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47-692: After the Bolsheviks' seizure of power in Petrograd, the All-Siberian Extraordinary Congress of Delegates from Public Organizations was convened in Tomsk on December 7, 1917. The SR -dominated assembly refused to recognize Soviet authority or its decrees, and during its last session on December 15 called for the convocation of an “all-socialist” Siberian Regional Duma and appointed a Provisional Siberian Council, answerable to

94-651: A liability. However, he arranged the transfer of substantial sums from a Legionary relief fund to assist the resistance and the people facing persecution. On 14 May 1945, in the immediate aftermath of the war, Syrový was arrested and charged with collaboration although he had consciously steered clear of that as far as his office allowed. In a show trial of alleged collaborators in 1947, the National Court found him guilty, along with Rudolf Beran , and sentenced him to 20 years of imprisonment in severe conditions. Released in 1960 by Antonín Novotný 's amnesty, Syrový

141-423: A national unity government. Syrový demurred at first by insisting that he was just a soldier, not a politician, and that he lacked the qualifications and the relevant experience for such an important post. Beneš told Syrový that the nation needed him and added that as a soldier, Syrový should consider it not as an offer but an order. With some reluctance, Syrový accepted and took the defence portfolio as well. Barely

188-590: A united Provisional All-Russian Government with Nikolai Avksentiev as its head. Lt. Gen. Vasily Boldyrev replaced Jan Syrový as head of all allied forces in Russia. Pavel Ivanov-Rinov from the Siberian Army became the new Minister of War and new head of the Siberian Army. Boldyrev reorganized all anti-Bolshevik forces in Eastern Russia into three fronts: Ivanov-Rinov became commander-in-chief of

235-513: A week after becoming Prime Minister, he was forced to accept the terms of the Munich Agreement on 30 September. Announcing the acceptance of the agreement in a nationwide radio address, he stated that Czechoslovakia was not in a position to turn the agreement down because without British or French support, the country was outnumbered and any conflict would result in severe casualties. "We were abandoned", he said. "We stand alone". After

282-656: Is Ivan Klyayn , a member of The United Russia party. Of the 33 members, 16 are elected from the eight double mandate districts while 17 are chosen from party lists . In the October 2005 local elections, United Russia was expected to cruise to a solid victory; however, the Pensioners Party put up a strong showing. The final count was (proportional representation): In 2020, supporters of Alexei Navalny won at least 16 seats in Tomsk's 37-seat city council while

329-592: Is a commercial and passenger port on the Tom River . Tomsk has many local cultural institutions including several drama theaters, as well as a children's theater and a puppet theater. Major concert venues in the city include the Conservatory Concert hall and the Tomsk Palace of Sport. The city also boasts cultural centers dedicated to German , Polish and Tatar languages and culture. One of

376-468: Is between −21 °C (−6 °F) and −13 °C (9 °F). The average temperature in July is +18.8 °C (65.8 °F). The total annual rainfall is 587 millimeters (23.1 in). In 2006, Tomsk experienced what might have been its first recorded winds of hurricane force, which toppled trees and damaged houses. Tomsk is governed by a mayor and a 33-member Duma . The current mayor, appointed in 2013,

423-487: Is divided into four city districts: Kirovsky, Leninsky, Oktyabrsky, and Sovetsky. Tomsk has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) barely escaping a subarctic classification. The annual average temperature is +1.2 °C (34.2 °F). Winters are severe and lengthy, and the lowest recorded temperature was −55 °C (−67 °F) in January 1931. However, the average temperature in January

470-618: Is one of the oldest cities in Siberia . It has six universities, with over 100,000 students, including Tomsk State University , the oldest university in Siberia. Tomsk originated with a decree by Tsar Boris Godunov in 1604 after Toian  [ ru ] , the Tatar duke of Eushta  [ ru ] , asked for the Tsar's protection against Kyrgyz . The Tsar sent 200 Cossacks under

517-514: Is well known for its intricate "gingerbread" decoration of traditional wooden houses in the area. However, the number of old homes in this style is decreasing due to redevelopment or some of them catching fire, as the structures have little to no fire protection. Trud (Labor) Stadium , in central Tomsk was the base for matches with the FC Tom Tomsk , the city's professional football club, before dissolving in 2022. The team's 2004 promotion to

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564-764: The Munich Crisis . Jan Syrový studied building at a technical school. Following his graduation in 1906, he became a one-year volunteer in the Austro-Hungarian army . After that, he studied at a technical college in Russia . During World War I , he fought in the Czechoslovak Legions of the Russian Army and lost his right eye at the Battle of Zborov . By the end of the war, he commanded

611-645: The October Revolution of 1917, the city became a notable center of the White movement , led by Anatoly Pepelyayev and Maria Bochkareva , among others. After the victory of the Red Army in the 1920s, Soviet authorities incorporated Tomsk into the West Siberian Krai and later into Novosibirsk Oblast . Like many Siberian cities, Tomsk became the new home for many factories relocated out of

658-653: The Russian Premier League gave local fans a chance to see some of the nation's best teams play at the city's own stadium. Tomsk has many local media outlets including the TV2 (Tomsk)  [ ru ] television station, shut down by the authorities and turned into an internet TV medium, the radio stations Radio Siberia and Echo of Moscow in Tomsk along with several newspapers ( Tomskaya Nedelya , Krasnoye Znamya and Vechernii Tomsk ). In April 2006 Tomsk received international media attention as

705-861: The Spring Offensive of the Russian Army and the Counteroffensive of the Eastern Front , the Siberian Army, now under command of Mikhail Diterikhs , was divided into the Together with the 3d Army of Konstantin Sakharov, they formed an Eastern Front of the White Movement . After several crushing defeats at the hands of the resurgent Red Army, the Eastern front largely collapsed, and dissolved by November 1919. The last troops of

752-595: The Tayga — Bely Yar line ( Tomsk branch ) of the Trans-Siberian Railway . The main line of the Trans-Siberian railway, built in 1896, passes 50 km (31 mi) south of Tomsk and bypasses Tomsk. Access from Tomsk to the Trans-Siberian railway is available via the town of Tayga. A regional rail line links Tomsk with Tayga. The Tomsk Railway existed as an independent entity until 1961. At

799-455: The 'protection' of the Reich and then held out his hand to Syrový, and the photographers immediately took a picture. Another photograph provided the second piece of evidence, which was taken at a government banquet that showed Syrový sitting alongside Konrad Henlein . Syrový stated that the picture was taken out of context, to be used for Nazi propaganda . The third piece of critical evidence

846-473: The Duma, that would “act as a government”. The opening of the Duma was set for January 8, 1918. As it happened, the Duma could not open on the date the congress had set for it due to lack of a quorum requiring that a minimum of one-third of the delegates, or 93, be present. Many of the delegates had already been arrested by local Bolshevik authorities; others had not been able to reach Tomsk. Three weeks later, on

893-760: The Legions and the anti-Bolshevik forces on the Trans-Siberian railway . A well-known veteran commander, he served as Chief of Staff of the Czechoslovak Army from 1926 to 1933 and as its general inspector from 1933 to 1938. He helped to prepare the Czechoslovak Air Force with the help of Jan Antonín Baťa and moved military personnel and materials away from Nazi Germany. When Milan Hodža 's government resigned on 23 September 1938, President Edvard Beneš appointed Syrový to head

940-616: The Siberian Army retreated to the Transbaikal Region and were incorporated into the Far East Army. Tomsk Tomsk ( Russian : Томск , IPA: [tomsk] ; Siberian Tatar : Түң-тора ) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia , on the Tom River . Population: 556,478 ( 2021 Census ) ; 524,669 ( 2010 Census ) ; 487,838 ( 2002 Census ) ; 501,963 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Founded in 1604, Tomsk

987-408: The Siberian Army was a volunteer one, but it soon became obvious that in order to create a real army it was necessary to organize a program of conscription . The conscription began on August 25, 1918, and by October 1918 the Siberian Army had 10,754 officers and 173,843 soldiers. It was divided eventually into five corps: It was clearly apparent that by the summer of 1918 the main military force in

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1034-628: The Western Siberian Military District. At that time most members of PGAS (including Derber and Krakovetsky) were in Vladivostok ; hence, it was necessary to create a structure of government without them. On May 30 a meeting took place in Novonikolaevsk, the so-called "Council of representatives of PGAS", which organized the provisional Western Siberian Commissariat. On June 12, 1918, Grishin-Almazov ordered

1081-418: The administrative center of Tomsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with seven rural localities , incorporated separately as Tomsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , Tomsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Tomsk Urban Okrug . Tomsk

1128-538: The city has eleven proper bus routes, eight trolleybus lines (built in 1967), and five tram lines (constructed in 1949). Private taxis are also readily available. The city is served by Bogashevo Airport , which offers both domestic and international flights. Located 20 kilometers from the city center, the airport was renovated in 2013. The airport is home to offices for S7 Airlines , Aeroflot , Ural Airlines , Turukhan Airlines , NordStar Airlines , RusLine , Red Wings Airlines , ALROSA , and UTair Aviation . There

1175-456: The city have contributed to making Tomsk a major center for Russia's IT industry. Tomsk was one of the first cities in Russia to gain access to the Internet, which became available in the early 1990s owing to grants received by universities and scientific cooperation. Tomsk has a number of prominent institutions of higher education, including: Tomsk is a small railway center that is situated on

1222-473: The city's prominent theaters was destroyed in an act of terrorism in 1905. The Korolevsky Theater (built in 1884–85) was being used by a group of communist revolutionaries when the theater was attacked and set on fire by members of the Black Hundred , a hard-line nationalist organization. Those who escaped the flames were gunned down by Black Hundred members waiting outside the theater. Estimates put

1269-517: The command of Vasily Fomich Tyrkov  [ ru ] and Gavriil Ivanovich Pisemsky to construct a fortress on the bank of the Tom River , overlooking what would become the city of Tomsk. Toian ceded the land for the fortress to the Tsar. In 1804, the Imperial Russian government selected Tomsk as the seat of the new Tomsk Governorate , which would include the modern cities of Novosibirsk , Kemerovo , and Krasnoyarsk , as well as

1316-728: The eastern part of Russia was the Czechoslovak Legion. During the meeting in Chelyabinsk, which took place on July 13, 1918, it was decided that before the appointment of the Chief of all allied forces in Russia the Siberian troops on the front line would be placed under the command of the head of the Czechoslovak Legion, Maj. Gen. Vladimir Shokorov (he was an officer in the Russian Army during the First World War ). At

1363-851: The end of summer, when the Siberian Army became more powerful and Shokorov was replaced by Jan Syrový as the head of the Czechoslovak Legion, tensions began to develop between the Russians and the Czechoslovaks. In September 1918, during the State Conference in Ufa , it was decided that the Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia and the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly should form

1410-676: The entire Siberian Front. After a military coup d'état in November 1918, when Adm. Alexander Kolchak proclaimed himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia , Boldyrev was forced to emigrate. In December 1918 Kolchak dissolved the old Siberian Army and created a new one on the base of the Ekaterinburg Group (included the 1st and 3rd Corps of the Siberian Army and some other troops) with Radola Gajda as its commander. Three other independent forces were created. In July 1919, after

1457-425: The former Soviet Union , the revolutionary government destroyed a number of old churches in the city including two that had existed since the 17th century. However, Tomsk managed to save some of its churches by transforming them into machine shops, warehouses, archives, and even residential buildings. Since the end of the communist era some of the churches have been renovated and returned to their congregations. Tomsk

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1504-756: The main person became Col. Aleksey Grishin-Almazov, in Eastern Siberia Col. A. Ellerts-Usov. To coordinate the efforts they created the Central Staff in Novonikolaevsk ; Grishin-Almazov became the chief of this staff. The Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion in May 1918 radically changed the situation in Siberia. On May 25 legionaries captured Mariinsk , the next day Chelyabinsk and Novonikolaevsk. On May 28 A. Grishin-Almazov came to Novonikolaevsk and proclaimed himself commander of all troops in

1551-487: The mid-19th century one fifth of the city's residents were exiles . However, within a few years, the city reinvented itself as the educational center of Siberia with the establishment of Tomsk State University , founded in 1880, and Tomsk Polytechnic University , founded in 1896. By World War II , every twelfth resident of the city was a student, giving rise to the city's nickname, the Siberian Athens . After

1598-618: The new settlement became the home of the Tomsk Nuclear Plant (subsequently renamed the Sibirskaya Nuclear Power Plant), the Soviet Union 's first industrial-scale nuclear-power station. Tomsk-7 received municipal status in 1956 and was renamed Seversk in 1992. Tomsk serves as the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as

1645-847: The night of January 28–29, some 40 delegates finally succeeded in meeting. They expeditiously elected a government known as the Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia (PGAS), under the chairmanship of a young Socialist-Revolutionary Pyotr Derber. Another member of SR Party—Col. Arkady Krakovetsky—became Minister of War; his task was to organize an anti-Bolshevik rebellion in Siberia. Krakovetsky appointed two representatives, stabskapitän Frizel in West-Siberian Military District and praporshchik Kalashnikov (both members of SR Party). However, there also were many independent underground military organizations with experienced officers as members. Hence, SR members quickly became driven into underground organizations. In western Siberia

1692-428: The number of casualties between 200 and 1000. There are a number of museums in Tomsk devoted to various subjects, most notably art, local history and wood carving. There is also a Museum of Oppression, housed in a former KGB dungeon. Tomsk State University has a number of small museums with exhibits on archaeology , paleontology , zoology , as well as a herbarium and a botanical garden As in many other cities in

1739-499: The present time, the Tomsk line belongs to the West-Siberian Railway , branch of Russian Railways Corp. Trains link Tomsk to Anapa , Asino , Barnaul , Bely Yar, Moscow , Novokuznetsk , Novosibirsk , Sochi , and Tayga. The majority of inner-city and suburban transportation is provided by marshrutkas (routed taxis) and minibuses (mostly manufactured by PAZ , and serving about forty routes). Additionally,

1786-609: The pro-Putin United Russia party secured no more than 11 seats. Tomsk has the oldest electrical grid in Siberia . There are three power stations in the city: Tomsk consumes more electric energy than it produces. The bulk of the city's electric and thermal energy is produced by the GRES-2 (281 MWt) and TEC-3 (140 MWt) powerplants, belonging to Tomskenergo Inc. Tomsk supplements its energy needs with electricity generated at Seversk . A large number of educational institutions in

1833-823: The renaming of the Staff of the Western Siberian Military District (located in Omsk ) to the Staff of the Western Siberian Independent Army. Members of the Staff were officers of the old Russian Imperial Army, so there was no longer any influence of the deposed Socialist-Revolutionary Party. On June 30, 1918, the Western Siberian Commissariat transferred its power to the Provisional Siberian Government (PSG), headed by Petr Vologodskii. Grishin-Almazov

1880-512: The resignation of Beneš on 5 October, Syrový assumed most presidential duties, in accord with the Czechoslovak Constitution until Emil Hácha was duly elected President on 30 November 1938. He resigned the premiership on 1 December 1938 and remained as Minister of National Defence until 27 April 1939. He did not join the anti-German resistance since he was too well-known a figure for his involvement to be anything other than

1927-524: The territories now in Eastern Kazakhstan . The new status brought development and the city grew quickly. The discovery of gold in 1830 brought further development to Tomsk in the 19th century; however, when in the 1890s the Trans-Siberian Railway bypassed the city in favor of the village of Novonikolayevsk (Novosibirsk), development began to move south to connect with the railway. In time, Novosibirsk would surpass Tomsk in importance. In

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1974-493: The venue of a major summit on economic cooperation, held in the city between Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Angela Merkel . Tomsk is the only non-capital member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 . Tomsk is twinned with: Jan Syrov%C3%BD Jan Syrový (24 January 1888 – 17 October 1970) was a Czechoslovak general who was the prime minister of Czechoslovakia during

2021-599: The war zone from 1941. The resulting growth of the city led the Soviet government to establish the new Tomsk Oblast, with Tomsk serving as the administrative center. During the Cold War , Tomsk became one of many designated closed cities , which outsiders and, in particular, foreigners, could not visit. In 1949 matters went a stage further with the establishment of a secret city, known as "Tomsk-7 " (or sometimes simply as "Postbox 5") 15 kilometres (9 miles) north-west of Tomsk;

2068-570: Was an arms contract with the Nazis. Syrový stated the weapons sold had been obsolete items from the First World War , which were no longer of any use to Czechoslovakia, and that the weapons had been sold to German private companies. He also stated that the decision to sell was made ultimately not by him alone but by the government as a whole. Syrový felt that if the Czechoslovak allies had offered their promised help, he would never have had to accept

2115-479: Was appointed Minister of War, but he decided not to create a Ministry of War; he preferred to use the structure of the Staff of the Western Siberian Independent Army as a Ministry of War. On June 13, 1918, all troops under the command of Grichin-Almazov were concentrated into two corps: On July 11 By August 1918 the Siberian Army had three corps of 2 or 3 four-regimental divisions each (23,147 infantrymen, 14,888 cavalrymen and 22,224 unarmed volunteers). At first

2162-575: Was clear, and he never came to terms with the apparent injustice of the decision. He reviewed his trial in an interview for the Report Magazine in 1968 and stated that there were three critical pieces of evidence laid against him. The first was a snapshot of himself shaking hands with Adolf Hitler during a meeting that he was obliged to attend at the Prague Castle . Hitler had made a speech of reassurance as to Czechoslovakia's future under

2209-426: Was left with no pension or any means of maintenance, and the communist regime barred him from employment. Eventually, he was allowed to work as a nightwatchman, guarding Luděk Marold 's panorama of the Battle of Lipany . Not until late 1967 would the regime grant him a limited retirement pension. Syrový was deeply wounded by the verdict of the National Court and remained so for the rest of his life. His own conscience

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