/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 96.6% White , 0.6% Black or African American , 0.3% Native American , 1.0% Asian , <0.1% Pacific Islander , 0.4% from other races , and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of

1311-571: The United States House of Representatives . In 1816, he returned to Johnstown from Washington and resumed legal practice. He later served as a judge on the New York Supreme Court , Fourth District, from 1847 until 1855. Cady died in Johnstown in 1859 and is buried in the cemetery there. John D. McDonald (1816–1900) was born in Johnstown. Orphaned at 12, he took off for the Wisconsin Territory at age 20, where he

1380-412: The 181 incidents in 2000 ; one enumerator, attempting to hand-deliver the census forms to a Hawaii County police officer, was arrested for trespassing – the officer's fellow policemen made the arrest. Some political conservatives and libertarians questioned the validity of the questions and even encouraged people to refuse to answer questions for privacy and constitutional reasons. Michele Bachmann ,

1449-510: The 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, nor was the form available for download. Detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey . The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of

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1518-410: The 2010 U.S. Census. Census Bureau director Robert Grove, however, wrote "the Census Bureau has rarely prosecuted failure to respond. While the rationale for the mandatory nature of the census still applies today, our message for the 2010 Census is about the common good benefits of participation". The fine for non-participation is much lower than that for reporting false information. In 2010, that penalty

1587-418: The 2010 census cost to be $ 11 billion. In August 2010, Commerce Secretary Gary Locke announced that the census operational costs came in significantly under budget; of an almost $ 7 billion operational budget: Locke credited the management practices of Census Bureau director Robert Groves , citing in particular the decision to buy additional advertising in locations where responses lagged, which improved

1656-603: The 2010 census per-capita cost for China was about US$ 1 and for India was US$ 0.40. Operational costs were $ 5.4 billion, significantly under the $ 7 billion budget. In December 2010 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) noted that the cost of conducting the census has approximately doubled each decade since 1970. In a detailed 2004 report to Congress , the GAO called on the Census Bureau to address cost and design issues, and at that time, had estimated

1725-562: The 2010 census were those who identify as Black and Hispanic. This could lead to the loss of resources for underserved minority communities. The term " Negro " was used in the questionnaire as one of the options for African Americans (Question 9. What is Person (number)'s race? ... Black , African Am., or Negro) as a choice to describe one's race. Census Bureau spokesman Jack Martin explained that "many older African-Americans identified themselves that way, and many still do. Those who identify themselves as Negroes need to be included." The word

1794-892: The American Revolution, he later served as a member of the New York Assembly (1792–1793) and as a congressman in the U.S. House of Representatives (1793–1794) from that district. In 1797 he supervised the building of the USS Constitution ("Old Iron Sides") at the Charlestown Navy Yard in Boston , Massachusetts . Talbot commanded the USS Constitution , largely in the West Indies , from 1799 to 1801, when he retired from

1863-713: The British to flight after they had burned large tracts of land in the Mohawk Valley. After the war, Johnstown became part of Montgomery County when Tryon County was renamed to honor the Continental General Richard Montgomery , who died at the Battle of Quebec . In 1803, the community of Johnstown was incorporated as a village . In 1838, Johnstown's county affiliation changed yet again when what by then remained of Montgomery County

1932-548: The Continental Army at the battles of Quebec and Saratoga during the American Revolution. Col. Livingston frustrated Benedict Arnold 's attempted treason by firing on The Vulture , the boat intended to carry Arnold to safety. A public servant as well as an astute lawyer and businessman, Judge Cady served in the New York state legislature from 1808 until 1814. In 1814 he was elected as a Federalist to one term in

2001-512: The English department at Southern Illinois University Carbondale when his first novel, Mohawk , was published, in 1986. Much of his work is semi-autobiographical, drawing on his life from his upbringing in upstate New York to his time teaching literature at Colby College , where he retired from in 1996 to pursue writing full-time. His 2001 novel Empire Falls received the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . He has written nine other novels,

2070-520: The Revolution occurred elsewhere, Johnstown did see some fighting late in the war. With area residents not knowing of Cornwallis ' defeat and surrender at the Battle of Yorktown in Virginia , about 1,400 soldiers fought at the Battle of Johnstown , one of the last battles of the Revolution, on October 25, 1781. The Continental forces, led by Col. Marinus Willett of Fort Johnstown, ultimately put

2139-538: The U.S. Census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U.S. Census was the previous census completed. Participation in the U.S. Census is required by law of people living in the United States in Title 13 of the United States Code . On January 25, 2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson,

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2208-421: The U.S. Navy. One of the men who shaped Fulton County was Judge Daniel Cady , a prominent Johnstown resident. Sometimes called "the father of Fulton County", Cady named the new county after Robert Fulton , who was related by marriage to Cady's wife, Margaret Livingston. Robert Fulton, an inventor, is perhaps best known for devising the improvements that made steamboats commercially viable. Judge Daniel Cady

2277-466: The address canvassing operation. Enumerators (information gatherers) that had operational problems with the device understandably made negative reports. During the 2009 Senate confirmation hearings for Robert Groves , President Obama's Census Director appointee, there was much mention of contracting problems but very little criticism of the units themselves. The Census Bureau chose to conduct the primary operation, Non-Response Follow Up (NRFU), without using

2346-403: The average family size was 2.91. In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.8 males. The median income for a household in the city

2415-430: The census. The contract included systems, facilities, and staffing. The final value of that contract was in excess of one billion dollars. Information technology was about a quarter of the projected $ 11.3 billion cost of the decennial census. The use of high-speed document scanning technology, such as ImageTrac scanners developed by IBML , helped Lockheed Martin complete the project on schedule and under budget. Due to

2484-555: The center of the American glove industry for 90 years until competition from other countries drove most manufacturers out of business. As of the 2010 Census , the city had population of 8,743. The Irishman William Johnson came to the Province of New York from Ireland in 1738. Johnson was a trader who learned Indigenous languages and culture and formed close relationships with many Native American leaders, especially those of

2553-817: The city, provided water power needed to generate the electricity required by the various industries that grew up in Johnstown. The creek flows south to join the Mohawk River at Fonda . East-west highways, New York State Route 29 and New York State Route 67 , intersect in the city and also cross the north-south highway New York State Route 30A . NY 29 leads east 32 miles (51 km) to Saratoga Springs and northwest 8 miles (13 km) to Rockwood . NY 67 leads southeast 11 miles (18 km) to Amsterdam and west 18 miles (29 km) to St. Johnsville . NY 30A leads northeast 4 miles (6 km) to Gloversville and 10 miles (16 km) to Mayfield , as well as south 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to Fonda and 6 miles (10 km) to

2622-589: The counting of persons who are in the United States illegally. Senators David Vitter (R-LA) and Bob Bennett (R-UT) tried unsuccessfully to add questions on immigration status to the census form. Organizations such as the Prison Policy Initiative argued that the census counts of incarcerated men and women as residents of prisons, rather than of their pre-incarceration addresses, skewed political clout and resulted in misleading demographic and population data. Many residents of prisons counted on

2691-400: The detailed information provided for 549 census blocks is "nonsensical", listing examples of census data that show housing units located in the middle of a street that does not actually exist. However, officials do not believe the city's total population will drastically change as a result of the challenge. The state with the highest percentage rate of growth was Nevada , while the state with

2760-405: The earliest successful American businesswomen. The Knox family and its philanthropic foundation were generous to the city, giving it the block of land known as Knox Field, where playgrounds, athletic fields, and bridle paths are located. The city named Knox Junior High School for the family. The Knox Gelatin plant, once a major employer in Johnstown, closed in 1975 following the sale of the company to

2829-466: The enclosed census form today." The 2010 census national mail participation rate was 74%. From April through July 2010, census takers visited households that didn't return a form, an operation called "non-response follow-up" (NRFU). In December 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau delivered population information to the U.S. president for apportionment , and later in March 2011, complete redistricting data

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2898-416: The handheld computing devices. Due to allegations surrounding previous censuses that poor people and non-whites are routinely undercounted, for the 2010 census, the Census Bureau tried to avoid that bias by enlisting tens of thousands of intermediaries, such as churches, charities and firms, to explain to people the importance of being counted. There was a penalty of $ 100 for not completing some or all of

2967-529: The hope of avoiding an undercount of this group. The 2010 U.S. census was the primary sponsor at NASCAR races in Atlanta, Bristol, and Martinsville, and sponsored the No. 16 Ford Fusion driven by Greg Biffle for part of the season, because of a marketing survey that indicated most NASCAR fans lean politically conservative. It also ran an advertisement during the 2010 Super Bowl , and hired singer Marie Osmond , who

3036-630: The largest population increase was Texas . Michigan , the 8th largest by population, was the only state to lose population (although Puerto Rico , a U.S. territory , lost population as well), and the District of Columbia saw its first gain since the 1950s. The resident populations listed below do not include people living overseas. For Congressional apportionment, the sum of a state's resident population and its population of military personnel and federal contractors living overseas (but not other citizens overseas, such as missionaries or expatriate workers)

3105-447: The local Native American inhabitants dubbed him Warragghivage , or "he who does much business." Johnson founded the village of Johnstown – originally "John's Town" – in 1762, naming it after his son John Johnson. Johnson built a school, which was free but not mandatory, to educate both Mohawk and white children. He was also instrumental in the organization of St. John's Episcopal Church . Johnson, who had been living in what

3174-462: The mere enumeration (i.e., count) intended by the framers of the U.S. Constitution. According to political commentator Juan Williams , "Census participation rates have been declining since 1970, and if conservatives don't participate, doubts about its accuracy and credibility may become fatal." As a result, the Census Bureau undertook an unprecedented advertising campaign targeted at encouraging white political conservatives to fill out their forms, in

3243-450: The overall response rate. The agency also has begun to rely more on questioning neighbors or other reliable third parties when a person could not be immediately reached at home, which reduced the cost of follow-up visits. Census data for about 22% of U.S. households that did not reply by mail were based on such outside interviews, Groves said. In 2005, Lockheed Martin won a six-year, $ 500 million contract to capture and standardize data for

3312-460: The population on a rotating basis will receive the survey each year, and no household will receive it more than once every five years. In June 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples . However, the final form did not contain a separate "same-sex married couple" option. When noting the relationship between household members, same-sex couples who are married could mark their spouses as being "Husband or wife",

3381-409: The population. There were 3,579 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and

3450-424: The reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2010. The census was taken via mail-in citizen self-reporting, with enumerators serving to spot-check randomly selected neighborhoods and communities. As part of a drive to increase the count's accuracy, 635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, a 9.7% increase from the 2000 United States Census . This

3519-453: The rise in social media and cell-phone usage in the U.S., the Census Bureau used research gathered through a cell-phone study in order to target media and adds to populations that were nonrespondents and promote census participation. This study also helped gauge the mindset of those who fail to respond, trying to figure out why. This was the first census to use hand-held computing devices with GPS capability, although they were only used for

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3588-629: The same response given by opposite-sex married couples. An "unmarried partner" option was available for couples (whether same-sex or opposite-sex) who were not married. The Census 2010 Language Program was significantly expanded. Language assistance in 49 languages in the 2000 Census was increased to 59 languages in Census 2000. In addition to English, Census questionnaire was available in five non-English languages: Spanish, Chinese (simplified), Korean, Vietnamese, and Russian. The 2010 census cost $ 13 billion, approximately $ 42 per capita; by comparison,

3657-468: The surrounding area for Canada . The state confiscated all of the Johnson property in 1779 because of the family's Loyalist sentiments and support for the British cause. Johnson Hall suffered vandalism at the hands of Continental soldiers quartered there. The house and estate were subsequently sold to Silas Talbot , a naval officer and hero of the American Revolution. Although most of the fighting during

3726-401: The ten questions were to be answered for each individual in the household. Federal law has provisions for fining those who refuse to complete the census form. Detroit Mayor Dave Bing held a press conference on March 22, 2011, to announce that the city would challenge its census results. The challenge, being led by the city's planning department, cited an inconsistency as an example showing

3795-499: The two most populous boroughs, are implausible. According to the census, they grew by only 0.1% and 1.6%, respectively, while the other boroughs grew by between 3% and 5%. He also stated that the census showed improbably high numbers of vacant housing in vital neighborhoods such as Jackson Heights, Queens . The District of Columbia announced in August 2011 that it would also challenge its census results. The Mayor's Office claimed that

3864-479: The wood bark they produced, Johnstown became a center for tanning of leather during the late 19th century. By the early 20th century, Johnstown, along with neighboring Gloversville , became known as the glove-making capital of the world, nicknamed the "Glove Cities". Many fringe businesses once existed to support the glove and leather industries around Johnstown. Box manufacturers, thread dealers, sewing machine repairers, chemical companies, and many others have made

3933-457: Was $ 32,603, and the median income for a family was $ 39,909. Males had a median income of $ 30,636 versus $ 22,272 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,324. About 9.3% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 19.5% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over. Silas Talbot moved with his family to Johnstown, where he purchased Sir William Johnson's estate and manor house. A hero of

4002-667: Was $ 500. The Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) was given a contract to help publicize the importance of the census count and to encourage individuals to fill out their forms. In September 2009, after controversial undercover videos showing four ACORN staffers giving tax advice to a man and a woman posing as a prostitute, the bureau canceled ACORN's contract. Various American celebrities, including Demi Lovato and Eva Longoria , were used in public service announcements targeting younger people to fill out census forms. Wilmer Valderrama and Rosario Dawson have helped spread census awareness among young Hispanics,

4071-525: Was a farmer (lived on the same farm for 63 years) and served in the Wisconsin State Assembly and in various local offices. Hatch was born in Johnstown. He became mayor of Buffalo, New York and a U.S. House of Representatives member. He was a law partner with Henry K. Smith , who also became a mayor of Buffalo. Daniel Cady is today perhaps best known as the father of the prominent women's rights activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who

4140-424: Was also used in the 2000 census, with over 56,000 people identifying themselves as "Negro". In response to complaints over the word's inclusion on the 2010 census, the Census Bureau announced in 2013 that it would stop using "Negro" going forward, with the 2014 American Community Survey census form being the first without the word. Perhaps not a controversy, but yet, another challenge for the Census Bureau in 2010

4209-764: Was born in Johnstown in 1815. Stanton, who later worked in partnership with Susan B. Anthony and served for many years as president of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), spent her childhood in Johnstown, where she studied at the Johnstown Academy. It was one of the first schools in New York to receive a teaching certificate issued by the newly formed state education system in the later 19th century. After leaving to continue her education in Troy, New York , Stanton returned to Johnstown with her husband Henry Brewster Stanton ,

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4278-480: Was delivered to states. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a long form for the 2010 census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, which asked for detailed social and economic information. The 2010 census used only a short form asking ten basic questions: The form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to

4347-399: Was divided into two separate counties: Montgomery and Fulton . While the village of Fonda became the new county seat of Montgomery County, Johnstown became the county seat of Fulton County. The village of Johnstown became a city in 1895, becoming separate from the surrounding town. Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who became a prominent activist for women's rights, was born in Johnstown in 115 and

4416-623: Was educated at the Johnstown Academy. In 1889, Johnstown suffered a devastating flood. The Cayadutta Creek rampaged, Schreiber's Skin Mill was swept away, as was the State Street bridge, and over twenty people were drowned or missing when the flood carried away the Perry Street bridge. In 1906, the state of New York bought Johnson Hall from its private owners in order to renovate and preserve it. With plentiful forests of hemlock trees and

4485-582: Was named Tryon , after the governor, and Johnstown became the county seat. The county courthouse , built by William Johnson in Johnstown in 1772, partly at his own expense, still stands today, as the oldest operating courthouse in New York. Sir William Johnson died in 1774 before the American colonies declared their independence from Britain . After the onset of the American Revolutionary War , many British Loyalists , including Johnson's son John and his family, fled both Johnstown and

4554-415: Was one of Johnstown's most important citizens. With indirect connections by marriage to John Jacob Astor and that family's lucrative fur business interests, Daniel Cady, adept at managing these connections and his own business interests, joined the ranks of the wealthiest landowners in New York. After moving to Johnstown in 1799, he married Margaret Livingston, whose father, Col. James Livingston , fought in

4623-477: Was that almost three million people selected that their race was Black and in combination with another race. This reflects societal changes in the first decade of the 21st century as hospitals had begun recognizing multiple races at the birth of a child. Thus, when parents are reporting their child's race on the census, they selected multiple races. The 2010 census contained ten questions about age, gender, ethnicity, home ownership, and household relationships. Six of

4692-495: Was the first census in which all states recorded a population of over 500,000 people as well as the first in which all 100 largest cities recorded populations of over 200,000. It was the first census since 1930 that California did not record the largest population growth in absolute number. Texas surpassed California's growth by 4.3 million to 3.4 million. As required by the United States Constitution ,

4761-562: Was the largest landowner in the Mohawk Valley , with an estate of more than 400,000 acres (1,600 km ) before his death. Having begun as an Indian trader, Johnson expanded his business interests to include a sawmill and lumber business and a flour mill that served the area. Johnson, the largest enslaver in the county and perhaps in the state of New York, enslaved some 60 Africans to labor for these businesses. He also recruited many Scottish Highlander and Irish tenant farmers to work his lands. Observing Johnson's successful business endeavors,

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