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47-696: The Rue Saint-Florentin was originally a cul-de-sac named "cul-de-sac de l' Orangerie ". In 1730, part of the land bordering it (corresponding to the odd numbers) belonged to King Louis XV and the other part (corresponding to the even numbers) to financier Samuel Bernard . In 1758, when the Place de la Concorde was created, the impasse became the Rue de l'Orangerie. It was also known as the Petite rue des Tuileries . It begins between 2, place de la Concorde and 258, rue de Rivoli . It ends at 271, rue Saint-Honoré , where it

94-570: A summerhouse , folly , or "Grecian temple". Owners would conduct their guests there on tours of the garden to admire not only the fruits within but also the architecture outside. Often the orangery would contain fountains, grottos, and an area in which to entertain in inclement weather. As early as 1545, an orangery was built in Padua, Italy . The first orangeries were practical and not as ornamental as they later became. Most had no heating other than open fires. In England, John Parkinson introduced

141-582: A wellhead or pool at the centre, dates back to the very earliest gardens of Persia . The hortus conclusus or "enclosed garden" of High Medieval Europe was more typically enclosed by hedges or fencing, or the arcades of a cloister ; though some protection from weather and effective protection from straying animals was afforded, these were not specifically walled gardens. In the United Kingdom, many country houses had walled kitchen gardens which were distinct from decorative gardens. One acre of

188-651: A classic architectural structure that enhanced the beauty of an estate garden, rather than a room used for wintering plants. The orangery originated from the Renaissance gardens of Italy, when glass-making technology enabled sufficient expanses of clear glass to be produced. In the north, the Dutch led the way in developing expanses of window glass in orangeries, although the engravings illustrating Dutch manuals showed solid roofs, whether beamed or vaulted, and in providing stove heat rather than open fires. This soon created

235-402: A conservatory is in the construction of its roof – a conservatory will have more than 75 per cent of its roof glazed, while an orangery will have less than 75 per cent glazed. Domestic orangeries also typically feature a roof lantern . Improved design and insulation has also led to an increasing number of orangeries that are not built facing south, instead using light maximising techniques to make

282-514: A decorative purpose. Kitchen gardens were very often walled, which segregated them socially, allowing the gardeners, who were usually expected to vanish from the "pleasure gardens" when the occupants of the house were likely to be about, to continue their work. The walls, which were sometimes heated, also carried fruit trees trained as espaliers . Historically, and still in many parts of the world, nearly all urban houses with any private outside space have high walls for security, and any small garden

329-707: A kitchen garden is. Productivity depended upon the suitability of the situation, and successful gardens depended on the availability of water, manure, heat, wall space, storage space, workrooms, and most importantly, a dedicated team of gardeners. British examples of walled gardens can be found at Alnwick Castle , Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens , Fulham Palace , Goodnestone Park , Luton Hoo , Osborne House , Polesden Lacey , Shugborough Hall , and Trengwainton Garden in England; Bodysgallen Hall (Wales); Edzell Castle , Muchalls Castle and Myres Castle (Scotland). The walled kitchen garden at Croome Court , Worcestershire

376-424: A kitchen garden was expected to provide enough produce to feed twelve people, and these gardens ranged in size from one acre up to twenty or thirty acres depending on the size of the household. The largest gardens served extremely large households, for example, the royal kitchen garden at Windsor was built for Queen Victoria in 1844 and initially occupied twenty two acres, but was enlarged to thirty one acres to supply

423-422: A masonry fruit wall . During the 17th century, fruits like orange , pomegranate, and bananas arrived in huge quantities to European ports. Since these plants were not adapted to the harsh European winters, orangeries were invented to protect and sustain them. The high cost of glass made orangeries a status symbol showing wealth and luxury. Gradually, due to technological advancements, orangeries became more of

470-532: A micro-climate! A number of walled gardens in Britain have a hot wall or fruit wall , a hollow wall with a central cavity, or openings in the wall on the side facing towards the garden, so that fires could be lit inside the wall to provide additional heat to protect the fruit growing against the wall. Heat would escape into the garden through these openings, and the smoke from the fires would be directed upwards through chimneys or flues . This kind of hollow wall

517-484: A series of flues under the floor. The original greenhouse burned in 1835, but was rebuilt on the same site in 1951 using original plans. The Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington, D.C., includes an orangery built in 1810 that is now used to house gardenias, oleander, and citrus plants during the winter. Another orangery stands at Hampton National Historic Site near Towson, Maryland . Originally built in 1820, it

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564-407: A situation where orangeries became symbols of status among the wealthy. The glazed roof, which afforded sunlight to plants that were not dormant, was a development of the early 19th century. The orangery at Dyrham Park , Gloucestershire, which had been provided with a slate roof as originally built about 1702, was given a glazed one about a hundred years later, after Humphrey Repton remarked that it

611-500: A space, usually not a literal physical location, which is or is seen as closed to outsiders. One example is the closed platform in computing. The shelter provided by enclosing walls can raise the ambient temperature within a garden by several degrees, creating a microclimate that permits plants to be grown that would not survive in the unmodified local climate . Most walls are constructed from stone or brick , which absorb and retain solar heat and then slowly release it, raising

658-473: A variety of climate zones ranging from mountainous to Mediterranean are grown within a few acres: The garden is protected from sudden changes in weather conditions and from harsh winds, thanks to its hollowed out terraces and the big trees .... The gardeners make the most of the northern or southern exposures and the permanently shady areas of this little, sheltered valley. Within just a few metres, temperatures can range from 15 to 20 degrees C, what one would call

705-513: A walled garden meant that kitchen gardens often form or formed a walled compand within a larger walled compound. Sometimes this was for the security of the plants; in the 1630s the royal botanical garden of France (now the Jardin des plantes ), itself walled all round, had an inner walled-off tulip garden, as the bulbs were valuable and prone to thefts. Metaphorically , "walled garden" may be used in many contexts (often pejoratively) to indicate

752-462: A way of further insulating the main section where the plants were kept. According to the current resident, Ms. Tilghman (a descendant of the Lloyd family), it served as a billiards room for the family. This plantation is also notable as having been the home of Frederick Douglass as a young slave boy. George Washington designed and constructed an orangery for his home at Mount Vernon, Virginia . It

799-414: Is a garden enclosed by high walls , especially when this is done for horticultural rather than security purposes, although originally all gardens may have been enclosed for protection from animal or human intruders. In temperate climates , especially colder areas, such as Scotland , the essential function of the walling of a garden is to shelter the garden from wind and frost , though it may also serve

846-598: Is extended by the Rue du Chevalier-de-Saint-George . The even-numbered side is in the 1st arrondissement, while the odd-numbered side is in the 8th arrondissement. On the south east side, the street is bordered by the Hôtel Saint-Florentin (also known as Hôtel de l'Infantado and "Hôtel de Talleyrand-Périgord"). No. 2: Hôtel Saint-Florentin was built for Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Saint-Florentin around 1768 by architect Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin , to plans by architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel . In 1777, it

893-605: Is found at Croxteth Hall in Liverpool (England), and Eglinton Country Park and Dunmore House , both in Scotland. At Croome Court an 18th-century cavity wall had a number of small furnaces to supply gentle heat (see below). In the 1800s, such walls were lined with pipes and connected to a boiler, as at Bank Hall in Bretherton . The traditional design of a walled garden, split into four quarters separated by paths, and

940-483: Is reputedly the largest 18th-century walled kitchen garden in Europe. It is in private ownership and has been restored by the current owners. In about 1806, a 13 ft (4.0 m) high free-standing east–west hot wall was built, slightly off-centre, serviced by five furnaces; this is historically significant as it is one of the first such structures to be built. The walled kitchen garden at Chilton Foliat , Wiltshire,

987-569: The Palace of Versailles , Buckingham Palace and many others. In some cases there was originally a fence or hedging, but a wall was added later when funds allowed. In particular, hiring local labour to build a wall was considered a praiseworthy method of famine relief for the rich, and many walls round the grounds of country houses in the British Isles date to the famine years of the 1840s . The horticultural, and also social, advantages of

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1034-663: The US Embassy in France . Until 2007, it housed the U.S. Consulate in Paris (first replaced by other departments, then leased to various companies, including the American law firm Jones Day ). [REDACTED] Media related to Rue Saint-Florentin (Paris) at Wikimedia Commons Orangerie An orangery or orangerie is a room or dedicated building, historically where orange and other fruit trees are protected during

1081-809: The United States, the earliest partially intact surviving orangery is at the Tayloe Family Seat, Mount Airy , but today is an overgrown ruin, consisting only of one major wall and portions of the others' foundations. A ruined orangery can also be seen in the gardens of Eyre Hall in Northampton County, Virginia . The oldest-known extant orangery in America can be seen at the Wye House , near Tunis Mills (Easton), Maryland. The builder, Edward Lloyd IV had married Elizabeth Tayloe,

1128-531: The biggest concerns for the building of these orangeries, straw became the main material used, and many had wooden shutters fitted to keep in the warmth. An early example of the type of construction can be seen at Kensington Palace , which also featured underfloor heating. Contemporary domestic orangeries are also typically built using stone, brick, and hardwood, but developments in glass, other materials, and insulation technologies have produced viable alternatives to traditional construction. The main difference with

1175-399: The connection between the house and architectural orangery design. This became further influenced by the increased demand for beautiful exotic plants in the garden, which could be grown and looked after in the orangeries. This created the increased demand in garden design for the wealthy to have their own exotic private gardens, further fuelling the status of the orangery becoming even more

1222-423: The daughter of John Tayloe II builder of the aforementioned Mount Airy . This orangery sits behind the main house and consists of a large open room with two smaller wings added at some point after the initial construction. The south-facing wall consists of large triple-hung windows. A second story was traditionally part of the style of orangeries at the time of its construction in the middle to late 18th century as

1269-410: The development of the modern greenhouse in the 1840s, and were quickly overshadowed by the glass architecture of Joseph Paxton , the designer of the 1851 Crystal Palace . His "great conservatory" at Chatsworth House was an orangery and glass house of monumental proportions. The orangery, however, was not just a greenhouse but a symbol of prestige and wealth and a garden feature , in the same way as

1316-434: The growing household. Kitchen gardens received their greatest elaboration in the second half of the nineteenth century. Many of these labor-intensive gardens fell into disuse in the twentieth century, but some have been revived as decorative gardens, and others used to produce fruits, vegetables or flowers. Susan Campbell, in a book devoted to walled kitchen gardens, mentions several factors which contribute to how productive

1363-617: The late 19th century, Florence Vanderbilt and husband Hamilton Twombly built an orangerie on their estate, Florham , designed by architects McKim, Mead & White . It is now on the Florham Campus of Fairleigh Dickinson University . An 18th-century style orangery was built in the 1980s at the Tower Hill Botanic Garden in Boylston, Massachusetts. Walled garden#Heated walls A walled garden

1410-405: The maximum possible light, and were constructed using brick or stone bases, brick or stone pillars, and a corbel gutter. They also featured large, tall windows to maximise available sunlight in the afternoons, with the north facing walls built without windows in a very heavy solid brick, or occasionally with much smaller windows to be able to keep the rooms warm. Insulation at these times was one of

1457-485: The most of available natural sunlight. The first examples were basic constructions and could be removed during summer. Notably not only noblemen but also wealthy merchants, e.g., those of Nuremberg , used to cultivate citrus plants in orangeries. Some orangeries were built using the garden wall as the main wall of the new orangery, but as orangeries became more and more popular they started to become more and more influenced by garden designers and architects, which led to

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1504-471: The new owner around 1800. The Prussian ambassador Girolamo Lucchesini lived there in 1801. Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord bought it in 1812, and lived there with his mistress Dorothée de Courlande , his daughter Pauline de Talleyrand-Périgord and his cook Marie-Antoine Carême . In 1838, the mansion was sold to James Mayer de Rothschild who never lived there but kept the cook. His son Alphonse lived there with his wife and children. Until 1857 it

1551-452: The orangery to the readers of his Paradisus in Sole (1628), under the heading "Oranges". The trees might be planted against a brick wall and enclosed in winter with a plank shed covered with "cerecloth", a waxed precursor of tarpaulin , which must have been thought handsomer than the alternative: For that purpose, some keep them in great square boxes, and lift them to and fro by iron hooks on

1598-673: The sides, or cause them to be rowled by trundels, or small wheeles under them, to place them in a house or close gallery. The building of orangeries became most widely fashionable after the end of the Eighty Years' War in 1648. The countries that started this trend were France, Germany, and the Netherlands, these countries being the ones that saw merchants begin importing large numbers of orange trees, banana plants, and pomegranates to cultivate for their beauty and scent. Orangeries were generally built facing south to take advantage of

1645-535: The storyline of Frances Hodgson Burnett 's children's story The Secret Garden revolves around a walled garden which has been locked for ten years. The author was inspired by Great Maytham Hall in Kent. " Rappaccini's Daughter ", a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne , takes place almost entirely within the confines of a walled garden in which Beatrice, the lovely daughter of a mad scientist, lives alongside gorgeous but lethal flowers. In The Last Enchantment ,

1692-781: The surviving orangery, at 327 feet (100 m), is the longest one in Wales. An orangery dating from about 1700 is at Kenwood House in London , and a slightly earlier one at Montacute . Other orangeries in the hands of the National Trust include: In 1970, Victor Montagu constructed an orangery in his formal Italianate gardens at Mapperton, Dorset. A mid-19th-century orangery at Norton Hall in Sheffield , England, has been converted to apartments. In Ireland, orangeries were built at Killruddery House and Loughcrew House. In

1739-476: The symbol of the elite. This in turn created the need for orangeries to be constructed using even better techniques such as underfloor heating and the ability to have opening windows in the roofs for ventilation. Creating microclimates for the propagation of more and more exotic plants for the private gardens that were becoming creations of beauty all around Europe. The orangery built adjacent to Kensington Palace , believed to be designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor ,

1786-440: The temperature against the wall, allowing peaches , nectarines , and grapes to be grown as espaliers against south-facing walls as far north as southeast Great Britain and southern Ireland . The ability of a well-designed walled garden to create widely varying stable environments is illustrated by this description of the rock garden in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris' 5ème arrondissement , where over 2,000 species from

1833-406: The winter, as a large form of greenhouse or conservatory . In the modern day an orangery could refer to either a conservatory or greenhouse built to house fruit trees, or a conservatory or greenhouse meant for another purpose. The orangery provided a luxurious extension of the normal range and season of woody plants, extending the protection which had long been afforded by the warmth offered from

1880-619: Was bought by Jacques-Charles de Fitz-James . In 1783, Natalya Golitsyna , who moved to Paris for the children's education, lived there. Maria Anna zu Salm-Salm (1740-1816), widow of the 12th Duke of the Infantado , became the new owner. The Venetian Ambassador Almoro Pisani rented the premises from 1790 until October 1792, when he moved to London. It seems Pétion de Villeneuve lived there until he fled in June 1793 and then Lazare Carnot moved in. The Spanish consul José Martínez de Hervás became

1927-475: Was constructed between 1704 and 1705. The orangery at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , was designed in 1761 by Sir William Chambers and at one time was the largest glasshouse in England. The orangery at Margam Park , Wales, was built between 1787 and 1793 to house a large collection of orange, lemon, and citron trees inherited by Thomas Mansel Talbot . The original house has been razed, but

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1974-584: Was dark; although it was built to shelter oranges, it has always simply been called the "greenhouse" in modern times. The 1617 Orangerie (now Musée de l'Orangerie ) at the Palace of the Louvre inspired imitations that culminated in Europe's largest orangery, the Versailles Orangerie . Designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart for Louis XIV's 3,000 orange trees at Versailles , its dimensions of 508 by 42 feet (155 by 13 m) were not eclipsed until

2021-544: Was designed in the Georgian Style of architecture and stands just north of the mansion facing the upper garden. Completed in 1787, it is one of the largest buildings on the Mount Vernon estate . Washington grew lemon and orange trees and sago palms there. Considered an ambitious structure by his contemporaries, the main room featured a vaulted ceiling for air circulation, and incorporated radiant heating from

2068-547: Was part of one of the most extensive collections of citrus trees in the U.S. by the mid-19th century. The current structure is a reconstruction built in the 1970s to replace the original, which burned in 1926. The orangery at the Battersea Historic Site in Petersburg, Virginia , is currently under restoration. Originally built between 1823 and 1841, it was converted into a garage in a later period. In

2115-523: Was rented it out to Dorothea Lieven . Édouard Alphonse de Rothschild inherited the mansion in 1906. In 1939, Jacqueline Piatigorsky - a member of the Rothschild banking family - left France. The mansion was requisitioned by the Naval Ministry of Vichy Government . After the war, it was briefly used by Maurice Thorez . In 1949 George C. Marshall moved in. In November 1950, it was sold to

2162-538: Was the subject of the 1987 television documentary series The Victorian Kitchen Garden . In the story of Susanna and the Elders , a walled garden is the scene of both an alleged tryst and an attempted rape. Because of the walls, the community is unable to determine which actually occurred. In John William Waterhouse 's interpretation of the myth of Cupid and Psyche , Psyche lived in Cupid 's walled garden. Much of

2209-399: Was thus walled by default. The same was true of many rural houses and other buildings, for example religious ones. In palaces and most country houses, the whole plot, including even a very large garden, was also walled or at least fenced, sometimes with (much more expensive) metal railings along those parts of the boundary giving the best views to show off the splendour of the residence, as at

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