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78-632: The Russian–German Legion was a military unit set up in 1812 by the banished Graf Peter of Oldenburg on the instigation of Tsar Alexander I of Russia . Its first commander was Oberst von Arentsschild, and it was formed from non-French prisoners and deserters left behind in Russia during and after the French invasion earlier that year. Although called the "Russo-German Legion", the legion included Dutchmen and Belgians, who were also called up to join. Those prisoners of war wanting to join, were enlisted in

156-434: A landgrave was a Landgräfin or landgravine. Examples: Landgrave of Thuringia , Landgrave of Hesse , Landgrave of Leuchtenberg , Landgrave of Fürstenberg-Weitra . The title is now borne by the hereditary heirs to the deposed monarchs of Hesse ( Donatus, Landgrave of Hesse and Wilhelm, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld), who lost their throne in 1918. A gefürsteter Graf (English: princely count )

234-613: A reigning monarch), Ukrainian and Russian : князь , romanized :  knyaz , etc., are usually translated as "prince" in English. Some princely titles are derived from those of national rulers, such as tsarevich from tsar . Other examples are (e) mirza (da), khanzada , nawabzada , sahibzada , shahzada , sultanzada (all using the Persian patronymic suffix -zada , meaning "son, descendant"). However, some princely titles develop in unusual ways, such as adoption of

312-595: A seat and vote in the Imperial Diet . The word Graf derives from Middle High German : grave , which is usually derived from Latin : graphio . Graphio is in turn thought to come from the Byzantine title grapheus , which ultimately derives from the Greek verb γρᾰ́φειν ( graphein ) 'to write'. Other explanations have been put forward, however; Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm , while still noting

390-454: A slash. If a second title (or set) is also given, then that one is for a Prince of the blood, the first for a principality. Be aware that the absence of a separate title for a prince of the blood may not always mean no such title exists; alternatively, the existence of a word does not imply there is also a reality in the linguistic territory concerned; it may very well be used exclusively to render titles in other languages, regardless whether there

468-623: A specific style other than prince has become customary for dynasts, such as fils de France in the House of Capet , and Infante . Infante was borne by children of the monarch other than the heir apparent in all of the Iberian monarchies. Some monarchies used a specific princely title for their heirs, such as Prince of Asturias in Spain and Prince of Brazil in Portugal. Sometimes

546-818: A specific title is commonly used by various dynasties in a region, e.g. Mian in various of the Punjabi princely Hill States (lower Himalayan region in British India). European dynasties usually awarded appanages to princes of the blood, typically attached to a feudal noble title, such as Prince of Orange in the Netherlands, Britain's royal dukes , the Dauphin in France, the Count of Flanders in Belgium, and

624-805: A style for dynasts which is not pegged to the ruler's title, but rather continues an old tradition (e.g., " grand duke " in Romanov Russia or " archduke " in Habsburg Austria), claims dynastic succession to a lost monarchy (e.g. Prince de Tarente for the La Trémoïlle heirs to the Neapolitan throne ), or descends from a ruler whose princely title or sovereign status was not de jure hereditary, but attributed to descendants as an international courtesy, (e.g., Bibesco-Bassaraba de Brancovan , Poniatowski , Ypsilanti ). In some dynasties,

702-481: A time, holders of such other titles as duke , margrave , landgrave , count palatine , and prince could only differentiate themselves by adding the name of their appanage to the family's original title. This tended to proliferate unwieldy titles (e.g. Princess Katherine of Anhalt-Zerbst ; Karl, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Neukastell-Kleeburg ; or Prince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg ) and, as agnatic primogeniture gradually became

780-404: A title among the nobility, from the 16th century onwards. These titles were created by elevating a seigneurie to the nominal status of a principality—although prerogatives of sovereignty were never conceded in the letters patent. Princely titles self-assumed by the princes du sang and by the princes étrangers were generally tolerated by the king and used at the royal court, outside

858-446: A title named for a specific and historical territory. The family's possession of prerogatives or properties in that territory might be long past. Such were most of the "princedoms" of France's ancien régime , so resented for their pretentiousness in the memoirs of Saint-Simon . These included the princedoms of Arches-Charleville, Boisbelle-Henrichemont, Chalais, Château-Regnault, Guéménée, Martigues, Mercœur, Sedan, Talmond, Tingrey, and

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936-835: A treaty or a victory. Examples include: Eastern Europe In the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , the titles of prince dated either to the times before the Union of Lublin or were granted to Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, as the law in Poland forbade the king from dividing nobility by granting them hereditary titles : see The Princely Houses of Poland . In Ukraine, landlords and rulers of Kievan Rus' were called князь ( knjazʹ ), translated as "prince". Similarly, foreign titles of "prince" were translated as knyaz in Ukrainian (e. g. Ivan Mazepa , "knyaz of Holy Roman Empire"). Princes of Rurik Dynasty obeyed their oldest brother, who

1014-464: A vassal to a liege lord , nor being subject to any higher jurisdiction. Most small territories designated as principalities during feudal eras were allodial, e.g. the Princedom of Dombes . Lords who exercised lawful authority over territories and people within a feudal hierarchy were also sometimes regarded as princes in the general sense, especially if they held the rank of count or higher. This

1092-718: Is a Reichsgraf who was recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor as bearing the higher rank or exercising the more extensive authority of an Imperial prince ( Reichsfürst ). While nominally retaining only a comital title, he was accorded princely rank and, usually, arms by the emperor. An example of this would be the Princely County of Habsburg , the namesake of the Habsburg Dynasty , which at various points in time controlled vast amounts of lands throughout Europe. A Burggraf , or Burgrave ,

1170-655: Is a historical title of the German nobility and later also of the Russian nobility , usually translated as " count ". Considered to be intermediate among noble ranks , the title is often treated as equivalent to the British title of " earl " (whose female version is "countess"). The German nobility was gradually divided into high and low nobility. The high nobility included those counts who ruled immediate imperial territories of " princely size and importance" for which they had

1248-512: Is a historical link with any (which often means that linguistic tradition is adopted) Etymologically, we can discern the following traditions (some languages followed a historical link, e.g. within the Holy Roman Empire, not their language family; some even fail to follow the same logic for certain other aristocratic titles): In Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Ukraine, Japan, Lithuania, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Belarus and Hungary

1326-499: Is accorded the masculine equivalent of her title (e.g., emperor, king), at least after he fathered her heir. In previous epochs, husbands of queens regnant were often deemed entitled to the crown matrimonial , sharing their consorts' regnal title and rank jure uxoris . However, in cultures which allow the ruler to have several wives (e.g., four in Islam ) or official concubines (e.g., Imperial China , Ottoman Empire , Thailand ,

1404-536: Is attested in some surviving styles for e.g., British earls, marquesses , and dukes are still addressed by the Crown on ceremonial occasions as high and noble princes (cf. Royal and noble styles ). In parts of the Holy Roman Empire in which primogeniture did not prevail (e.g., Germany), all legitimate agnates had an equal right to the family's hereditary titles. While titles such as emperor , king , and elector could only be legally occupied by one dynast at

1482-578: Is common but in many respects rather dubious. Different (historical, religious...) backgrounds have also begot significantly different dynastic and nobiliary systems, which are poorly represented by the 'closest' western analogy. It therefore makes sense to treat these per civilization. It's crucial to use the proper title while speaking to members of the royal family because Brunei is an absolute monarchy , and inappropriate use might be uncomfortable. The heir apparent and crown prince , styled as Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness),

1560-624: Is linked to a specific countship, whose unique title emerged during the course of its history. These unusually named countships were equivalent in rank to other Counts of the Empire who were of Hochadel status, being entitled to a shared seat and vote in the Imperial Diet and possessing Imperial immediacy , most of which would be mediatised upon dissolution of the Empire in 1806. The corresponding titles in Scandinavia are greve (m.) and grevinna (f.) and would commonly be used in

1638-477: Is officially known as Pengiran Muda Mahkota (Crown Prince); A blood prince is officially known as Pengiran Muda (Prince); their names are styled differently: If they do not have additional titles, the Sultan's sons are addressed as Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness); The Pengiran Muda Mahkota's sons are addressed as Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness). Before Qin dynasty , prince (in

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1716-524: Is the higher title of a male member of the Imperial family while the latter is the lower. In the Joseon Dynasty , the title "Prince" was used for the king's male-line descendants. The title was divided into two: the king's legitimate son used the title daegun (대군, 大君, literally "grand prince"), but any other male royals used the title gun (군, 君, lit. "prince"). These included the descendants of

1794-634: Is used of any and all rulers, regardless of actual title or precise rank. This is the Renaissance use of the term found in Niccolò Machiavelli 's famous work, Il Principe . It is also used in this sense in the United States Declaration of Independence . As a title, by the end of the medieval era, prince was borne by rulers of territories that were either substantially smaller than those of or exercised fewer of

1872-693: Is usually translated as Huang Zi ( 皇子 , lit. Son of the Emperor) or Wang Zi ( 王子 lit., Son of the King), e.g. 查爾斯王子 (Prince Charles). As a title of nobility, prince can be translated as Qin Wang according to tradition, Da Gong (大公, lit., Grand Duke) if one want to emphasize that it is a very high rank but below the King ( Wang ), or just Zhu Hou ( 诸侯 , lit. princes) which refers to princes of all ranks in general. For example, 摩納哥親王 (Prince of Monaco). In Japan,

1950-713: Is usually translated simply as count and is combined with a territorial suffix (e.g., Count of Holland , Count Reuss ) or a surname ( Count Fugger , Count von Browne ). Even after the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Reichsgrafen retained precedence above other counts in Germany. Those who had been quasi-sovereign until German mediatisation retained, until 1918, status and privileges pertaining to members of reigning dynasties . Notable Reichsgrafen have included: A complete list of Reichsgrafen with immediate territories as of 1792 can be found in

2028-536: The Deichgraf (in a polder management organization). (incomplete) Prince The Latin word prīnceps (older Latin *prīsmo-kaps, lit.   ' the one who takes the first [place/position] ' ), became the usual title of the informal leader of the Roman senate some centuries before the transition to empire , the princeps senatus . Emperor Augustus established the formal position of monarch on

2106-650: The Graf long retained specific feudal privileges over the land and in the villages in his county, such as rights to peasant service, to periodic fees for use of common infrastructure such as timber, mills, wells and pastures. These rights gradually eroded and were largely eliminated before or during the 19th century, leaving the Graf with few legal privileges beyond land ownership, although comital estates in German-speaking lands were often substantial. Nonetheless, various rulers in German-speaking lands granted

2184-419: The Graf , or Gräfin , and the nobiliary particle if any. Today, having lost their legal status, these terms are often not translated, unlike before 1919. The titles do, however, retain prestige in some circles of society. The suffix -graf occurs in various office titles which did not attain nobiliary status but were either held as a sinecure by nobleman or courtiers, or functional officials such as

2262-454: The Congress of Vienna subordinated them to larger, neighboring monarchs through the German mediatisation process of 1815, preserving their precedence, allocating familial representation in local legislatures, some jurisdictional immunities and the prestigious privilege of Ebenbürtigkeit . In regions of Europe where nobles did not actually exercise Landeshoheit over the populace,

2340-552: The Holy Roman Emperor could and did recognise unique concessions of authority or rank to some of these nobles, raising them to the status of gefürsteter Graf or "princely count". But a grafliche title with such a prefix did not always signify a higher than comital rank or membership in the Hochadel . Only the more important of these titles, historically associated with degrees of sovereignty, remained in use by

2418-485: The Kingdom of Prussia from the 19th century, the title of Graf was not restricted by primogeniture : it was inherited by all legitimate descendants in the male line of the original titleholder, the males also inheriting an approximately equal share of the family's wealth and estates. Usually a hyphenated suffix indicated which of the familial lands a particular line of counts held, e.g. Castell-Rudenhausen . In

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2496-468: The List of Reichstag participants (1792) . A Markgraf or Margrave was originally a military governor of a Carolingian "mark" ( march ), a border province. In medieval times the borders of the Holy Roman Empire were especially vulnerable to foreign attack, so the hereditary count of these "marches" of the realm was sometimes granted greater authority than other vassals to ensure security. They bore

2574-611: The Parlement of Paris . These titles held no official place in the hierarchy of the nobility, but were often treated as ranking just below ducal peerages , since they were often inherited (or assumed) by ducal heirs: This can even occur in a monarchy within which an identical but real and substantive feudal title exists, such as Fürst in German. An example of this is: Spain, France and Netherlands In other cases, such titular princedoms are created in chief of an event, such as

2652-571: The Russian Empire , were also accorded the title of knyazʹ —sometimes after first being allowed to use the higher title of tsarevich (e.g. the Princes Gruzinsky and Sibirsky ). In each case, the title is followed (when available) by the female form and then (not always available, and obviously rarely applicable to a prince of the blood without a principality) the name of the territory associated with it, each separated by

2730-474: The Zulu monarchy ), these women, sometimes collectively referred to as a harem , often have specific rules determining their relative hierarchy and a variety of titles, which may distinguish between those whose offspring can be in line for the succession or not, or specifically who is mother to the heir to the throne. To complicate matters, the style His/Her (Imperial/Royal) Highness , a prefix often accompanying

2808-491: The crown prince before the grand duke's abdication, or in form of consortium imperii . Some monarchies even have a practice in which the monarch can formally abdicate in favour of his heir and yet retain a kingly title with executive power, e.g. Maha Upayuvaraja ( Sanskrit for Great Joint King in Cambodia ), though sometimes also conferred on powerful regents who exercised executive powers. In several countries of

2886-414: The legal surname (with the former title thus now following the given name, e.g. Otto Graf Lambsdorff ). As dependent parts of the surnames ( nichtselbständige Namensbestandteile ), they are ignored in alphabetical sorting of names, as is any nobiliary particle , such as von or zu , and might or might not be used by those bearing them. The distinguishing main surname is the name following

2964-399: The "kingship" of Yvetot, among others. A prince or princess who is the head of state of a territory that has a monarchy as a form of government is a reigning prince. The current princely monarchies include: In the same tradition, some self-proclaimed monarchs of so-called micronations style themselves as princes: Various monarchies provide for different modes in which princes of

3042-497: The 18th century (although Liechtenstein long remained an exception, with cadets and females using Fürst/Fürstin into the 19th century) for dynasties headed by a Fürst in Germany. The custom spread through the Continent to such an extent that a renowned imperial general who belonged to a cadet branch of a reigning ducal family, remains best known to history by the generic dynastic title, " Prince Eugene of Savoy ". Note that

3120-540: The 19th century, specifically Markgraf and Landgraf . In Russia, the title of Graf ( Russian : Граф ; feminine: Графиня, romanized Grafinya ) was introduced by Peter the Great . The first Russian graf (or count) was Boris Petrovich Sheremetev , elevated to this dignity in 1706 for the pacification of the Astrakhan uprising (1705–1706) . Then Peter granted six more graf dignities. Initially, when someone

3198-561: The Count of Syracuse in Sicily . Sometimes appanage titles were princely, e.g. Prince of Achaia (Courtenay), Prince de Condé (Bourbon), Prince of Carignan (Savoy), but it was the fact that their owners were of princely rank rather than that they held a princely title which was the source of their pre-eminence. For the often specific terminology concerning an heir apparent, see Crown prince . Other princes derive their title not from dynastic membership as such, but from inheritance of

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3276-551: The European continent, such as France, prince can be an aristocratic title of someone having a high rank of nobility or as lord of a significant fief, but not ruling any actual territory and without any necessary link to the royal family , which makes it difficult to compare with the British system of royal princes. France and the Holy Roman Empire The kings of France started to bestow the style of prince, as

3354-897: The Waterloo campaign, known as the Hundred Days , as part of the III Corps of the Prussian Army. Several Dutch members of the Russo-German Legion had been decorated for valour. Already in 1814, several of them were given permission to wear their medals. In 1821, the members of the Legion were awarded the Russian Service Medal for the wars of 1813–1814, and also given permission to wear this decoration. Graf Graf (feminine: Gräfin )

3432-485: The basis of principate , not dominion . He also tasked his grandsons as summer rulers of the city when most of the government were on holiday in the country or attending religious rituals, and, for that task, granted them the title of princeps. The title has generic and substantive meanings: The original but now less common use of the word was the application of the Latin word prīnceps , from late Roman law and

3510-671: The classical system of government that eventually gave way to the European feudal society. In this sense, a prince is a ruler of a territory that is sovereign or quasi-sovereign, i.e., exercising substantial (though not all) prerogatives associated with monarchs of independent nations, such as the immediate states within the historical boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire . In medieval and early modern Europe , there were as many as two hundred such territories, especially in Italy, Germany, and Gaelic Ireland . In this sense, "prince"

3588-400: The count's strongholds or fiefs, as the burgrave dwelt usually in a castle or fortified town. Some became hereditary and by the modern era obtained rank just below a count, though above a Freiherr ' (baron) who might hold a fief as vassal of the original count. Unlike the other comital titles, Rhinegrave, Wildgrave ( Waldgrave ), Raugrave , and Altgrave are not generic titles. Rather, each

3666-524: The dynasty can temporarily or permanently share in the style and/or office of the monarch, e.g. as regent or viceroy . Though these offices may not be reserved legally for members of the ruling dynasty, in some traditions they are filled by dynasts, a fact which may be reflected in the style of the office, e.g. " prince-president " for Napoleon III as French head of state but not yet emperor, or "prince-lieutenant" in Luxembourg , repeatedly filled by

3744-572: The emperor himself. A count who was not a Reichsgraf was likely to possess only a mesne fief ( Afterlehen ) — he was subject to an immediate prince of the empire, such as a duke or prince elector . However, the Holy Roman Emperors also occasionally granted the title of Reichsgraf to subjects and foreigners who did not possess and were not granted immediate territories — or, sometimes, any territory at all. Such titles were purely honorific . In English, Reichsgraf

3822-476: The end of the 17th century, the heir apparent to the House of La Tour d'Auvergne 's sovereign duchy bears the title Prince de Bouillon , but he would record in 1728 that the heir's La Tour cousin, the Count of Oliergues, is " known as the Prince Frederick" (" dit le prince Frédéric"). The post-medieval rank of gefürsteter Graf (princely count) embraced but elevated the German equivalent of

3900-625: The former highest title which was then replaced by Huang Di ( 皇帝 , lit. Emperor). Since Western Jin , the Wang rank was divided into two ranks, Qin Wang ( 親王 , lit. King of the Blood) and Jun Wang ( 郡王 , lit. King of the Commandery). Only family of the Emperor can be entitled Qin Wang , so prince is usually translated as Qin Wang , e.g. 菲利普親王 (Prince Philip). For the son of the ruler, prince

3978-414: The habit of inter-marrying with sovereign dynasties. By the 19th century, cadets of a Fürst would become known as Prinzen . The husband of a queen regnant is usually titled " prince consort " or simply "prince", whereas the wives of male monarchs take the female equivalent (e.g., empress, queen) of their husband's title. In Brazil, Portugal and Spain, however, the husband of a female monarch

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4056-537: The hereditary title of Graf to their subjects, particularly after the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Although lacking the prestige and powers of the former Imperial counts, they remained legal members of the local nobility, entitled to whatever minor privileges were recognised at the ruler's court. The title, translated as "count", was generally accepted and used in other countries by custom. Many Continental counts in Germany and Austria were titled Graf without any additional qualification. Except in

4134-476: The intermediate French, English and Spanish nobles. In the Holy Roman Empire, these nobles rose to dynastic status by preserving from the Imperial crown ( de jure after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648) the exercise of such sovereign prerogatives as the minting of money; the muster of military troops and the right to wage war and contract treaties ; local judicial authority and constabulary enforcement; and

4212-449: The medieval Holy Roman Empire, some counts took or were granted unique variations of the gräfliche title, often relating to a specific domain or jurisdiction of responsibility, e.g. Landgraf , Markgraf , Pfalzgraf ( Count Palatine ), Burggraf , Wildgraf , Waldgraf , Altgraf , Raugraf , etc. Although as a title Graf ranked, officially, below those of Herzog (duke) and Fürst (prince),

4290-553: The norm in the Holy Roman Empire by the end of the 18th century, another means of distinguishing the monarch from other members of his dynasty became necessary. Gradual substitution of the title of Prinz for the monarch's title of Fürst occurred, and became customary for cadets in all German dynasties except in the grand duchies of Mecklenburg and Oldenburg . Both Prinz and Fürst are translated into English as "prince", but they reflect not only different but mutually exclusive concepts. This distinction had evolved before

4368-467: The potential of a Greek derivation, suggested a connection to Gothic : gagrêfts , meaning 'decision, decree'. However, the Grimms preferred a solution that allows a connection to Old English : gerēfa ' reeve ', in which the ge- is a prefix, and which the Grimms derive from Proto-Germanic *rōva 'number'. The comital title of Graf is common to various European territories where German

4446-547: The princely title was used as a prefix to his Christian name, which also became customary. Cadets of France's other princes étrangers affected similar usage under the Bourbon kings. Always facing the scepticism of Saint-Simon and like-minded courtiers, these quasi-royal aristocrats' assumption of the princely title as a personal, rather than territorial, designation encountered some resistance. In writing Histoire Genealogique et Chonologique , Père Anselme accepts that, by

4524-705: The rank they had held in the French army. It was formed to fight against Napoleon as part of the Imperial Russian army but was paid by Russia's ally, Great Britain . Ernst Moritz Arndt , the private secretary to the pro-Russian Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein , acted as head propagandist to entrants to the Legion. He stayed in Saint Petersburg from 1812 onwards and attracted entrants by winning them over to fight to liberate Germany from its French occupying forces. The Russian–German Legion

4602-473: The rights of sovereignty than did emperors and kings. A lord of even a quite small territory might come to be referred to as a prince before the 13th century, either from translations of a native title into the Latin prīnceps (as for the hereditary ruler of Wales ) or when the lord's territory was allodial . The lord of an allodium owned his lands and exercised prerogatives over the subjects in his territory absolutely, owing no feudal homage or duty as

4680-458: The same family. Examples: Burgrave of Nuremberg , Burgrave of ( Burggraf zu ) Dohna-Schlobitten Initially burgrave suggested a similar function and history as other titles rendered in German by Vizegraf , in Dutch as Burggraaf or in English as Viscount ( Latin : Vicecomes ); the deputy of a count charged with exercising the count's prerogatives in overseeing one or more of

4758-603: The sense of royal family member) had no special title. Princes of the Zhou dynasty were specifically referred to as Wangzi (王子) and Wangsun (王孫), which mean "son of the king" and "grandson of the king," while princes of the vassal states were referred to as Gongzi (公子) and Gongsun (公孫), which mean "son of the lord" and "grandson of the lord," respectively. Sons of the vassals may receive nobility titles like Jun (君), Qing (卿), Daifu (大夫) and Shi (仕). Since Han dynasty , royal family members were entitled Wang ( 王 , lit. King),

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4836-600: The third-person in direct address as a mark of courtesy, as in grevinnan . German nobility , although not abolished (unlike the Austrian nobility by the new First Austrian Republic in 1919), lost recognition as a legal class in Germany under the Weimar Republic in 1919 under the Weimar Constitution , article 109. Former hereditary noble titles legally simply transformed into dependent parts of

4914-698: The title Kōshaku ( 公爵 ) was used as the highest title of Kazoku ( 華族 Japanese modern nobility) before the present constitution. Kōshaku , however, is more commonly translated as "Duke" to avoid confusion with the following royal ranks in the Imperial Household: Shinnō ( 親王 literally, Prince of the Blood); Naishinnō ( 内親王 lit., Princess of the Blood in her own right); and Shinnōhi 親王妃 lit., Princess Consort); or Ō ( 王 lit., Prince); Jyo-Ō ( 女王 lit., Princess (in her own right)); and Ōhi ( 王妃 lit., Princess Consort). The former

4992-481: The title "margrave" until the few who survived as sovereigns assumed higher titles when the Empire was abolished in 1806. Examples: Margrave of Baden , Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth . Since the abolition of the German Empire at the end of World War I, the heirs of some of its former monarchies have resumed use of margrave as a title of pretence , e.g. Maria Emanuel , Margrave of Meissen and Maximilian, Margrave of Baden . A Landgraf or Landgrave

5070-504: The title is not acknowledged in law. In the monarchies of Belgium, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, where German is one of the official languages , the title continues to be recognised, used and, occasionally, granted by the national fons honorum , the reigning monarch. From the Middle Ages , a Graf usually ruled a territory known as a Grafschaft ('county'). In the Holy Roman Empire , many Imperial counts ( Reichsgrafen ) retained near-sovereign authority in their lands until

5148-626: The title of prince has also been used as the highest title of nobility (without membership in a ruling dynasty), above the title of duke , while the same usage (then as Fürst ) has occurred in Germany and Austria but then one rank below the title of duke and above count . The above is essentially the story of European, Christian dynasties and other nobility, also 'exported' to their colonial and other overseas territories and otherwise adopted by rather westernized societies elsewhere (e.g. Haiti). Applying these essentially western concepts, and terminology, to other cultures even when they don't do so,

5226-572: The title of a dynastic prince, may be awarded/withheld separately (as a compromise or consolation prize, in some sense, e.g., Duke of Cádiz , Duchess of Windsor , Princesse de Réthy , Prince d'Orléans-Braganza ). Although the arrangement set out above is the one that is most commonly understood, there are also different systems. Depending on country, epoch, and translation, other usages of "prince" are possible. Foreign-language titles such as Italian : principe , French : prince , German : Fürst , German: Prinz (non-reigning descendant of

5304-412: Was 9,379 strong in total and consisted of eight infantry battalions, one company of Jägers , two regiments of hussars and two batteries of horse artillery. Carl von Clausewitz was among notable soldiers of the Legion. On 6 July 1812, after the contract of Peterswaldau , Great Britain received the task of providing for the Russian–German Legion and thus acquired the right to determine how and where it

5382-514: Was a nobleman whose title of count was conferred or confirmed by the Holy Roman Emperor , and meant "Imperial Count", i.e., a count of the Holy Roman Empire. Since the feudal era, any count whose territory lay within the Empire and was under the immediate jurisdiction of the Emperor with a shared vote in the Reichstag came to be considered a member of the "upper nobility" ( Hochadel ) in Germany, along with princes ( Fürsten ), dukes ( Herzöge ), electors ( Kurfürsten ), and

5460-403: Was a 12th- and 13th-century military and civil judicial governor of a castle (compare castellan , custos , keeper ) of the town it dominated and of its immediate surrounding countryside. His jurisdiction was a Burggrafschaft , burgraviate. Over time the office and domain to which it was attached tended to become hereditary by Imperial grant or retention over generations by members of

5538-413: Was a nobleman of comital rank in feudal Germany whose jurisdiction stretched over a territory larger than usually held by a count within the Holy Roman Empire . The status of a landgrave was elevated, usually being associated with suzerains who were subject to the Holy Roman Emperor but exercised sovereign authority within their lands and independence greater than the prerogatives to which a simple Graf

5616-499: Was elevated to the graf's dignity of the Russian Empire , the elevated person recognition by the German Emperor in the same dignity of the Holy Roman Empire was required. Subsequently, the latter ceased to be obligatory. Some are approximately of comital rank, some higher, some lower. The more important ones are treated in separate articles (follow the links); a few minor, rarer ones only in sections below. A Reichsgraf

5694-577: Was entitled, but the title itself implied no specific, legal privileges. Landgraf occasionally continued in use as the subsidiary title of such minor royalty as the Elector of Hesse or the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar , who functioned as the Landgrave of Thuringia in the first decade of the 20th century. The jurisdiction of a landgrave was a Landgrafschaft or landgraviate, and the wife of

5772-617: Was now put in command, and the Legion ventured to the lower Elbe , fought at Mecklenburg and Holstein , attacked Harburg and marched far as the Netherlands . In mid March 1814 it crossed the Rhine and fought in Flanders in order to blockade Antwerp . After returning from France in 1814, the Legion was received by Prussia, where collaborators were viewed critically, and any non-German personnel were discharged, and so on 2 June 1814 it

5850-535: Was or is the official or vernacular tongue, including Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Alsace, the Baltic states and other former Habsburg crown lands . In Germany, all legal privileges of the nobility have been officially abolished since August 1919, and Graf , like any other hereditary title, is treated as part of the legal surname. In Austria, its use is banned by law, as with all hereditary titles and nobiliary particles . In Switzerland ,

5928-601: Was renamed the German Legion. The Legion moved to Kurhessen for exercises in 1814 and from then until 1815 took up quarters in the Bergischen . After Napoleon's return from Elba on 26 February 1815, the soldiers of this unit were merged into the 30th and 31st infantry regiment, 8th (Russisch-Deutsche Legion) Ulanenregiment and 18th and 19th horse-artillery batteries of the Prussian army . These units took part in

6006-482: Was taking the title of Grand Prince of Kiev . In 14th their ruling role was taken by Lithuanian princes, which used the title of Grand Prince of Lithuania and Ruthenia. With the rise of cossacks, many former Ukrainian princes were incorporated into the new cossack nobility . In the Russian system, knyaz was the highest degree of official nobility. Members of older dynasties, whose realms were eventually annexed to

6084-651: Was to be deployed. At first, the Legion was directed southwards, where it became clear it was to be united with a Russian Corps and be deployed against the Prussians, with whom the Russians were still at war. A staff officer, Major Lager van Koch, then rode off to the Russian headquarters in Konigsberg, where he had an audience with the Czar. He soon returned with the order to march to Germany. Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn

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