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48-514: The president of the organization is Alp Aslandogan. According to the official website, the following groups are a part of the Alliance for Shared Values (AFSV): In 2014, the AFSV released a statement in which they condemned what they called "politically-motivated attempts to crackdown [sic] on law-abiding citizens" by then- Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan against members of

96-603: A counter-revolution. They urged immediate military action to prevent its spread. The "Law for the Maintenance of Public Order" was passed to deal with the rebellion on 4 March 1925. It gave the government exceptional powers and included the authority to shut down subversive groups (The law was eventually repealed on 4 March 1929). There were also parliamentarians in the GNA who were not happy with these changes. There were so many members who were denounced as opposition sympathisers at

144-431: A democrat in his actions, he always supported the idea of eventually building a civil society ; a system of totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force-backed structures of the state. In one of his many speeches about the importance of democracy, Mustafa Kemal said in the year 1933: Republic means the democratic administration of

192-499: A former deputy who had opposed the abolition of the Caliphate and had a personal grudge. The trail turned from an inquiry of the planners of this attempt to an investigation carried out ostensibly to uncover subversive activities and actually used to undermine those with differing views regarding Kemal's cultural revolution. The sweeping investigation brought before the tribunal a large number of political opponents, including Karabekir,

240-485: A minimal consensus regarding shared values (mainly secularism) and shared rules for conflict resolution. In response to such criticisms, Mustafa Kemal's biographer Andrew Mango said: "between the two wars, democracy could not be sustained in many relatively richer and better-educated societies. Atatürk's enlightened authoritarianism left a reasonable space for free private lives. More could not have been expected in his lifetime." Even though, at times, he did not appear to be

288-424: A new entity was established under the government called Şose ve Köprüler Reisliği (Headship of Roads and Bridges) which would drive the development of new roads after World War II. The first census of the republic was on 1927. The census gathered data about literacy, economic and social values. On August 11, 1930, Mustafa Kemal decided to try a multiparty movement once again and asked Ali Fethi Okyar to establish

336-411: A new party. He insisted on the protection of secular reforms. The brand-new Liberal Republican Party succeeded all around the country. Without the establishment of a real political spectrum, once again, the party became the center to opposition of Atatürk's reforms, particularly in regard to the role of religion in public life. On December 23, 1930, a chain of violent incidents occurred, starting with

384-655: A policy of active neutrality. In 1939–41 Ankara signed treaties - firstly with Britain and France, and subsequently with Nazi Germany . As a result of geopolitical tensions between Turkey and the Soviet Union , the Western Allies provided incentives for Turkey to distance itself from Germany. On 23 February 1945, when the defeat of the Axis seemed inevitable, the Turkish government declared war on Germany and on

432-528: A private meeting of the Republican People's Party (CHP) that Mustafa Kemal expressed his fear of being among the minority in his own party. He decided not to purge this group. After a censure motion gave the chance to a breakaway group, Kâzım Karabekir , along with his friends, established such a group on 17 October 1924. The censure became a confidence vote at the CHP for Mustafa Kemal. On 8 November

480-666: A statement on the day of the attempt: News media reported about developments in Turkey today regarding actions of Turkish Armed Forces. .Even though all consistently denounced military interventions in domestic politics but tons evidences and confessions which have also been sent to the United States Int. Affairs Dept. show clear signs of strong ties between the attempted coup in 2015 and the Gülen movement. Prime Minister of Turkey The prime minister of Turkey , officially

528-535: The 2017 Constitutional Referendum , the holder of the premiership was generally the dominant figure in Turkish politics, outweighing the president . In the Ottoman Empire, the prime minister of the Ottoman sultan held the title of Grand Vizier ( Turkish : Sadrazam ), though in the 19th century, some heads of government were appointed with the title Prime Minister, ( Turkish : Başnazır ). Starting in

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576-531: The Constitution of 1982 (still in use) was implemented. Even though the Constitution of 1982 was quite similar to its predecessor, there were new measures taken to avoid the formation of short-lived coalition governments. These measures included the introduction of 10% electoral threshold, unicameral parliamentary structure, and enforced executive powers. Along with broad executive powers being vested in

624-559: The Ottoman Turkish alphabet with the new Turkish alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet ; the dress law (the wearing of a fez was outlawed); the law on family names ; and many other reforms. In 1927, Atatürk ordered the integration of road construction goals into development plans. Prior to this, the road network had consisted of 13,885 km of ruined surface roads, 4,450 km of stabilized roads, and 94 bridges. In 1935,

672-584: The prime minister of the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanı ), was the head of government of the Republic of Turkey from 1920 to 2018, who led a political coalition in the Turkish Parliament and presided over the cabinet . Throughout the political history of Turkey, functions and powers of the post have changed occasionally. Prior to its dissolution as a result of

720-558: The 1830s, Grand Viziers began to minister cabinets. After the Tanzimat period in the 19th century, the grand viziers came to assume a role more like that of the prime ministers of contemporary Western European monarchies. Later, with the Ottoman constitution of 1876 , a parliament was established to oversee the grand vizier. With the constitutional amendments that took place during the Second Constitutional Era ,

768-569: The 1925 Sheikh Said rebellion . In 1930 the Liberal Republican Party was established but then dissolved again by its founder. Despite Atatürk's efforts to establish a self-propagating multi-party system, this was only established after his death in 1938. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, efforts to modernise the country began. The institutions and constitutions of Western states such as France, Sweden, Italy, and Switzerland were analysed and adapted according to

816-690: The Ararat rebellion, states that 47,000 villagers from 18 villages of Ademan, Sipkan, Zilan and Hesenan tribes were killed. Armenian researcher Garo Sasuni states that 5,000 women, children and the elderly were massacred. Finally, according to Berliner Tageblatt , the Turks in the area of Zilan destroyed 220 villages and massacred 4,500 women and the elderly. The Dersim Massacre took place in 1937 and 1938 in Dersim, now called Tunceli Province , in Turkey . It

864-569: The Republic of Turkey The one-party period of the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye'de tek partili dönem ) began with the formal establishment of the country in 1923. The Republican People's Party (CHP) was the only party between 1923 and 1945, when the National Development Party was established. After winning the first multiparty elections in 1946 by a landslide, the Republican People's Party lost

912-482: The Republic of Turkey began in 1945. In 1950, the Republican People's Party released the majority position to the Democratic Party after losing the 1950 elections . There are arguments that Kemal did not promote direct democracy by dominating the country with his one-party rule. The reason behind the failed experiments with pluralism during this period was that not all groups in the country had agreed to

960-568: The Turkish Army and thousands more were taken into exile, depopulating the province. A key component of the Turkification process was the policy of massive population resettlement, a result of the 1934 Law on Resettlement , a policy targeting the region of Dersim as one of its first test cases with disastrous consequences for the local population. The Zilan Massacre refers to the massacre of thousands of Kurdish residents in

1008-802: The Zilan Valley of Turkey by 12/13 July 1930, during the Ararat rebellion , in which 800–1500 armed men participated. The Zilan Massacre took place in the Zilan or Zeylan valley (Kurdish: Geliyê Zîlan , Turkish: Zilan Deresi , Zeylân Deresi) located to the north of the town of Erciş in Van Province . The massacre took place in July 1930, before the Third Ararat Operation (Turkish: Üçüncü Ağrı Harekâtı , September 7–14, 1930), which

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1056-492: The ban on polygamy and the new obligatory civil marriage. Piran stirred up his followers against the policies of the government, which he considered to be against Islam. In an effort to restore Islamic law, Piran's forces moved through the countryside, seized government offices and marched on the important cities of Elazığ and Diyarbakır . Members of the government saw the Sheikh Said Rebellion as an attempt at

1104-496: The declaration of the republic, the existing constitution of 1921 was amended, conferring the executive authority and the privilege to oversee governmental affairs to the prime minister, who was to be appointed by the president of the republic . Although the Presidency was established as a symbolic office with the president being unaccountable for his actions, Presidents Atatürk and İnönü had exercised executive authority as

1152-439: The direct election of the president for the first time in 2014 resulted in a de facto transition into a semi-presidential system , bringing an end to the prime minister's dominant authority in Turkish politics. Following the general elections in 2018 , constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 referendum officially took effect, marking the end of 98 years of parliamentary governance in Turkey. One-party period of

1200-520: The discontinuation of religious and other titles; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled after Switzerland's and a penal code modeled after the Italian Penal Code; recognition of the equality between the sexes and the granting of full political rights to women on 5 December 1934; the language reform initiated by the newly founded Turkish Language Association ; replacement of

1248-542: The first multi-party system began. The PRP's economic program suggested liberalism , in contrast to the statism of CHP, and its social program was based on conservatism in contrast to the modernism of CHP. Leaders of the party strongly supported the Kemalist revolution in principle, but had different opinions on the cultural revolution and the principle of secularism . The RPR was not against Mustafa Kemal's main positions as declared in its program. The program supported

1296-734: The geopolitical position. On 5 July 1938 the Turkish military entered the Syrian Sanjak of Alexandretta , then expelled most of its Arab and Armenian inhabitants. The allocation of seats in the provincial assembly was based on the 1938 census held by the French authorities of the First Syrian Republic under international supervision: out of 40 seats, 22 were given to the Turks, nine to Alawi Arabs, five to Armenians, two to Sunni Arabs, and two to Christian Arabs - according to

1344-533: The government was under Turkish control. The president, Tayfur Sökmen , was a member of Turkish parliament (elected in 1935 and representing Antakya and the prime minister, Abdurrahman Melek , was also elected to the Turkish parliament (representing Gaziantep) in 1939 while still holding the prime-ministerial post. In 1939, following a popular referendum, the Republic of Hatay became a Turkish province. During World War II (1939-1945), Turkey initially maintained

1392-856: The grand vizier was made answerable to the parliament rather than the sultan. After the establishment of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara by the Turkish National Movement , the 1st Parliament instituted a new government called "The Cabinet of the Executive Ministers" (Turkish: İcra Vekilleri Heyeti). The post was then held by the Speaker of the Parliament , who presided over the cabinet ex-officio . One-party period (1923–1945) Following

1440-493: The group seeking more control over state functions. A large group of politicians, journalists, landowners and elites opposed his move. İnönü's policies did not completely suppress expression or fully-representative democracy: he personally forced the system into multi-party politics . However, it only happened due to the pressures of the United States. The politics of Anatolia did not yield to personal politics because of

1488-514: The leader of PRP. A number of surviving leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress , who were at best second-rank in the Turkish movement, including Cavid , Ahmed Şükrü, and Ismail Canbulat were found guilty of treason and hanged. During these investigations there was a link that was uncovered among the members of the PRP to the Sheikh Said Rebellion. The PRP was dissolved following the outcomes of

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1536-491: The leader of their party during the one-party period. Multi-party period (1945–2018) Prior to the general election held in 1950 , the constitution was amended, disallowing the president-elect to remain the leader of their political party. These amendments resulted in the prime minister becoming the dominant figure in Turkish politics , sharply diminishing the role of the president. After Prime Minister Adnan Menderes

1584-408: The main mechanisms for establishing secularism in the country and the civic law, or as stated, "the needs of the age" (article 3) and the uniform system of education (article 49). These principles were set by the leaders at the onset. The only legal opposition became a home for all kinds of differing views. During 1926, a plot to assassinate Mustafa Kemal was uncovered in İzmir . It originated with

1632-492: The majority to the Democratic Party in the 1950 elections . During the one-party period, President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk repeatedly requested that opposition parties be established to stand against the Republican People's Party in order to transition into multi-party democracy. Kâzım Karabekir established the Progressive Republican Party in 1924 but it was banned after its members' involvement in

1680-429: The motion was rejected by 148 votes to 18, and 41 votes were absent. The CHP held all but one seat in the parliament. After the majority of the CHP chose him Mustafa Kemal said, "the Turkish nation is firmly determined to advance fearlessly on the path of the republic, civilisation and progress". On 17 November 1924, the breakaway group officially established the Progressive Republican Party (PRP) with 29 deputies and

1728-408: The needs and characteristics of the Turkish nation. Highlighting the public's lack of knowledge regarding the intentions of President Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk) , the public cheered: "We are returning to the days of the first caliphs ". Atatürk's regime initiated a wide range of political, legal, religious, cultural, social, linguistic, and economic policy changes that were designed to transform

1776-399: The new Republic of Turkey into a secular and modern nation-state . After the foundation of the Liberal Republican Party by Ali Fethi Okyar , religious groups joined the liberals and consequently, widespread bloody disorders took place, especially in the eastern territories. The Liberal Republican Party was dissolved on 17 November 1930 and no further attempt at a multiparty democracy

1824-464: The organization. He was also accused and acquitted in Türkiye of abusing Turkey's strategic relationship with the United States . In 2016, Turkish President Erdoğan and other members of the Turkish government announced internationally that Fethullah Gülen and his FETÖ terrorist movement for the Turkish coup attempt . The AFSV condemned both the coup and accusations of being involved in it, releasing

1872-532: The populations of the respective ethnicities. The assembly was appointed in the summer of 1938 and the French-Turkish treaty settling the status of the Sanjak was signed on July 4, 1938. On September 2, 1938, the assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Republic of Hatay . This Republic lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. Atatürk proposed the name "Hatay", and

1920-455: The post of the prime minister, the realm of authority of the cabinet ministries (with the exclusion of the prime ministry) was drastically reduced, placing the ministers under the direct supervision of the prime minister. Later on, numerous amendments were made on the constitution, with the ones of paramount importance being the 2007 , 2010 , and 2017 . Some of the changes approved by public vote were highly controversial. According to some,

1968-550: The rebellion of Islamic fundamentalists in Menemen , a small town in the Aegean region. This so-called Menemen Incident was considered a serious threat against secular reforms. In November 1930, Ali Fethi Okyar dissolved his own party after seeing the rising fundamentalist threat. Mustafa Kemal never succeeded in establishing a long lasting multi-party parliamentary system during his presidency. A more lasting multi-party period of

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2016-427: The state. We founded the Republic, reaching its tenth year. It should enforce all the requirements of democracy as the time comes There were several Kurdish rebellions in the 1920s and 1930s: Koçkiri Rebellion , Sheikh Said Rebellion , Dersim Rebellion , Ararat rebellion . They all were suppressed by the Turkish Army. In particular, due to Dersim Rebellion in 1937–38 thousands of Alevi Kurds were killed by

2064-415: The trial. The pattern of organized opposition, however, was broken. This action was the only broad political purge during Atatürk's presidency. Mustafa Kemal's saying, "My mortal body will turn into dust, but the Republic of Turkey will last forever," was regarded as a will after the assassination attempt. The country saw a steady process of secular Westernization which included the unification of education;

2112-481: Was a military operation of the Turkish IX Corps under the command of Ferik ( Lieutenant General ) Salih (Omurtak) against Mount Ararat . The number of people killed in the massacre varies according to different sources. According to the daily newspaper Cumhuriyet (July 16, 1930), about 15,000 people died. The account of Hesen Hîşyar Serdî (1907 – September 14, 1985), a writer and participant in

2160-630: Was admitted to the League of Nations in July 1932. After Atatürk's death on November 10, 1938, İsmet İnönü became president. During the İnönü presidency two forces struggled for dominance: one group wanted to increase the control over state functions, while the other group wanted to debate domestic and foreign affairs. İnönü's main legacy was the method he left to Turkey to balance these forces. İnönü had little time to balance these forces before World War II broke out in September 1939. İnönü sided with

2208-500: Was made until 1945. In 1924, while the "Issue of Mosul" was on the table, Sheikh Said began to organise the Sheikh Said Rebellion . Sheikh Said was a wealthy Kurdish hereditary chieftain ( Tribal chief ) of a local Naqshbandi order. Piran emphasised the issue of religion; he not only opposed the abolition of the Caliphate, but also the adoption of civil codes based on Western models, the closure of religious orders,

2256-426: Was ousted from power as a result of the 1960 Turkish coup d'état , the newly promulgated Constitution of 1961 reduced the powers of the government considerably, strengthening parliamentary supervision over the cabinet. These features of the constitution resulted in a fractured political system, causing many short-lived coalition governments to be formed until 1980. In the aftermath of the 1980 Turkish coup d'état ,

2304-515: Was the outcome of a Turkish military campaign against the Dersim Rebellion by local ethnic minority groups against Turkey's Resettlement Law of 1934. Thousands of Alevi Kurds and Zazas died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict. Atatürk's foreign policy was aligned with his motto, "peace at home and peace in the world." a perception of peace linked to his project of civilization and modernization. Turkey

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