96-686: The Territory of Wisconsin was an organized and incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 3, 1836, until May 29, 1848, when an eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Wisconsin . Belmont was initially chosen as the capital of the territory. In 1837, the territorial legislature met in Burlington , just north of the Skunk River on
192-684: A bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the Ohio General Assembly first convened. At a special session at the old state capital in Chillicothe , the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood, which was delivered to Washington, D.C. , on horseback, and approved that August. Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, Zanesville , and Columbus . Chillicothe
288-789: A conclusion. In 1774, Britain passed the Quebec Act , which formally annexed Ohio and other western lands to the Province of Quebec in order to provide a civil government and to centralize British administration of the Montreal -based fur trade. The prohibition of settlement west of the Appalachians remained, contributing to the American Revolution. By the start of the American Revolutionary War ,
384-686: A decisive victor. In the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio Country to the new United States after its victory in the American Revolutionary War . The United States created the Northwest Territory under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Slavery was not permitted in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of Marietta by the Ohio Company of Associates , which had been formed by
480-752: A group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the Miami Company (also referred to as the " Symmes Purchase ") claimed the southwestern section, and the Connecticut Land Company surveyed and settled the Connecticut Western Reserve in present-day Northeast Ohio . Territorial surveyors from Fort Steuben began surveying an area of eastern Ohio called the Seven Ranges at about
576-429: A large decline in union membership: 17.4% of Ohioan workers were union members in 2000, while 12.8% were union members in 2022. In the wake of these economic changes, Ohio's state government has looked to promoting new industries to offset manufacturing losses, such as the production of solar energy and electric vehicles . One major program the state government launched was the "Third Frontier" program, created during
672-489: A more complete list of regions and subdivisions of the United States used in modern times, see List of regions of the United States . † - indicates failed legal entities Unlike the land to the east, most of the land west of the Mississippi River was under French or Spanish rule until the first years of the 19th century. The following are state cessions made during the building of the U.S. The following
768-541: A national model of success. Ohio's economy was also heavily afflicted by the Great Recession , as the state's unemployment rate rose from 5.6% in the first two months of 2008 up to a peak of 11.1% in December 2009 and January 2010. It took until August 2014 for the unemployment rate to return to 5.6%. From December 2007 to September 2010, Ohio lost 376,500 jobs. In 2009, Ohio had 89,053 foreclosures filings,
864-418: A population of nearly 11.8 million, Ohio is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated state . Its capital and most populous city is Columbus , with other large population centers including Cleveland , Cincinnati , Dayton , Akron , and Toledo . Ohio is nicknamed the "Buckeye State" after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes". Ohio derives its name from
960-660: A potential market for Ohio machinery exports. In July 1979, Rhodes led a State of Ohio Trade Mission to China. The trip resulted in developing economic ties, a sister state-province relationship with Hubei province , long-running Chinese exhibitions at the Ohio State Fair , and major academic exchanges between Ohio State University and Wuhan University . Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other Midwestern states, as well as New York , Pennsylvania , Ontario , and Quebec , including
1056-532: A result of the attempted secession of the Confederacy during the American Civil War (1861–1865). Some were enclaves within enemy-held territories: These were regions disassociated from neighboring areas due to opposing views: Belts are loosely defined sub-regions found throughout the United States that are named for a perceived commonality among the included areas, which is often related to
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#17327723690631152-666: A riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an ROTC building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' invasion of Cambodia during the Vietnam War . Ohio was an important state in the developing ties between the United States and the People's Republic of China in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Relations between the two countries normalized in 1979, during the second term of Ohio governor Jim Rhodes . Rhodes sought to encourage economic ties, viewing China as
1248-403: A then-record for the state. The median household income dropped 7% from 2006–07 to 2008–09, and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009. By 2015, Ohio gross domestic product was $ 608.1 billion, the seventh-largest economy among the 50 states . In 2015, Ohio's total GDP accounted for 3.4% of U.S. GDP and 0.8% of world GDP. Politically, Ohio has been long regarded as a swing state , but
1344-443: Is a list of the 31 U.S. territories that have become states, in the order of the date organized . (All were considered incorporated .) The following are land grants, cessions, defined districts (official or otherwise) or named settlements made within an area that was already part of a U.S. state or territory that did not involve international treaties or Native American cessions or land purchases. These entities were sometimes
1440-647: Is defined by the Ohio River . Ohio's neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Lake Erie to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, and West Virginia on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by metes and bounds in the Enabling Act of 1802 as follows: Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of
1536-417: Is fully aquatic and breathes almost entirely through its skin. Due to this, it is only found in pristine, cool, clear, fast flowing streams and rivers. It is highly threatened by habitat loss , water pollution , and sedimentation due to logging and other human activities. The climate of Ohio is a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa/Dfb ) throughout most of the state, except in
1632-574: Is known as the Tornado Alley . Severe lake effect snowstorms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of Lake Erie , which is located in an area designated as the Snowbelt . Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna do reach well into Ohio. For instance, some trees with more southern ranges, such as the blackjack oak , Quercus marilandica , are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of
1728-740: The Appalachian Regional Development Act , an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region". It defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia. While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476 million people.) Significant Ohio rivers include the Cuyahoga River , Great Miami River , Maumee River , Muskingum River , and Scioto River . The rivers in northern Ohio drain into
1824-689: The Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument and Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial . Ohio has wide variety of unique animal species. Rare and endangered species include the Eastern Hellbender , which is found in the Southeastern Appalachian region of Ohio and is classified as state endangered. The Eastern Hellbender is the 3rd largest amphibian in the world, and can grow up to 27 inches in length. It
1920-841: The Dayton Triangles beat the Columbus Panhandles 14–0 in Dayton. Canton was enshrined as the home of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963. During the 1930s, the Great Depression struck the state hard. By 1933, more than 40% of factory workers and 67% of construction workers were unemployed in Ohio. Approximately 50% of industrial workers in Cleveland and 80% in Toledo became unemployed, with
2016-648: The Enabling Act of 1802 . In regard to the Leni Lenape natives, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren ... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity". Rufus Putnam served in important military capacities in both
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#17327723690632112-618: The French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War . He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States. In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the Continental Army to drive the British from Boston. George Washington was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer. After the war, Putnam and Manasseh Cutler were instrumental in creating
2208-506: The Great Black Swamp . This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated Allegheny Plateau , and then by another belt known as the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau . Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills and forests . Ohio's rugged southeastern quadrant, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along
2304-548: The Great Dayton Flood , the entire Miami River watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of Dayton . As a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major floodplain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C ), near Gallipolis on July 21, 1934. The lowest recorded temperature
2400-847: The Great Lakes Charter , Great Lakes Compact , and the Council of Great Lakes Governors . Ohio's economy has undergone significant change in the 21st century, as the trend of deindustrialization has greatly impacted the American Midwest and the Rust Belt . Manufacturing in the Midwest experienced a stark decline during the early 21st century, a trend that greatly impacted Ohio. From 1990 to 2019, it lost over 300,000 manufacturing jobs, but added over 1,000,000 non-manufacturing jobs. Coinciding with this decline, Ohio has seen
2496-536: The Great Miami River , on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan , running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to
2592-408: The Northwest Ordinance , which opened up the Northwest Territory for settlement. This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans. Putnam organized and led the Ohio Company of Associates , who settled at Marietta, Ohio , where they built a large fort, Campus Martius . He set substantial amounts of land aside for schools. In 1798, he created the plan for
2688-536: The Ohio River that forms its southern border, which, in turn, originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo' , meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek". The state was home to several ancient indigenous civilizations, with humans present as early as 10,000 BCE. It arose from the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains that were contested by various native tribes and European colonists from
2784-596: The Toledo War , President Jackson removed Mason from office on August 15, 1835, and replaced him with John S. Horner . Horner issued his own proclamation on November 9, 1835, calling for the council to meet on December 1, 1835 — giving delegates less than a month to learn of the change and travel to the meeting. This caused considerable annoyance among the delegates, who ignored it. Even Horner himself neglected to attend. The Council convened on January 1 as previously scheduled, but Horner, while reportedly intending to attend,
2880-480: The Western Confederacy , was forced to cede extensive territory, including much of present-day Ohio, in the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Under the Northwest Ordinance , areas could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population was only 45,000 in December 1801, Congress determined that it was growing rapidly enough and accelerated the process via
2976-797: The Whittlesey Culture and the Monongahela Culture . All three disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people. It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian culture was close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people. Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by
Wisconsin Territory - Misplaced Pages Continue
3072-621: The first American to orbit the Earth , and Neil Armstrong becoming the first human to walk on the Moon . In 1967, Carl Stokes was elected mayor of Cleveland and became the first African American mayor of one of the nation's 10 most populous cities. In 1970, an Ohio Army National Guard unit fired at students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University , killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus became violent, including
3168-881: The fur trade . Some of the Indigenous nations that historically inhabited Ohio include the Iroquoian, the Algonquian, and the Siouan. Ohio country was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the Yellow Creek massacre and the Gnadenhutten massacre . After the War of 1812 , when Natives suffered serious losses such as at Tippecanoe , most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of
3264-486: The 13-member council was Horatio N. Wells of Milwaukee , and the speaker of the 26-member House of Representatives was Timothy Burns of Iowa County . 44°N 90°W / 44°N 90°W / 44; -90 Organized incorporated territories of the United States The territory of the United States and its overseas possessions has evolved over time , from the colonial era to
3360-509: The 17th century through the Northwest Indian Wars of the late 18th century. Ohio was partitioned from the Northwest Territory , the first frontier of the new United States, becoming the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . It was the first post-colonial free state admitted to the union and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during
3456-482: The 20th century. Although it has transitioned to a more information- and service-based economy in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking seventh in GDP as of 2019 , with the third-largest manufacturing sector and second-largest automobile production. Modeled on its federal counterpart, Ohio's government is composed of the executive branch, led by the governor ; the legislative branch, consisting of
3552-638: The Adena culture is the Great Serpent Mound , located in Adams County, Ohio . Around 100 BC, the Adena evolved into the Hopewell people, who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated earthworks can be found in modern-day Marietta , Newark , and Circleville . They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of
3648-699: The American Revolution, Britain thinly exercised sovereignty over Ohio Country by lackadaisical garrisoning of the French forts. Just beyond Ohio Country was the great Miami capital of Kekionga , which became the center of British trade and influence in Ohio Country and throughout the future Northwest Territory . By the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , British lands west of Appalachia were forbidden to settlement by colonists. The Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 explicitly reserved lands north and west of
3744-605: The East to migrate west against their will, including all remaining tribes in Ohio. In 1835, Ohio fought with the Michigan Territory in the Toledo War , a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making Michigan 's admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan
3840-424: The Lenape Indian capital of Coshocton ; a detachment of one hundred of George Rogers Clark 's troops that were ambushed near the Ohio River by Indians led by Joseph Brant in the same year; a British and Native American attack on the U.S.' Fort Laurens ; and the 1782 detainment and murder of 96 Moravian Lenape pacifists by Pennsylvania militiamen in the Gnadenhutten massacre . The western theatre never had
3936-405: The Michigan Territory, Stevens T. Mason , issued a proclamation on August 25, 1835, that called for the election of a western legislative council (the Seventh Michigan Territorial Council ), which became known as the Rump Council . This council was to meet in Green Bay , Wisconsin, on January 1, 1836. However, because of the controversy between Michigan and Ohio over the Toledo Strip, known as
Wisconsin Territory - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-410: The Mississippi, which became part of the Iowa Territory in 1838. In that year, 1838, the territorial capital of Wisconsin was moved to Madison . The Wisconsin Territory initially included all of the present-day states of Wisconsin , Minnesota , and Iowa , as well as part of the Dakotas east of the Missouri River . Much of the territory had originally been part of the Northwest Territory , which
4128-461: The Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th-largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity. To the north, Ohio has 312 miles (502 km) of coastline with Lake Erie, which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border
4224-402: The Ohio River from the West Virginia Panhandle to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct socioeconomic unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965, Congress passed
4320-449: The Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in Morgan's Raid , starting in Harrison in the west and culminating in the Battle of Salineville near West Point in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and Indiana as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war. Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded. By
4416-434: The Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to a continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia ( Magnolia grandiflora ) , Albizia julibrissin (mimosa), Crape Myrtle , and even the occasional Needle Palm are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the Bluegrass region of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of
4512-465: The Ohio Valley was inhabited by nomadic people as early as 13,000 BC. These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000 BC. Between 1,000 and 800 BC, the sedentary Adena culture emerged. The Adena established "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, including sunflowers, and "grew squash and possibly corn"; with hunting and gathering, this cultivation supported more settled, complex villages. The most notable remnant of
4608-412: The Ohio as Native lands. British military occupation in the region contributed to the outbreak of Pontiac's War in 1763. Ohio tribes participated in the war until an armed expedition in Ohio led by Brigadier General Henry Bouquet brought about a truce. Another colonial military expedition into the Ohio Country in 1774 brought Lord Dunmore's War , kicked off by the Yellow Creek massacre in Ohio, to
4704-424: The Pennsylvania line aforesaid. Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by Virginia (which at the time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of
4800-448: The Shawnee, excluding the Pekowi in Southwest Ohio, were forcibly relocated west. Ohio played a key role in the War of 1812, as it was on the front line in the Western theater and the scene of several notable battles both on land and in Lake Erie . On September 10, 1813, the Battle of Lake Erie , one of the major battles, took place near Put-in-Bay, Ohio . The British eventually surrendered to Oliver Hazard Perry . Ultimately, after
4896-569: The State of Wisconsin and the Territory of Wisconsin, an unprecedented situation. Sibley made it his first order of business to push through the statute necessary to establish the Territory of Minnesota, which occurred on March 3, 1849. The Legislative Assembly of the Wisconsin Territory consisted of a council (equivalent to a senate) and representatives. The first session of the First Legislative Assembly convened at Belmont , Iowa County (now in Lafayette County ), on October 25, and adjourned December 9, 1836. The Council at that time had 14 seats, and
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#17327723690634992-423: The U.S. government used the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to force countless Native American tribes on the Trail of Tears , where all the southern states except for Florida were successfully emptied of Native peoples, the government panicked because most tribes did not want to be forced out of their own lands. Fearing further wars between Native tribes and American settlers, they pushed all remaining Native tribes in
5088-477: The Wisconsin, 110 were Methodist , 64 were Catholic , 49 were Baptist , 40 were Presbyterian , 37 were Congregationalist , 20 were Lutheran , 19 were Episcopal , and 2 were Dutch Reformed . In the 1840 United States census , 22 counties in the Wisconsin Territory reported the following population counts: There are irregularities in the historical timeline at the outset of the Territory. After Congress refused Michigan's petition for statehood, despite meeting
5184-410: The aggressive tactics of the Iroquois Confederation , based in central and western New York. After the Beaver Wars in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of Indigenous people by the mid-to-late 17th century,
5280-404: The argument of Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , chairman of the House Committee on Territories, that Congress was not bound by the Northwest Ordinance, and passed legislation allowing a sixth state to be formed from the remnant of the Northwest Territory excluded from the new state of Wisconsin . However, subsequent bills in 1847 and 1848 to organize a new "Territory of Minasota" were rejected on
5376-408: The bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch, led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 15 seats in the United States House of Representatives , the seventh-largest delegation. Seven presidents of the United States have come from Ohio , earning it the moniker "the Mother of Presidents". Archeological evidence of spear points of both the Folsom and Clovis types indicate that
5472-425: The capacity of acting governor of the territory issued writs for a special election to fill the seat, which was won by Henry H. Sibley on October 30. When Sibley went to Washington to take his seat in Congress, he was not immediately recognized. Only after a long political battle was he allowed to take his seat on January 15, 1849. For a period of time, there were simultaneously representatives in Congress from both
5568-402: The construction of the Muskingum Academy (now Marietta College ). In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to the settlement north of the Ohio River. In 1796, President George Washington commissioned him as Surveyor-General of United States Lands. In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court. In 1802, he served in
5664-418: The continent. The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600 AD. The Mississippian culture rose as the Hopewell culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century. There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the Fort Ancient people,
5760-492: The convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio. On February 19, 1803, U.S. President Thomas Jefferson signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution. But Congress had not passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman George H. Bender introduced
5856-433: The end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals— Ulysses S. Grant , William Tecumseh Sherman , and Philip Sheridan —were all from Ohio. During much of the 19th century, industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy. One of the first iron manufacturing plants, Hopewell Furnace, opened near Youngstown in 1804. By the mid-19th century, 48 blast furnaces were operating in Ohio, most in
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#17327723690635952-492: The extreme southern counties of Ohio's Bluegrass region section, which are located on the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) and Upland South region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer tornado reports in Ohio than in states located in what
6048-572: The first successful airplane. Ohio was hit by its greatest natural disaster in the Great Flood of 1913 , resulting in at least 428 fatalities and hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage, particularly around the Great Miami River basin. The National Football League was originally founded in Canton, Ohio in 1920 as the American Professional Football Conference. It included Ohio League teams in five Ohio cities (Akron, Canton, Cleveland, Columbus, and Dayton), none of which still exist. The first official game occurred on October 3, 1920, when
6144-458: The governorship of Bob Taft , which aimed to increase investment in Ohio and boost its technology sector. As of 2010, the Ohio Department of Development attributes the creation of 9,500 jobs to this program, with an average salary of $ 65,000, while having a $ 6.6 billion economic impact with a return on investment of 9:1. In 2010 the state won the International Economic Development Council 's Excellence in Economic Development Award, celebrated as
6240-415: The grounds that "Minasota" did not have anywhere near the 5,000 free adult males required for legal territorial status. When Wisconsin became a state on May 29, 1848, no provision was made for the section of land between the St. Croix River and the Mississippi River which had previously been organized as part of Wisconsin Territory. Additionally when Iowa became a state on December 28, 1846, no provision
6336-453: The land gradually became repopulated by the mostly Algonquian . Many of these Ohio-country nations were multiethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease, war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into
6432-525: The movement of Natives and Americans between the Ohio Country and Thirteen Colonies had resulted in tension. Fort Pitt in Pennsylvania had become the main fort where expeditions into Ohio started. Intrusions into the area included General Edward Hand 's 1778 movement of 500 Pennsylvania militiamen from Fort Pitt towards Mingo towns on the Cuyahoga River , where the British stored military supplies which they distributed to Indian raiding parties; Colonel Daniel Brodhead 's invasion in 1780 and destruction of
6528-440: The northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River , and those in southern Ohio drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio River and the Mississippi . Ohio also includes Bass Islands and Kelleys Island . Grand Lake St. Marys in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over 20 square miles (52 km ),
6624-440: The old Northwest Territory . Representing the expressed intent of the Wisconsin territorial legislature, Morgan Lewis Martin , Wisconsin's territorial delegate to Congress, initially argued that the proposed state should incorporate all remaining land in the original Northwest Territory as defined by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Most members of Congress believed that such a state would be too large. They eventually accepted
6720-407: The only governmental authority in the listed areas, although they often co-existed with civil governments in scarcely populated states and territories. Civilian administered "military" tracts, districts, departments, etc., will be listed elsewhere. During the American Civil War, the Department of the Pacific had six subordinate military districts: The Department of California (1858–1861) comprised
6816-412: The original Warner Brothers , who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before the company relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including Dean Martin , Doris Day , The O'Jays , Marilyn Manson , Dave Grohl , Devo , Macy Gray and The Isley Brothers . Two Ohio astronauts completed significant milestones in the space race in the 1960s: John Glenn becoming
6912-621: The present Lafayette County , on October 25, 1836. In 1837, Burlington , Iowa, became the second territorial capital of the Wisconsin Territory. The next year, the Iowa Territory was created and the capital was moved to Madison. In 1846, Congress approved the Wisconsin Enabling Act, which was the first step on the road to statehood for Wisconsin. Wisconsin would become the fifth state created out of
7008-470: The present day. It includes formally organized territories, proposed and failed states, unrecognized breakaway states , international and interstate purchases, cessions , and land grants , and historical military departments and administrative districts. The last section lists informal regions from American vernacular geography known by popular nicknames and linked by geographical, cultural, or economic similarities, some of which are still in use today. For
7104-488: The region's economy or climate. Ohio Ohio ( / oʊ ˈ h aɪ . oʊ / oh- HY -oh ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States . It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the west, and Michigan to the northwest. Of the 50 U.S. states , it is the 34th-largest by area . With
7200-473: The requirements specified in the Northwest Ordinance , the people of Michigan authorized its constitution in October 1835 and began self-governance at that time. Yet, Michigan did not enter the Union until January 26, 1837, and Congress did not organize the Wisconsin Territory separately from Michigan until July 3, 1836. Hoping to provide for some continuity in governance during that interim, acting Governor of
7296-483: The rest of the state. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on Interstate 75 from Cincinnati to Toledo ; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's common wall lizard , one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio. The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as
7392-477: The river as it existed in 1792. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark. The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War , to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated till plains , with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as
7488-755: The same time. The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as Ohio Country and Illinois Country . As Ohio prepared for statehood, the Indiana Territory was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore". The coalition of Native American tribes, known as
7584-780: The southern part of the Department of the Pacific: California, Nevada, and southern part of Oregon Territory; merged into the Department of the Pacific as the District of California. The Department of Oregon (1858–1861) comprised the northern part of the Department of the Pacific: Washington Territory and Oregon Territory. These "territories" had actual, functioning governments (recognized or not): These are functioning governments created as
7680-583: The southern part of the state. Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of Ohio's steel industry, and by 1853 Cleveland was the nation's third-largest iron and steel producer. The first Bessemer converter was purchased by the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company , which became part of the U.S. Steel Corporation after the merger of Federal Steel Company and Carnegie Steel , the first billion-dollar American corporation. The first open-hearth furnace used for steel production
7776-468: The state of Wisconsin was part of the Indiana Territory when this was formed in 1800. In 1809, it became part of the Illinois Territory ; then, when Illinois was about to become a state in 1818, this area was joined to the Michigan Territory . Then the Wisconsin Territory was split off from Michigan Territory in 1836 as the state of Michigan prepared for statehood. In 1838, the section of
7872-424: The state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities that were larger centers for their work. They included Zane Grey , Milton Caniff , George Bellows , Art Tatum , Roy Lichtenstein , and Roy Rogers . Alan Freed , who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include Steven Spielberg , Chris Columbus and
7968-680: The state unemployment rate reaching a high of 37.3%. American Jews watched the rise of Nazi Germany with apprehension. Cleveland residents Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster created the Superman comic character in the spirit of the Jewish golem . Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the Nazis . Approximately 839,000 Ohioans served in the U.S. armed forces during World War II , of whom over 23,000 died or were missing in action. Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in
8064-628: The state, sometimes assimilating in part. Starting around 1809, the Shawnee pressed resistance to encroachment again. Under Chief Tecumseh , Tecumseh's War officially began in Ohio in 1811. When the War of 1812 began, the British decided to attack from Upper Canada into Ohio and merge their forces with the Shawnee. This continued until Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. Most of
8160-553: The state. During the 18th century, the French set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region. Beginning in 1754, the Kingdom of France and Kingdom of Great Britain fought in the French and Indian War , with various Native American tribes on each side. As a result of the Treaty of Paris , the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the Old Northwest to Great Britain in 1763. Before
8256-615: The success of many Republican candidates in Ohio since the late 2000s has led many to question whether Ohio remains an electoral battleground. On March 9, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic reached Ohio, with three cases reported. As of February 2023, over 41,600 Ohioans have died from COVID-19. Ohio's economy was also heavily impacted by the pandemic, as the state saw large job losses in 2020, as well as large amounts of subsequent stimulus spending . Ohio's location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because it links
8352-620: The territory to the west of the Mississippi became the Iowa Territory . In 1838, the Iowa Territory was formed, reducing the Wisconsin Territory to the boundaries for the next ten years; upon granting statehood to Wisconsin, its boundaries were once again reduced, to their present location. In 1850, 10 years after the end of the Second Great Awakening (1790–1840), of the 341 churches with regular services in
8448-482: The war. It contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the Battle of Shiloh , a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties. Later that year, when Confederate troops under the leadership of Stonewall Jackson threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor David Tod recruited 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service. From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along
8544-593: Was ceded by Britain in 1783. The portion in what is now Iowa and the Dakotas was originally part of the Louisiana Purchase , though a small fraction was part of a parcel ceded by Great Britain in 1818 , and was split off from the Missouri Territory in 1821 and attached to the Michigan Territory in 1834. The portion that was formerly part of the Northwest Territory and which later became
8640-707: Was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland, and by 1892, Ohio was the second-largest steel-producing state, behind Pennsylvania. Republic Steel was founded in Youngstown in 1899 and was at one point the nation's third-largest producer. Armco , now AK Steel, was founded in Middletown in 1899. The state legislature officially adopted the flag of Ohio on May 9, 1902. Dayton natives Orville and Wilbur Wright made four brief flights at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina , on December 17, 1903, inventing
8736-459: Was delayed by illness and in the Governor's absence the council could do little more than perform some administrative and ceremonial duties. For its concession to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the Upper Peninsula . President Andrew Jackson appointed Henry Dodge Governor and Horner Secretary. The first legislative assembly of the new territory was convened by Governor Dodge at Belmont, in
8832-461: Was given the western two-thirds of the Upper Peninsula , in addition to the eastern third, which was already considered part of the territory. Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place in the Civil War . The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. Ohio's industry made it one of the most important states in the Union during
8928-415: Was made for official organization of the remainder of what had been Iowa Territory. In the summer of 1848, residents in the area organized themselves and called a series of meetings. As these meetings commenced, the most recent territorial delegate to congress John H. Tweedy officially tendered his resignation, thus vacating the seat. Secretary of State John Catlin went to Stillwater, Minnesota, and in
9024-728: Was presided over by Henry Baird of Brown County . There were 26 representatives; the Speaker of the House was Peter H. Engle of Dubuque County ("Dubuque County " at this time embraced all of the territory west of the Mississippi River and north of the latitude of the south end of Rock Island). The last session of the assembly was the second session of the Fifth Legislative Assembly, which convened February 7, and adjourned March 13, 1848. The president of
9120-403: Was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to be near the state's geographic center. Although many Native Americans migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained in
9216-750: Was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845. Ohio's canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to their location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state. Areas under the protection of the National Park Service include Cuyahoga Valley National Park , Hopewell Culture National Historical Park , Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park , First Ladies National Historic Site , James A. Garfield National Historic Site , William Howard Taft National Historic Site , and
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