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117-457: As Rioplatense is considered a dialect of Spanish and not a distinct language, there are no credible figures for a total number of speakers. The total population of these areas would amount to some 25–30 million, depending on the definition and expanse. Rioplatense is mainly based in the cities of Buenos Aires , Rosario , Santa Fe , La Plata , Mar del Plata and Bahía Blanca in Argentina,

234-634: A 1993 agreement , the Argentine Constitution was amended to give Buenos Aires autonomy and rescinding, among other things, the president's right to appoint the city's mayor (as had been the case since 1880). On 30 June 1996, voters in Buenos Aires chose their first elected mayor, Jefe de Gobierno . In 1996, following the 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution , the city held its first mayoral elections under

351-664: A Chief of Government in 1996; previously, the Mayor was directly appointed by the President of Argentina . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fifth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 13.8 million. It is also the second largest city south of the Tropic of Capricorn . The quality of life in Buenos Aires

468-532: A or o and e or i , but these are not usually considered irregularities. The following examples use the first person plural of the present subjunctive: Other predictable changes involve stress marks, i — y alternations and i -dropping, some of which are sometimes considered as irregularities. The examples are several forms of otherwise regular preterites: There are two kinds of changes that can affect stem vowels of some Spanish verbs: diphthongization and vowel raising . Both changes affect -e- or -o- in

585-679: A Deputy Chief of Government. In analogous fashion to the Vice President of Argentina, the Deputy Chief of Government presides over the city's legislative body, the City Legislature . The Chief of Government and the Legislature are both elected for four-year terms; half of the Legislature's members are renewed every two years. Elections use the D'Hondt method of proportional representation. The judicial branch comprises

702-716: A compromise -zg- ( yazgo ). Some -er and -ir verbs (most G- verbs plus haber , saber , poder and querer ) also change their stem in the future and conditional tenses. This involves syncope : Many of these verbs also have shortened tú imperative forms ( apocope ): tener → ten , contener → contén , poner → pon , disponer → dispón , venir → ven , salir → sal , hacer → haz , decir → di . However, all verbs derived from decir are regular in this form: bendice , maldice , desdícete , predice , contradice . Some verbs (including most G -verbs and most verbs ending in -ducir ) have

819-424: A diphthongizing verb, the change turns -e- into -ie- and -o- into -ue- when the syllable in question is stressed, which in effect happens only in the singular persons and third-person plural of the present indicative and present subjunctive, and in the imperative (all other tenses and forms are stressed on their endings, not their stems). The dictionary form always has the vowel, not the diphthong , because, in

936-404: A grammatically third- person plural verb. As an example, see the conjugation table for the verb amar (to love) in the present tense, indicative mode: Although apparently there is just a stress shift (from a mas to am á s ), the origin of such a stress is the loss of the diphthong of the classical vos inflection from vos amáis to vos amás . This can be better seen with

1053-481: A hucio (again the -h- makes no difference), which thus follows both the anunciar and causar models. Diphthong-breaking verbs include ahincar , aislar , aunar , aullar , maullar , aupar , aliar , vaciar , contrariar , evaluar , habituar , reunir . The verbs criar , fiar , guiar , liar and piar are also diphthong-breaking ( cr í o, gu í e ), but when

1170-483: A large number of verbs are irregular . Among these, some fall into more-or-less defined deviant patterns, whereas others are uniquely irregular. This article summarizes the common irregular patterns. As in all Romance languages , many irregularities in Spanish verbs can be retraced to Latin grammar . Due to the rules of Spanish orthography , some predictable changes are needed to keep the same consonant sound before

1287-655: A nonstandard lower speaking style, whereas in Argentina and Uruguay it is standard. The second person plural pronoun, which is vosotros in Spain, is replaced with ustedes in Rioplatense, as in most other Latin American dialects. While usted is the formal second person singular pronoun, its plural ustedes has a neutral connotation and can be used to address friends and acquaintances as well as in more formal occasions (see T–V distinction ). Ustedes takes

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1404-454: A noticeable simplification of the syllable structure, giving Rioplatense informal speech a distinct fluid consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel rhythm: Rioplatense Spanish, especially the speech of all of Uruguay and the Buenos Aires area in Argentina, has intonation patterns that resemble those of Italian dialects . This correlates well with immigration patterns, since both Argentina and Uruguay have received large numbers of Italian settlers since

1521-466: A number of others, are obsolete for general use, but are occasionally used in Spain (and to a much lesser extent in Spanish America ) among educated, style-conscious writers, or in linguistic archaisms such as proverbs ( refranes ). The verbs ser (to be) and ir (to go) both exhibit irregularities in the present , imperfect and preterite forms (note that these two verbs have

1638-459: A somewhat different stem in the preterite . These stems are very old and often are found in Latin as well. The same irregular stem is also found in the imperfect subjunctive (both in -ra and -se forms) and the future subjunctive. These stems are anomalous also because: Examples: The verb ver in modern Spanish has a regular -er verb preterite ( yo vi , tú viste , él vio – note

1755-516: A source of mistakes for children learning to speak, and also for some adults: Vowel raising appears only in verbs of the third conjugation ( -ir verbs), and in this group it affects d o rmir , m o rir , p o drir (alternative of the more common p u drir ) and nearly all verbs which have -e- as their last stem vowel (e.g. s e ntir , rep e tir ); exceptions include cernir , discernir and concernir (all three diphthongizing, e-ie). The forms that exhibit

1872-541: A unipersonal office, the Supreme Director . Formal independence from Spain was declared in 1816, at the Congress of Tucumán . Buenos Aires managed to endure the whole Spanish American wars of independence without falling again under royalist rule. Historically, Buenos Aires has been Argentina's main venue of liberal , free-trading , and foreign ideas. In contrast, many of the provinces, especially those to

1989-466: Is descrito in some regions, but descripto in others. There are three verbs that have both a regular and an irregular past participle. Both forms may be used when conjugating the compound tenses and the passive voice with the auxiliary verbs haber and ser , but the irregular form is generally the only one used as an adjective: A number of other "strong" past participles, such as pinto , ducho , electo , and

2106-475: Is predecir → predicho (but note bendecir → bendecido , maldecir → maldecido are regular, though they also have the adjectival forms bendito and maldito ). Similarly previsto , rehecho , descubierto , supuesto , etc. Solver is obsolete, but its derivatives absolver and resolver ( absuelto , resuelto ) are in common use. The participle of describir

2223-485: Is an autonomous district. In 1880, after the Argentine Civil War , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Its citizens first elected

2340-540: Is kept throughout the conjugation despite the fact of the i getting the stress in forms such as cu i do (written without stress mark). All verbs ending in -uir (e.g. construir , disminuir , distribuir ) add a medial -y- before all endings not starting with i : constru y o , constru y es , constru y a ... Taking into account that these verbs also undergo the change of unstressed intervocalic i to y (see orthographic changes above), they have many forms containing y . This also applies to

2457-427: Is never used in this form. The corresponding form of the verb andar (to walk, to go) substitutes for it. The plural imperative uses the ustedes form (i. e. the third person plural subjunctive, as corresponding to ellos ). As for the subjunctive forms of vos verbs, while they tend to take the tú conjugation, some speakers do use the classical vos conjugation, employing the vosotros form minus

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2574-541: Is rarely used: the simple past replaces it. However, the Present Perfect is still used in Northwestern Argentina, particularly in the province of Tucumán . But, in the subjunctive mood, the present perfect is still widely used: In Buenos Aires a reflexive form of verbs is often used - " se viene " instead of " viene'' , etc. In Chilean Spanish there is plenty of lexical influence from

2691-449: Is that of the Cien barrios porteños ("One hundred porteño neighborhoods"), referring to a composition made popular in the 1940s by tango singer Alberto Castillo ; however, Buenos Aires only consists of 48 official barrios . There are several subdivisions of these districts, some with a long history and others that are the product of a real estate invention. A notable example is Palermo –

2808-531: Is the capital city of Argentina , on the western shore of the Río de la Plata on South America's southeastern coast. " Buenos aires " is Spanish for "fair winds" or "good airs". Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha global city , according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) 2020 ranking. The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor its capital; it

2925-446: Is their only irregularity (such as abrir , romper ), while some very irregular verbs (such as ser and ir ) have regular past participles. Examples: Most of these verbs have derivatives with the same irregularity. For example, alongside volver → vuelto and poner → puesto, there are devolver → devuelto and componer → compuesto ; alongside decir → dicho there

3042-683: Is today the San Telmo district of Buenos Aires, south of the city center . More attacks by the indigenous people forced the settlers away, and in 1542, the site was thusly abandoned. A second (and permanent) settlement was established on 11 June 1580 by Juan de Garay , who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción (now the capital of Paraguay). He dubbed the settlement "Santísima Trinidad" and its port became "Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires." From its earliest days, Buenos Aires depended primarily on trade. During most of

3159-1231: The -ue- diphthong is written -üe - after g , with the diaeresis to indicate that the letter is not silent ( averg o nzarse > me averg üe nzo ) ( reflexive , go-güe -zar). The following examples show that all three conjugations ( -ar , -er , and -ir verbs) include some diphthongizing verbs (only some tenses and persons are shown, for contrasting purposes): (*) In Central America pensés , contés , etc. are used, but Spanish Royal Academy prescribes pienses , cuentes , etc., according to Rioplatense Spanish . The verbs sentir and dormir also undergo vowel raising . Additional diphthongizing verbs include acordar(se) (o-ue), divertir(se) (e-ie), doler (o-ue), empezar (-zar e-ie, -ezar), encontrar (o-ue), entender (e-ie), llover (o-ue), morir (o-ue, -morir), mostrar (o-ue), mover (o-ue), poder (o-ue, -poder), probar (o-ue), querer (e-ie, -querer), recordar (o-ue), sentar(se) (e-ie-i), tener (e-ie, -tener, G-Verb), venir (e-ie, -venir, G-Verb), volar (o-ue), and volver (o-ue, -olver). Many verbs with -e- or -o- in

3276-522: The Argentine Chamber of Deputies . The Guardia Urbana de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires Urban Guard) was a specialized civilian force of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina , that used to deal with different urban conflicts with the objective of developing actions of prevention, dissuasion and mediation, promoting effective behaviors that guarantee the security and the integrity of public order and social coexistence. The unit continuously assisted

3393-562: The Pampero and Sudestada winds pass by, the weather is variable due to these contrasting air masses. Summers are hot and humid. The warmest month is January, with a daily average of 24.9 °C (76.8 °F). Heat waves are common during summers. However, most heat waves are of short duration (less than a week) and are followed by the passage of the cold, dry Pampero wind which brings violent and intense thunderstorms followed by cooler temperatures. The highest temperature ever recorded

3510-468: The broadcast television . La Cuarta , a "popular" tabloid , regularly employs lunfardo words and expressions. Usually Chileans do not recognize the Argentine borrowings as such, claiming they are Chilean terms and expressions. The relation between Argentine dialects and Chilean Spanish is one of "asymmetric permeability", with Chilean Spanish adopting sayings of the Argentine variants but usually not

3627-421: The i in the final diphthong. Many consider only the tú subjunctive forms to be correct. In the preterite , an s is sometimes added, for instance (vos) perdistes . This corresponds to the classical vos conjugation found in literature. Compare Iberian Spanish form vosotros perdisteis . Other verb forms coincide with tú after the i is omitted (the vos forms are the same as tú ). In

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3744-726: The pampa region , with the exception of some areas such as the Buenos Aires Ecological Reserve , the Boca Juniors (football club) 's "sports city", Jorge Newbery Airport , the Puerto Madero neighborhood and the main port itself; these were all built on reclaimed land along the coasts of the Rio de la Plata (the world's widest river). The region was formerly crossed by different streams and lagoons, some of which were refilled, and others tubed. Among

3861-566: The "Fair Winds" to aid them in their navigation and prevent shipwrecks . A sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would later be erected in Seville . At the foundation of Buenos Aires, Spanish sailors arrived in the Río de la Plata giving thanks to the blessings of "Santa Maria de los Buenos Aires", "Holy Mary of the Good Winds", who they believed to have given them the good winds to reach

3978-399: The 17th century, Spanish ships were menaced by pirates, so they developed a complex system where ships with military protection were dispatched to Central America in a convoy from Seville (the only port allowed to trade with the American colonies) to Lima, Peru , and from there to the other cities of the viceroyalty. Because of this, products took a very long time to arrive in Buenos Aires, and

4095-640: The 17th century. The usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is Bs.As . It is also common to refer to it as " B.A. " or " BA ". When referring specifically to the autonomous city, it is very common to colloquially call it " Capital " in Spanish. Since the autonomy obtained in 1994, it has been called " CABA " (per Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Autonomous City of Buenos Aires). [REDACTED] Kingdom of Spain - Habsburg , 1536–1700 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Spain - Bourbon , 1700–1808 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Spain - Bonaparte , 1808–1810 [REDACTED] United Provinces of

4212-442: The 1970s the city suffered from the fighting between left-wing revolutionary movements ( Montoneros , ERP and F.A.R.) and the right-wing paramilitary group Triple A , supported by Isabel Perón , who became president of Argentina in 1974 after Juan Perón's death. The March 1976 coup , led by General Jorge Videla , only escalated this conflict; the " Dirty War " resulted in 30,000 desaparecidos (people kidnapped and killed by

4329-477: The 1990s saw an economic revival, particularly in the construction and financial sectors. On 17 March 1992, a bomb exploded in the Israeli Embassy , killing 29 and injuring 242. Another explosion, on 18 July 1994, destroyed a building housing several Jewish organizations, killing 85 and injuring many more, these incidents marked the beginning of Middle Eastern terrorism to South America. Following

4446-412: The 19th century. According to a study conducted by National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina Buenos Aires and Rosario residents speak with an intonation most closely resembling Neapolitan . The researchers note this as a relatively recent phenomenon, starting in the beginning of the 20th century with the main wave of Southern Italian immigration. Before that, the porteño accent

4563-510: The Argentine dialects suggesting a possible "masked prestige" otherwise not expressed, since the image of Argentine things is usually negative. Influences run across the different social strata of Chile. Argentine tourism in Chile during summer and Chilean tourism in Argentina would influence the speech of the upper class. The middle classes would have Argentine influences by watching football on cable television and by watching Argentine programs in

4680-524: The Constitution of the states that " Suffrage is free, equal, secret, universal, compulsory and non-accumulative. Resident aliens enjoy this same right, with its corresponding obligations, on equal terms with Argentine citizens registered in the district, under the terms established by law ." The executive power is vested on the Chief of Government (Spanish: Jefe de Gobierno ), who is elected alongside

4797-695: The Crown of Aragon, after its capture from the Pisans in 1324, established their headquarters on top of a hill that overlooked the city. The hill was known to them as Bonaira (or Bonaria in Sardinian ), as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city (the castle area), which is adjacent to swampland . During the siege of Cagliari, the Catalans built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of

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4914-510: The Latin inchoative verbs but now includes other verbs as well—substitute -zc- for stem-final -c- before o and a . The group includes nearly all verbs ending in -acer (except hacer and derived verbs), -ecer (except mecer and remecer ), -ocer (except cocer and derived verbs), and -ucir . For example: Yacer may alternatively be conjugated with -zc- ( yazco ), -g- (G-Verb) ( yago ) or

5031-455: The Río de la Plata , 1810–1831 [REDACTED] Argentine Confederation , 1831–1852 [REDACTED] State of Buenos Aires , 1852–1861 [REDACTED]   Argentina , 1861–present In 1516, navigator and explorer Juan Díaz de Solís , navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata . His expedition was cut short when he was killed during an attack by

5148-509: The Río de la Plata basin had its status raised to Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776. Until the massive immigration to the region started in the 1870s, the language of the Río de la Plata had virtually no influence from other languages and varied mainly by localisms. Argentines and Uruguayans often state that their populations, like those of the United States and Canada , comprise people of relatively recent European descent,

5265-859: The Supreme Court of Justice ( Tribunal Superior de Justicia ), the Council of Magistracy ( Consejo de la Magistratura ), the Public Ministry, and other city courts. Legally, the city has less autonomy than the Provinces . In June 1996, shortly before the city's first Executive elections were held, the Argentine National Congress issued the National Law 24.588 (known as Ley Cafiero , after the Senator who advanced

5382-550: The acting mayor, was invested with the office. In the 2007 elections, Mauricio Macri of the Republican Proposal (PRO) party won the second-round of voting over Daniel Filmus of the Frente para la Victoria (FPV) party, taking office on 9 December 2007. In 2011, the elections went to a second round with 60.96 percent of the vote for PRO, compared to 39.04 percent for FPV, thus ensuring Macri's reelection as mayor of

5499-540: The alternation). The imperative forms for vos are identical to the imperative forms in Peninsular but stressing the last syllable: When in Peninsular the imperative has one syllable, a vowel corresponding to the verb's class is usually added. The second syllable is stressed: In some such cases, the verb stem also undergoes other changes: In the case of the verb ser (to be), the imperative form remains monosyllabic: Sé bueno. "Be good" The verb ir (to go)

5616-465: The balance of power favorably for the criollos (in contrast to peninsulars ), as well as the development of the Peninsular War in Spain. An attempt by the peninsular merchant Martín de Álzaga to remove Liniers and replace him with a Junta was defeated by the criollo armies. However, by 1810 it would be those same armies who would support a new revolutionary attempt, successfully removing

5733-466: The brief period of British rule, the viceroy Rafael Sobremonte managed to escape to Córdoba and designated this city as capital. Buenos Aires became the capital again after its recapture by Argentine forces, but Sobremonte could not resume his duties as viceroy. Santiago de Liniers, chosen as new viceroy, prepared the city against a possible new British attack and repelled a second invasion by Britain in 1807. The militarization generated in society changed

5850-651: The capital. However, Charles's placating actions did not have the desired effect, and the porteños , some of them versed in the ideology of the French Revolution , instead became even more convinced of the need for independence from Spain. During the British invasions of the Río de la Plata , British forces attacked Buenos Aires twice. In 1806 the British successfully invaded Buenos Aires, but an army from Montevideo led by Santiago de Liniers defeated them. In

5967-426: The change can be described negatively as those in which the stem vowel is not diphthongized and the ending does not contain stressed i or the -ir- sequence. In other words, vowel raising affects the forms whose endings do not contain an i which is not part of a diphthong, taking into account that diphthongizing overrides vowel raising. In effect, for diphthongizing verbs (e.g. sentir , dormir ),

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6084-508: The city became the regional capital of radio , television , cinema , and theater . The city's main avenues were built during those years, and the dawn of the 20th century saw the construction of South America's tallest buildings and its first underground system. A second construction boom, from 1945 to 1980, reshaped downtown and much of the city. Buenos Aires also attracted migrants from Argentina's provinces and neighboring countries. Shanty towns ( villas miseria ) started growing around

6201-411: The city was federalized and became the seat of government, with its mayor appointed by the president. The Casa Rosada became the seat of the president . Health conditions in poor areas were appalling, with high rates of tuberculosis. Contemporaneous public health physicians and politicians typically blamed both the poor themselves and their ramshackle tenement houses (conventillos) for the spread of

6318-498: The city with María Eugenia Vidal as deputy mayor. PRO is established in the most affluent area of the city and in those over fifty years of age. The 2015 elections were the first to use an electronic voting system in the city, similar to the one used in Salta Province . In these elections held on 5 July 2015, Macri stepped down as mayor and pursue his presidential bid and Horacio Rodríguez Larreta took his place as

6435-464: The city's eastern side in the neighborhoods of Puerto Madero, Recoleta, Palermo, and Belgrano. Some of the most important are: Under the Köppen climate classification , Buenos Aires has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). As a result of maritime influences from the adjoining Atlantic Ocean , the climate is temperate with extreme temperatures being rare. Because the city is located in an area where

6552-589: The city's industrial areas during the 1930s, leading to pervasive social problems and social contrasts with the largely upwardly mobile Buenos Aires population. These laborers became the political base of Peronism , which emerged in Buenos Aires during the pivotal demonstration of 17 October 1945, at the Plaza de Mayo . Industrial workers of the Greater Buenos Aires industrial belt have been Peronism's main support base ever since, and Plaza de Mayo became

6669-512: The city's largest district – which has been subdivided into various barrios , including Palermo Soho , Palermo Hollywood , Las Cañitas and Palermo viejo , among others. A newer scheme has divided the city into 15 comunas (communes). Spanish irregular verbs#Vowel-alternating verbs Spanish verbs are a complex area of Spanish grammar , with many combinations of tenses, aspects and moods (up to fifty conjugated forms per verb). Although conjugation rules are relatively straightforward,

6786-417: The city's northwest, advocated a more nationalistic and Catholic approach to political and social issues. In fact, much of the internal tension in Argentina's history, starting with the centralist-federalist conflicts of the 19th century, can be traced back to these contrasting views. In the months immediately following said "May Revolution", Buenos Aires sent a number of military envoys to the provinces with

6903-411: The city's residents live in apartment buildings and 30% in single-family homes; 4% live in sub-standard housing. Measured in terms of income, the city's poverty rate was 8.4% in 2007 and, including the metro area, 20.6%. Other studies estimate that 4 million people in the metropolitan Buenos Aires area live in poverty. The city's resident labor force of 1.2 million in 2001 was mostly employed in

7020-468: The city, and the country in general, has been a major recipient of millions of immigrants from all over the world , making it a melting pot where several ethnic groups live together. Thus, Buenos Aires is considered one of the most diverse cities of the Americas . Buenos Aires held the 1st FIBA World Championship in 1950 and 11th FIBA World Championship in 1990 , the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 ,

7137-400: The city. The population of Greater Buenos Aires was 13,147,638 according to 2010 census data. The population density in Buenos Aires proper was 13,680 inhabitants per square kilometer (35,400 inhabitants/sq mi), but only about 2,400/km (6,200/sq mi) in the suburbs. Buenos Aires' population has hovered around 3 million since 1947, due to low birth rates and a slow migration to

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7254-575: The coast of what is today the modern city. Pedro de Mendoza called the city "Holy Mary of the Fair Winds", a name suggested by the chaplain of Mendoza's expedition – a devotee of the Virgin of Buen Ayre – after the Madonna of Bonaria from Sardinia (which is still to this day the patroness of the Mediterranean island ). Mendoza's settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people and

7371-606: The deployment of the Metropolitan Police of Buenos Aires is ongoing. Beginning in 2007, the city has embarked on a new decentralization scheme, creating new Communes ( comunas ) which are to be managed by elected committees of seven members each. Buenos Aires is represented in the Argentine Senate by three senators (as of 2017 , Martín Lousteau , Mariano Recalde and Guadalupe Tagliaferri ). The people of Buenos Aires also elect 25 national deputies to

7488-449: The dreaded disease. People ignored public-health campaigns to limit the spread of contagious diseases, such as the prohibition of spitting on the streets, the strict guidelines to care for infants and young children, and quarantines that separated families from ill loved ones. In addition to the wealth generated by customs duties and Argentine foreign trade in general, as well as the existence of fertile pampas , railroad development in

7605-406: The eight planned were put up at the time, they were mostly obtrusive raised freeways that continue to blight a number of formerly comfortable neighborhoods to this day. The city was visited by Pope John Paul II twice, firstly in 1982 and again in 1987; on these occasions gathered some of the largest crowds in the city's history. The return of democracy in 1983 coincided with a cultural revival, and

7722-428: The elections for a third term with Larreta as mayor and Diego Santilli as deputy. In these elections, PRO was stronger in wealthier northern Buenos Aires, while ECO was stronger in the southern, poorer neighborhoods of the city. On 5 December 2023, Jorge Macri of PRO was sworn in as new mayor of Buenos Aires City to succeed outgoing Mayor Horacio Rodríguez Larreta of the same party. The city of Buenos Aires lies in

7839-411: The first person singular of the present indicative and the whole present subjunctive are the only forms whose endings start with o/a instead of e/i . These two different phonetic environments made Latin forms evolve differently in many verbs, leading to irregularities. Before o (in the first person singular of the indicative present tense) and a (that is, in all persons of the present subjunctive),

7956-406: The foreign powers eventually desisted from their demands. During most of the 19th century, the political status of the city remained a sensitive subject. It was already the capital of Buenos Aires Province , and between 1853 and 1860 it was the capital of the seceded State of Buenos Aires . The issue was fought out more than once on the battlefield, until the matter was finally settled in 1880 when

8073-474: The forms of oír and desoír that do not undergo the -ig- change: oyes , oye , oyen Some regular forms of fluir , fruir and huir are written without stress mark if considered monosyllabic, but may bear it if pronounced as bisyllabic: vosotros huis or huís (present), yo hui or huí (preterite). Logically, argüir loses the diaeresis before y : arguyo , arguyó (gü-gu, -güir)... In er and ir verbs,

8190-550: The full spectrum of verb inflections, in Rioplatense (as well as many other Spanish dialects), the future tense tends to use a verbal phrase ( periphrasis ) in the informal language. This verb phrase is formed by the verb ir ("to go") followed by the preposition a ("to") and the main verb in the infinitive. This resembles the English phrase to be going to + infinitive verb. For example: The present perfect (Spanish: Pretérito perfecto compuesto), just like pretérito anterior ,

8307-402: The gerund ( p u diendo ), but the first- and second-person plural of the present subjunctive are regular ( p o damos , p o dáis ). Non -diphthongizing vowel-rising verbs include: The vowel-raising verb erguir is usually diphthongizing (with ye- forms as yergo ...), not-diphthongizing forms are however valid but rare ( irgo ...) (e-ie > ye-i -guir, -erguir). Diphthongs in

8424-674: The hill. In 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians , who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously calmed a storm in the Mediterranean Sea . The statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Andalusians , venerated this image and frequently invoked

8541-473: The infinitive form, the stress is on the ending, not the stem. Exceptionally, the -u- of j u gar (u-ue -gar, -jugar) and the -i- of adqu i rir and inqu i rir (i-ie) also are subject to diphthongization ( juega , etc.; adquiere , etc.). In word-initial position, *ie- is written ye- ( e rrar > ye rro ) (e-ie > ye) and *ue- is written hue- ( o ler > hue le ) (o-ue > hue, oler). Also,

8658-540: The infinitive may be preserved throughout the conjugation or broken in the forms which are stressed on the stem, depending on whether the i or u in contact with a/e/o take the stress or not. The stressed vowel is marked bold in the examples: cambiar > c a mbio , but enviar > env í o (requiring an acute accent to indicate the resulting hiatus ). The Real Academia Española does not consider either behaviour as irregular, but illustrates each with six "regular" models, one for each possible diphthong in

8775-599: The infinitive: anunciar , averiguar , bailar , causar , peinar and adeudar for diphthong-keeping verbs and enviar , actuar , aislar , aunar , descafeinar and rehusar for diphthong-breaking ones. Remember that the presence of a silent h does not break a diphthong, so a written accent is needed anyway in reh ú so . All verbs ending in -guar are diphthong-keeping, as well as saciar , desairar , restaurar and reinar . Two diphthongs are kept in desahuciar > des

8892-474: The intention of obtaining their approval. Instead, the enterprise fueled tensions between the capital and the provinces; many of these missions ended in violent clashes. In the 19th century the city was blockaded twice by naval forces: by the French from 1838 to 1840, and later by an Anglo-French expedition from 1845 to 1848. Both blockades failed to bring the Argentine government to the negotiating table, and

9009-400: The lack of written accent on monosyllables), but in archaic texts the irregular preterite forms yo vide , él vido are sometimes seen. A number of verbs have irregular past participles, sometimes called "strong" because the change is in the root, rather than an ending. This includes verbs which are irregular in many other ways, as poner and decir , but for some other verbs this

9126-429: The largest immigrant groups coming from Italy and Spain. Several languages, especially Italian, influenced the historical criollo Spanish of the region because of the diversity of the settlers and immigrants to Argentina and Uruguay: European settlement decimated Native American populations before 1810 as well as during the expansion into Patagonia (after 1870). However, the interaction between Spanish and several of

9243-580: The last (or only) syllable of a verb stem. Diphthongization changes -e- to -ie- , and -o- to -ue- . Vowel raising changes the mid vowels -e- and -o- to the corresponding high vowels : -i- and -u- respectively. Some verbs, in their various forms, can exhibit both kinds of changes (e.g. s e ntir , s ie nte , s i ntió (e-ie-i**ir); d o rmir , d ue rme , d u rmió ) (o-ue-u). Some verbs with -e- or -o- in their stem are inherently diphthongizing, whereas others are not: their identities must be learned individually. In

9360-502: The mayoral candidate for PRO. In the first round of voting, FPV's Mariano Recalde obtained 21.78% of the vote, while Martín Lousteau of the ECO party obtained 25.59% and Larreta obtained 45.55%, meaning that the elections went to a second round since PRO was unable to secure the majority required for victory. The second round was held on 19 July 2015 and Larreta obtained 51.6% of the vote, followed closely by Lousteau with 48.4%, thus, PRO won

9477-505: The military during the years of the junta). The silent marches of their mothers ( Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo ) are a well-known image of Argentines' suffering during those times. The dictatorship 's appointed mayor, Osvaldo Cacciatore , also drew up plans for a network of freeways intended to relieve the city's acute traffic gridlock. The plan, however, called for a seemingly indiscriminate razing of residential areas and, though only three of

9594-489: The most important streams are the Maldonado, Vega, Medrano, Cildañez, and White. In 1908, as floods were damaging the city's infrastructure, many streams were channeled and rectified; furthermore, starting in 1919, most streams were enclosed. Most notably, the Maldonado was tubed in 1954; it currently runs below Juan B. Justo Avenue . Buenos Aires has over 250 parks and green spaces, the largest concentration of which are on

9711-434: The most populated cities in the dialectal area, along with their respective suburbs and the areas in between, and in all of Uruguay. This regional form of Spanish is also found in other areas, not geographically close but culturally influenced by those population centers (e.g., in parts of Paraguay, in all of Patagonia and the southern part of Córdoba). Rioplatense is the standard in audiovisual media in Argentina and Uruguay. In

9828-400: The native Charrúa tribe in what is now Uruguay . The city of Buenos Aires was first established as Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre (literally "City of Our Lady Saint Mary of the Fair Winds") after Our Lady of Bonaria (Patroness Saint of Sardinia ) on 2 February 1536 by a Spanish expedition led by Pedro de Mendoza . The settlement founded by Mendoza was located in what

9945-482: The native languages left visible traces. Words from Guarani , Quechua and other languages were incorporated into the local form of Spanish. Some words of Amerindian origin commonly used in Rioplatense Spanish are: Rioplatense Spanish distinguishes itself from other dialects of Spanish by the pronunciation of certain consonants. Aspiration of /s/ , together with loss of final /r/ , tend to produce

10062-496: The new statutes, with the mayor's title formally changed to "Head of Government". The winner was Fernando de la Rúa , who would later become President of Argentina from 1999 to 2001. De la Rúa's successor, Aníbal Ibarra , won two popular elections, but was impeached (and ultimately deposed on 6 March 2006) as a result of the fire at the República Cromagnon nightclub. In the meantime, Jorge Telerman , who had been

10179-541: The new viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros . This is known as the May Revolution , which is now celebrated as a national holiday. This event started the Argentine War of Independence , and many armies left Buenos Aires to fight the diverse strongholds of royalist resistance, with varying levels of success. The government was held first by two Juntas of many members, then by two triumvirates , and finally by

10296-403: The north brings hot temperatures. The city receives 1,257.6 mm (50 in) of precipitation per year. Because of its geomorphology along with an inadequate drainage network, the city is highly vulnerable to flooding during periods of heavy rainfall. Since the adoption of the city's Constitution in 1996, Buenos Aires has counted with a democratically elected executive; Article 61 of

10413-519: The northeast of Uruguay there exists a variety of Portuguese influenced by Rioplatense Spanish, known as Riverense Portuñol . In general, it can be considered that the accent described here is close to the one used by roughly 70% of the Argentine population. The Spanish brought their language to the area during the Spanish colonization in the region. Originally part of the Viceroyalty of Peru ,

10530-520: The old times, vos was used as a respectful term. In Rioplatense, as in most other dialects which employ voseo , this pronoun has become informal, supplanting the use of tú (compare you in English, which used to be formal singular but has supplanted the former informal singular pronoun thou ). It is used especially for addressing friends and family members (regardless of age), but may also include most acquaintances, such as co-workers, friends of one's friends, etc. Although literary works use

10647-683: The other way around. Despite this, people in Santiago , Chile, value Argentine Spanish poorly in terms of "correctness", far behind Peruvian Spanish , which is considered the most correct form. Some Argentine words have been adopted in Iberian Spanish such as pibe , piba "boy, girl", taken into Spanish slang where it produced pibón , "very attractive person". Buenos Aires Buenos Aires ( / ˌ b w eɪ n ə s ˈ ɛər iː z / or /- ˈ aɪ r ɪ s / ; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbwenos ˈajɾes] )

10764-539: The personnel of the Argentine Federal Police , especially in emergency situations, events of massive concurrence, and protection of tourist establishments . Urban Guard officials did not carry any weapons in the performing of their duties. Their basic tools were a HT radio transmitter and a whistle. As of March 2008 , the Guardia Urbana was removed. The Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police

10881-415: The present indicative and present subjunctive because their stems cannot be stressed (in dar the stem is just d- , in estar it was originally st- ). The form dé is so written to distinguish it from the preposition de . Both verbs are also irregular in the preterite and derived tenses: dar follows the pattern of regular -er/-ir verbs, while estar has an anomalous preterite stem and follows

10998-435: The preterite is irregular, the imperfect subjunctive ( -ra and -se forms) and the dated future subjunctive ( -re ) share the same irregularity; indeed, these tenses may always be correctly formed by substituting the appropriate endings for the -ron ending of the third person plural preterite: fueron > fuera/fuese... ; fuere... . The verbs dar (to give) and estar (to be) both exhibit irregularities in

11115-790: The project) by which the authority over the 25,000-strong Argentine Federal Police and the responsibility over the federal institutions residing at the city (e.g., National Supreme Court of Justice buildings ) would not be transferred from the National Government to the Autonomous City Government until a new consensus could be reached at the National Congress. Furthermore, it declared that the Port of Buenos Aires , along with some other places, would remain under constituted federal authorities. As of 2011 ,

11232-564: The responsibility of the Buenos Aires City Police . The police is headed by the Chief of Police who is appointed by the head of the executive branch of the city of Buenos Aires. Geographically, the force is divided into 56 stations throughout the city. All police station employees are civilians. The Buenos Aires City Police force is composed of over 25,000 officers. In the census of 2010, there were 2,891,082 people residing in

11349-511: The root do not alternate. Common non-diphthongizing verbs include acercar(se) , beber , comer , comprar , conocer , correr , creer , deber , dejar , entrar , esperar , lamentar , llegar , llevar , meter , parecer , poner , prometer , quedar , regresar , responder , suceder , temer , and tomar . Less frequent verbs of this kind are often

11466-433: The same preterite fui ). Together with ver (to see) and prever (to foresee), they are the only four verbs with irregular imperfect indicative. Their tú imperative forms are sé , ve (for both ir and ver , although mirar is more common than ver in commands) and prevé . Their vos imperative forms are sé , andá (the verb andar replaces ir ), ve and prevé . Remember that whenever

11583-470: The second half of the 19th century increased the economic power of Buenos Aires as raw materials flowed into its factories. A leading destination for immigrants from Europe, particularly Italy and Spain, from 1880 to 1930, Buenos Aires became a multicultural city that ranked itself alongside the major European capitals. During this time, the Colón Theater became one of the world's top opera venues, and

11700-419: The services sector, particularly social services (25%), commerce and tourism (20%) and business and financial services (17%); despite the city's role as Argentina's capital, public administration employed only 6%. Manufacturing still employed 10%. The city is divided into barrios (neighborhoods) for administrative purposes, a division originally based on Catholic parroquias (parishes). A common expression

11817-466: The site for demonstrations and many of the country's political events; on 16 June 1955, however, a splinter faction of the Navy bombed the Plaza de Mayo area, killing 364 civilians (see Bombing of Plaza de Mayo ). This was the only time the city was attacked from the air, and the event was followed by a military uprising which deposed President Perón, three months later (see Revolución Libertadora ). In

11934-432: The so-called G -verbs (sometimes "Go-Yo verbs" or "Yo-Go" verbs or "Go" verbs) add a medial -g- after l and n (also after s in asir ), add -ig- when the root ends in a vowel, or substitute -c- for -g- . This change overrides diphthongization ( tener , venir ) but combines with vowel-raising ( decir ). Many of these verbs are also irregular in other ways. For example: This group of verbs—which originated in

12051-421: The stress falls on the endings the resulting forms are generally considered as monosyllables and thus written without accent: crie , fie , guiais , lieis... . In spite of that, the regular accentuation rules can also be used if they are pronounced as bisyllabic: crié , guiáis... . For the verbs licuar and adecuar both options are valid: adecuo or adecúo . The ui diphthong in cuidar

12168-423: The suburbs. However, the surrounding districts have expanded over fivefold (to around 10 million) since then. The 2001 census showed a relatively aged population: with 17% under the age of fifteen and 22% over sixty, the people of Buenos Aires have an age structure similar to those in most European cities. They are older than Argentines as a whole (of whom 28% were under 15, and 14% over 60). Two-thirds of

12285-469: The taxes generated by the transport made them prohibitive. This scheme frustrated the traders of Buenos Aires, and a thriving informal, yet tolerated by the authorities, contraband industry developed inside the viceroyalties and with the Portuguese. This also instilled a deep resentment among porteños towards the Spanish authorities. Sensing these feelings, Charles III of Spain progressively eased

12402-577: The trade restrictions before finally declaring Buenos Aires an open port in the late 18th century. The capture of Portobelo in Panama by British forces also fueled the need to foster commerce via the Atlantic route, to the detriment of Lima-based trade. One of his rulings was to split a region from the Viceroyalty of Perú and create instead the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , with Buenos Aires as

12519-456: The upper 70s%, which means the city is noted for moderate-to-heavy fogs during autumn and winter. July is the coolest month, with an average temperature of 11.0 °C (51.8 °F). Cold spells originating from Antarctica occur almost every year, and can persist for several days. Occasionally, warm air masses from the north bring warmer temperatures. The lowest temperature ever recorded in central Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires Central Observatory)

12636-437: The verb "to be": from vos sois to vos sos . In vowel-alternating verbs like perder and morir , the stress shift also triggers a change of the vowel in the root : For the -ir verbs, the Peninsular vosotros forms end in -ís , so there is no diphthong to simplify, and Rioplatense vos employs the same form: instead of tú vives , vos vivís ; instead of tú vienes , vos venís (note

12753-425: The vowel-raising forms are: For non-diphthongizing verbs (e.g. pedir ) it affects these same forms ( p i damos , p i dáis , p i diendo , p i dió , p i dieron , p i diera ...), plus: The forms which do not undergo either diphthongizing or vowel raising are: Verbs which are diphthongizing and vowel-raising include: The diphthongizing -er verb poder exceptionally undergoes vowel rising in

12870-415: Was 43.3 °C (110 °F) on 29 January 1957. In January 2022, a heatwave caused power grid failure in parts of Buenos Aires metropolitan area affecting more than 700,000 households. Winters are rather cool with mild temperatures during the day and chilly nights. Highs during the season average 16.6 °C (61.9 °F) while lows average 8.3 °C (46.9 °F). Relative humidity averages in

12987-433: Was abandoned in 1541. For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, who is said to have exclaimed: How fair are the winds of this land! as he arrived. In 1882, after conducting extensive research in Spanish archives, Argentine merchant Eduardo Madero ultimately concluded that the name was instead closely linked with the devotion of the sailors to Our Lady of Buen Ayre. A second (and permanent) settlement

13104-511: Was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay , who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción , now the capital of Paraguay. Garay preserved the name originally chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire ("City of the Most Holy Trinity and Port of Saint Mary of the Fair Winds"). The short form that eventually became the city's name, "Buenos Aires", became commonly used during

13221-435: Was more like that of Spain, especially Andalusia , and in case of Uruguay, the accent was more like Canarian dialect . One of the features of the Argentine and Uruguayan speaking style is the voseo : the usage of the pronoun vos for the second person singular, instead of tú . In other Spanish-speaking regions where voseo is used, such as in Chile and Colombia, the use of voseo has at times been considered

13338-474: Was ranked 91st in the world in 2018, being one of the best in Latin America . It is known for its preserved eclectic European architecture and rich cultural life . It is a multicultural city that is home to multiple ethnic and religious groups, contributing to its culture as well as to the dialect spoken in the city and in some other parts of the country. This is because since the 19th century,

13455-552: Was the police force under the authority of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The force was created in 2010 and was composed of 1,850 officers. In 2016, the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police and part of the Argentine Federal Police were merged to create the new Buenos Aires City Police force. The Buenos Aires City Police force began operations on 1 January 2017. Security in the city is now

13572-519: Was the site of two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup and one in the 1982 FIVB Men's World Championship . Most recently, Buenos Aires had a venue in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship and in the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship , hosted the 125th IOC Session in 2013, the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2018 G20 summit . Aragonese archives record that Catalan missionaries and Jesuits arriving in Cagliari ( Sardinia ) under

13689-447: Was −5.4 °C (22 °F) on 9 July 1918. Snow is very rare in the city: the last snowfall occurred on 9 July 2007 when, during the coldest winter in Argentina in almost 30 years, severe snowfalls and blizzards hit the country. It was the first major snowfall in the city in 89 years. Spring and autumn are characterized by changeable weather conditions. Cold air from the south can bring cooler temperatures while hot humid air from

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