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61-579: The channel was launched in 2006 as World Championship Sports Network (WCSN); it was co-founded by Claude Ruibal (who served as its chairman and chief executive officer ) and Tom Hipkins (who served as a member of the channel's board of directors ), with the help of Carlos Silva (its president and chief operating officer ). One of the first events broadcast by WCSN was coverage of the United States Track and Field Championships via streaming video . In 2007, InterMedia Partners gained

122-462: A board of directors , or may have no executive powers, in which case they are mainly a spokesperson for the organization. The power given depends upon the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. If the chair exceeds their authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform their duties, they may face disciplinary procedures. Such procedures may include censure , suspension, or removal from office . The rules of

183-472: A board appoints a president (or other title), the two terms are used for distinct positions. The term chairman may be used in a neutral manner, not directly implying the gender of the holder. In meetings or conferences, to "chair" something (chairing) means to lead the event. Terms for the office and its holder include chair , chairperson , chairman , chairwoman , convenor , facilitator , moderator , president , and presiding officer . The chair of

244-650: A decision of the Bureau or following a request in writing submitted to the Bureau by email by at least one fifth (1/5) of the Members. Each Member shall be represented by up to two (2) duly appointed delegates with voting rights. Each of the twenty (20) elected members of the Athletes Committee shall have one (1) vote at a Congress. The Honorary President is chair with no voting power. Continental Organisations can appoint up to two (2) representatives who may attend

305-448: A lead independent director to provide some element of an independent perspective. The role of the chair in a private equity-backed board differs from the role in non-profit or publicly listed organizations in several ways, including the pay, role and what makes an effective private-equity chair. Companies with both an executive chair and a CEO include Ford , HSBC , Alphabet Inc. , and HP . A vice- or deputy chair, subordinate to

366-557: A letter of apology to Wright. A recommendation was also made by the Ethics Panel to disestablish Zhou's position as Diving Bureau Liaison for FINA. The FINA Ethics Panel stated that the incident during the men's platform final was "unfortunate" and led to a "misunderstanding mixed with misjudgement" between Wright and Zhou. In May 2022, former international diver, Olympic judge and previous member of FINA's Technical Diving Committee from New Zealand Simon Latimer revealed he had sent

427-521: A majority ownership interest in the network. By March 2008, WCSN began to be carried on broadcast television , through the digital subchannels of several stations owned by the Granite Broadcasting Corporation . NBCUniversal entered into a partnership with InterMedia in which the former acquired a minority interest in the channel; in addition, on June 16, 2008, the network was rebranded as Universal Sports , incorporating

488-483: A new logo with the NBC peacock . By November 2008, all 10 of NBC's owned-and-operated stations had begun carrying the network on one of their digital subchannels. Universal Sports offered carriage on broadcast stations on a channel lease basis until 2011, with the provision that the stations strike deals with cable providers in their markets to carry the network by January 31, 2009. If a station failed to obtain cable carriage,

549-491: A parliamentary chamber is sometimes called the speaker . Chair has been used to refer to a seat or office of authority since the middle of the 17th century; its earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary dates to 1658–1659, four years after the first citation for chairman . Feminist critiques have analysed Chairman as an example of sexist language, associating the male gender with

610-423: A quasi-title gained particular resonance when socialist states from 1917 onward shunned more traditional leadership labels and stressed the collective control of Soviets (councils or committees) by beginning to refer to executive figureheads as "Chairman of the X Committee". Lenin , for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russian government not as prime minister or as president but as "Chairman of

671-495: A single deputy chair. This type of deputy chair title on its own usually has only an advisory role and not an operational one (such as Ted Turner at Time Warner). An unrelated definition of vice- and deputy chairs describes an executive who is higher ranking or has more seniority than an executive vice-president (EVP). FINA World Aquatics , formerly known as FINA ( French : Fédération internationale de natation ; English : International Swimming Federation ),

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732-518: A whistleblower complaint to FINA's Executive Director Brent Nowicki in December 2021 detailing Zhou's alleged "unethical behavior" which also contained allegations that Zhou has routinely coached Chinese divers during major events such as the Olympics and World Championships and she had manipulated judging panels in order to benefit Chinese athletes. Latimer claimed that Zhou's behavior was tarnishing

793-679: A working group over the next six months, so that "everybody has the opportunity to compete at an elite level". The decision was criticized as "discriminatory, harmful, unscientific and not in line with the 2021 IOC principles" by LGBT advocacy group Athlete Ally . Though swimmer Lia Thomas formally challenged the new rule that disqualified her from competition, in June 2024, the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled that she lacked standing to do so and would remain ineligible to compete. In May 2022, New Zealand diving judge Lisa Wright revealed that during

854-486: A younger age, with the age limit varying by discipline and gender: In 2017, FINA officially renamed the sport of synchronised swimming as Artistic Swimming for its competitions to reflect the expansion in evaluation criteria in the sport to include not only synchronization but other elements such as choreography and artistic expression. In relation to anti-doping rule violations, World Aquatics does enact suspensions on athletes who are retired from their respective sport at

915-455: Is equivalent to the position of président-directeur général in France. Executive chair is an office separate from that of CEO, where the titleholder wields influence over company operations, such as Larry Ellison of Oracle , Douglas Flint of HSBC and Steve Case of AOL Time Warner . In particular, the group chair of HSBC is considered the top position of that institution, outranking

976-549: Is held either as an Ordinary Congress or as an Extraordinary Congress. A Congress may be held in person, by teleconference, by video conference or by another means of communication. Voting by correspondence (including email) and/or online is permitted. An Ordinary Congress shall be held every two (2) years, in principle at the site and on the occasion of the World Championships or of another major World Aquatics event. An Extraordinary Congress shall be convened either by

1037-459: Is later". Athletes who previously took masculinizing hormone therapy (namely testosterone) may also compete in the women's category as long any testosterone use was post-puberty and less than a year in total, and the person's testosterone levels are back to pre-treatment levels. Transgender men remained fully eligible to compete in the men's category. FINA also announced the development of a separate "open" category for some events, to be determined by

1098-650: Is open to athletes 25 years and above (30+ years in water polo) in each aquatics discipline excluding high diving and has been held as part of the World Aquatics Championships since 2015. Prior to this, the Masters Championship was held separately, biennially in even years. Prior to the 9th World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka in 2001, the championships had been staged at various intervals of two to four years. From 2001 to 2019

1159-694: Is the international federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for administering international competitions in water sports . It is one of several international federations which administer a given sport or discipline for both the IOC and the international community. It is based in Lausanne, Switzerland . Founded as FINA ( Fédération internationale de natation ; [International Swimming Federation] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |link= ( help ) ) in 1908,

1220-428: Is the presiding officer of an organized group such as a board , committee , or deliberative assembly . The person holding the office, who is typically elected or appointed by members of the group or organisation, presides over meetings of the group, and is required to conduct the group's business in an orderly fashion. In some organizations, the chair is also known as president (or other title). In others, where

1281-399: The 2020 Summer Olympics , FINA Vice President, Zhou Jihong , allegedly launched a verbal tirade at Wright at the conclusion of the men's 10m platform final. Wright alleged that Zhou verbally abused her for underscoring Chinese divers. Diving New Zealand subsequently complained about the incident to FINA's Ethics Panel. As a result, Zhou was ordered by in a FINA Ethics Panel decision to write

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1342-905: The Council of People's Commissars ". At the same time, the head of the state was first called "Chairman of the Central Executive Committee " (until 1938) and then "Chairman of the Presidium of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ". In Communist China, Mao Zedong was commonly called "Chairman Mao", as he was officially Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission . In addition to

1403-1137: The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the International Cycling Union (UCI), the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG), the International Rowing Federation (FISA), the International Ski Federation (FIS), the International Swimming Federation (FINA), and the International Rugby Board (IRB). The channel provided year-round coverage of events that generally receive attention every few years. Through television carriage and internet streaming, viewers were provided an in-depth look at how Olympic athletes compete between

1464-543: The 19th FINA World Championships Budapest 2022. In March 2022, after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , FINA banned all Russians and Belarusians from competing at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships and withdrew the 2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) from being held in Russia. This came after indefinitely banning athletes and officials of both countries from wearing the colours of their country, swimming representing their country with their country's name, and

1525-587: The Congress approved a new Constitution and voted to adopt a new name for the organisation, World Aquatics. In July 2023, the World Aquatics General Congress approved the headquarters would be moving to Budapest , Hungary (host city of the 2017 , 2022 and 2027 championships) was in the ‘final stage’ of negotiations to move. The center is scheduled to be finished by the end of 2026, but the organization intends to move some of it to

1586-652: The Congress as observers, without any voting power. The World Aquatics Bureau consists of the President and thirty-nine (39) Bureau Members: Various committees and commissions also help with the oversight of individual disciplines (e.g. the Technical Open Water Swimming Committee helps with open water), or topic-related issues (e.g. the World Aquatics Doping Panel). The organization signed an agreement with

1647-534: The Hungarian capital in the second half of next year. In November 2024, they opened their interim office before a full, complete transfer by 2027. Number of national federations by year: In June 2017, Bhutan became the 208th national member federation of FINA (now World Aquatics) ; and on 30 November 2017, Anguilla became the 209th national member federation. In 2023 the Philippines were removed from

1708-660: The Hungarian government in May 2023, planning to relocate its headquarters from Switzerland to Budapest, Hungary . However, the World Aquatics Congress needs to approve unanimously in order for the relocation to be finalized. Each presidential term is four years, beginning and concluding with the year following the Summer Olympics. World Aquatics' largest event is the biennial World Aquatics Championships , traditionally held every odd year, where all of

1769-632: The NBC Sports Group launched the Olympic Channel , effectively serving as Universal Sports' eventual replacement channel. On June 15, 2011, DirecTV added Universal Sports as a national basic channel. The carriage agreement with DirecTV led NBCUniversal and InterMedia to announce on September 12, 2011, that it would transition Universal Sports into a cable- and satellite-exclusive service (effectively dropping its over-the-air affiliates) by January 2012. On January 1, 2012, Universal Sports

1830-653: The Olympic Games. In 2021, FINA (World Aquatics) came under criticism for not approving the use at the Olympics of the Soul Cap, a brand of swimming caps designed for natural Black hair. FINA said the caps did not fit "the natural form of the head" and to their "best knowledge the athletes competing at the international events never used, neither require … caps of such size and configuration." After receiving criticism about racism, FINA announced that they would review their decision. Later in 2022, FINA decided to approve

1891-788: The Soul Caps for future FINA events (effective immediately). In 2024, a member of the World Aquatics' anti-doping advisory body said that it was "inexplicably and forcibly shut out of the review" concerning positive tests from 23 Chinese swimmers in the lead-up to the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics . As a result of the doping scandal, in June 2024, a former deputy director of the World Anti-Doping Agency said that athletes had "zero confidence" in World Aquatics. In July 2024, World Aquatics confirmed that its executive director

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1952-483: The U.S. Olympic Swim Committee, was FINA's first American president from 1972 through 1976 where he was highly instrumental in starting the first World Aquatics Championships in Belgrade, and in retaining the number of swimming events in the Olympics which favored countries with larger, more balanced swim teams. In 1986 the first permanent FINA office was opened in Lausanne , Switzerland. In 1991 open water swimming

2013-431: The administrative or executive duties in organizations, the chair presides over meetings. Such duties at meetings include: While presiding, the chair should remain impartial and not interrupt a speaker if the speaker has the floor and is following the rules of the group. In committees or small boards, the chair votes along with the other members; in assemblies or larger boards, the chair should vote only when it can affect

2074-626: The board, such as: Many companies in the US have an executive chair; this method of organization is sometimes called the American model. Having a non-executive chair is common in the UK and Canada; this is sometimes called the British model. Expert opinion is rather evenly divided over which is the preferable model. There is a growing push by public market investors for companies with an executive chair to have

2135-536: The chair oversaw the controls of the business through compliance and audit and the direction of the business. Non-executive chair is also a separate post from the CEO; unlike an executive chair, a non-executive chair does not interfere in day-to-day company matters. Across the world, many companies have separated the roles of chair and CEO, saying that this move improves corporate governance. The non-executive chair's duties are typically limited to matters directly related to

2196-413: The chair, is sometimes chosen to assist and to serve as chair in the latter's absence, or when a motion involving the chair is being discussed. In the absence of the chair and vice-chair, groups sometimes elect a chair pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have both titles, deputy chair ranks higher than vice-chair, as there are often multiple vice-chairs but only

2257-580: The championships were held biennially in odd years. Due to interruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic, travel restrictions, and host venues withdrawing from hosting championships and World Aquatics withdrawing the rights to host championships, from 2022 to 2025 the championships will be staged in every year until resuming to biennial from 2025 onwards. World Aquatics also organizes separate tournaments and series for individual disciplines, including competitions for juniors. World-level championships restricted to

2318-405: The chief executive, and is responsible for leading the board and representing the company in meetings with government figures. Before the creation of the group management board in 2006, HSBC's chair essentially held the duties of a chief executive at an equivalent institution, while HSBC's chief executive served as the deputy. After the 2006 reorganization, the management cadre ran the business, while

2379-475: The end of the 1908 Summer Olympics . Eight national federations were responsible for the formation of FINA: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary and Sweden. In 1973 the first World Aquatics Championships were staged in Belgrade , Yugoslavia , with competitions held in swimming, water polo, diving and synchronized swimming. Dr. Hal Henning , who had formerly served as Chair of

2440-627: The exercise of authority, this has led to the widespread use of the generic "Chairperson". In World Schools Style debating , as of 2009, chairperson or chair refers to the person who controls the debate; it recommends using Madame Chair or Mr. Chairman to address the chair. The FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication and the American Psychological Association style guide advocate using chair or chairperson . The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style (2000) suggested that

2501-583: The federation was officially renamed World Aquatics in January 2023. World Aquatics currently oversees competition in six aquatics sports: swimming , diving , high diving , artistic swimming , water polo , and open water swimming . World Aquatics also oversees " Masters " competition (for adults) in its disciplines. FINA was founded on 19 July 1908 in the Manchester Hotel in London , at

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2562-659: The first dual World Aquatics Championships and FINA World Masters Championships (later known World Aquatics Masters Championships) in Kazan Russia, run consecutively in the one city for the first time. In 2018 FINA celebrated 110 years by inaugurating a new headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland. On 12 December 2022, during the Extraordinary General Congress held in Melbourne , Australia,

2623-625: The games. Universal Sports promoted itself as "the athlete's network," and extended its coverage through blogs and interviews outside of competition . As reported by Olympic news outlet Around the Rings , Universal Sports and Infront Sports and Media announced an exclusive media rights agreement for the International Ski Federation World Cup events beginning with the 2011–2012 season. Chairman The chair , also chairman , chairwoman , or chairperson ,

2684-424: The gender-neutral forms were gaining ground; it advocated chair for both men and women. The Daily Telegraph 's style guide bans the use of chair and chairperson ; the newspaper's position, as of 2018, is that "chairman is correct English". The National Association of Parliamentarians adopted a resolution in 1975 discouraging the use of chairperson and rescinded it in 2017. The word chair can refer to

2745-440: The given geographical area. It is not necessarily the number of members in the continental association. Under the new World Aquatics Constitution, ratified in December 2022, under clause 12, the following bodies are established to govern and administer World Aquatics: The World Aquatics Congress is the highest authority of World Aquatics and shall have the power to decide upon any matters arising within World Aquatics. A Congress

2806-744: The list of member federations on the World Aquatics website. At the World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka in July 2023 athletes from the Philippines were still competing as 'Suspended Member Federation', however by the World Aquatics Junior Swimming Championships in September 2023, athletes from the Philippines were required to compete as 'Neutral Independent Athletes'. Athletes from Kenya currently compete as 'Suspended Member Federation', while athletes from Russia and Belarus are currently banned from competing, but

2867-423: The nation's are still listed as member federations. World Aquatics also permits athletes not affiliated with a member federation to compete at events under the 'Athlete Refugee Team' banner. Members are grouped by continent, and there are 5 continental associations of which they can choose to be a member: Note: The number following each continental name is the number of World Aquatics members which fall into

2928-543: The network had the right to move its affiliation to another station in that market that would be able to gain cable carriage. The network was being shopped to NBC -affiliated stations until December 1. On June 17, 2010, Universal Sports, along with the International Rugby Board , announced that the channel would bring "unprecedented national television and digital media coverage of the 2011 and 2015 Rugby World Cup tournaments." On October 22, 2015, it

2989-417: The organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the chair has the power to discipline them. There are three common types of chair in public corporations. The chief executive officer (CEO) may also hold the title of chair, in which case the board frequently names an independent member of the board as a lead director. This position

3050-403: The place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be "in the chair" and is also referred to as "the chair". Parliamentary procedure requires that members address the "chair" as "Mr. (or Madam) Chairman (or Chair or Chairperson)" rather than using a name – one of many customs intended to maintain

3111-539: The playing of their country's national anthem in case an athlete from either country won an event. Additionally, times swum by Russians at non-FINA competitions for the April to December 2022 time frame did not count for world rankings nor world records. On the 4 September 2023, World Aquatics announced the capacity and criteria for Russian and Belarusian athletes to compete at competitions as 'Neutral Independent Athletes'. On 19 June 2022, FINA (World Aquatics) "committed to

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3172-433: The presiding officer's impartiality and to ensure an objective and impersonal approach. In the British music hall tradition, the chairman was the master of ceremonies who announced the performances and was responsible for controlling any rowdy elements in the audience. The role was popularised on British TV in the 1960s and 1970s by Leonard Sachs , the chairman on the variety show The Good Old Days . "Chairman" as

3233-437: The reputation of international diving and that she was acting in the interests of China rather than international diving as a whole. Subsequent to Latimer's complaint, video evidence emerged online showing Zhou coaching Chinese divers during competition sessions at the 2020 Summer Olympics, a behavior considered unethical given her supposedly neutral role as a FINA Vice President and Diving Bureau Liaison. In July 2022, Latimer

3294-403: The result. At a meeting, the chair only has one vote (i.e. the chair cannot vote twice and cannot override the decision of the group unless the organization has specifically given the chair such authority). The powers of the chair vary widely across organizations. In some organizations they have the authority to hire staff and make financial decisions. In others they only make recommendations to

3355-494: The separation of Aquatics sports into men's and women's categories according to sex" by a 71% vote, adopting a new policy on eligibility for the men's and women's competition categories. This policy effectively bars all transgender women from competing in professional women's swimming, with the exception of athletes who "can establish to FINA's comfortable satisfaction that they have not experienced any part of male puberty beyond Tanner Stage 2 (of puberty) or before age 12, whichever

3416-477: The six aquatic disciplines are contested. A 50m length pool is used for swimming races. The World Open Water Swimming Championships (also known as 'Open Water Worlds') is part of the World Aquatics Championships. Additional standalone editions of the Open Water Championships were also held in the even years from 2000 to 2010. The World Masters Championships (also known as 'Masters Worlds)

3477-422: The time of ban implementation, with examples including Lithuanian Rūta Meilutytė (2019–2021) and Russians Artem Lobuzov (2021–2025), Alexandra Sokolova (2021–2025), and Artem Podyakov (2021–2025). Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials were banned from every FINA (World Aquatics) event through the end of 2022. FINA also cancelled FINA events in Russia, and banned Russian and Belarusian teams through to

3538-686: Was added to the program of the World Aquatics Championships. In 1993 the first edition of the World Aquatics Swimming Championships (25m) was staged in Palma de Mallorca , Spain. In 2010 FINA convened the first edition of the FINA World Aquatics Convention in Punta del Este , Uruguay. In 2013 high diving was added to the program of the World Aquatics Championships. In 2015 FINA staged

3599-494: Was announced that Universal Sports would shut down on November 16, 2015, and that NBC Sports would inherit the network's portfolio of sports rights for its own networks (such as NBC , NBCSN and Universal HD ). The channel shut down at 6AM on that day; with the documentary "5 Peaks in a Day from Switzerland" being the network's last program. On July 1, 2017, the United States Olympic Committee and

3660-440: Was dropped by most cable providers as a result of a protracted battle to get them to offer the service as a premium channel . One of the providers to drop the channel was Comcast , the nation's largest cable company and part-owner of Universal Sports' co-parent NBCUniversal at the time (it would later acquire the remaining ownership interest held by General Electric in 2013). The channel had long-term broadcasting agreements with

3721-549: Was not re-elected to FINA's Technical Diving Committee, and Zhou was one of the FINA Bureau Member's who had input in the selection process. In 2022 FINA's By Laws were updated to state that the Bureau Liaison position that Zhou holds should not interfere on the field of play during competitions and that individuals holding that position shall not act as a Team Leader or coach at international events including

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