72-775: Waddington may refer to: Places [ edit ] Waddington, Lincolnshire , large village in Lincolnshire, England RAF Waddington , airforce station a few miles from the above village Waddington, Lancashire , small village in Lancashire, England Waddington, California , unincorporated community in Humboldt County, California, United States Waddington, New York , town in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States Waddington (village), New York , village located in
144-507: A rational function . Among other results, he proved what is now called Boole's identity: for any real numbers a k > 0, b k , and t > 0. Generalisations of this identity play an important role in the theory of the Hilbert transform . In 1847, Boole published the pamphlet Mathematical Analysis of Logic . He later regarded it as a flawed exposition of his logical system and wanted An Investigation of
216-704: A boarding school in Lincoln. Boole was an active member of local societies and collaborated with fellow mathematicians. In 1849, Boole was appointed the first professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork (now University College Cork) in Ireland, where he met his future wife, Mary Everest . He continued his involvement in social causes and maintained connections with Lincoln. In 1864, Boole died due to fever-induced pleural effusion after developing pneumonia . Boole published around 50 articles and several separate publications in his lifetime. Some of his key works include
288-601: A campaign to reduce prostitution. In 1861, Boole was involved in a Judgement in the Court of Queen's Bench in Ireland against one John Hewitt Wheatley of Craig House, Sligo for the sum of £400, whereby Wheatley's estate and interest in lands of Maghan/Mahon, County Cork became vested in Boole. In March 1863, Boole leased Litchfield Cottage, Cork, the house in which he would live with his wife Mary until his death in December of
360-549: A few others, but nearly all the logicians and mathematicians ignored [953] the statement that the book was meant to throw light on the nature of the human mind; and treated the formula entirely as a wonderful new method of reducing to logical order masses of evidence about external fact. Mary Boole claimed that there was profound influence – via her uncle George Everest – of Indian thought in general and Indian logic , in particular, on George Boole, as well as on Augustus De Morgan and Charles Babbage : Think what must have been
432-587: A fundamental concept in binary logic, which laid the groundwork for the algebra of logic tradition and forms the foundation of digital circuit design and modern computer science. Boole also attempted to discover a general method in probabilities, focusing on determining the consequent probability of events logically connected to given probabilities. His work was expanded upon by various scholars, such as Charles Sanders Peirce and William Stanley Jevons. Boole's ideas later gained practical applications when Claude Shannon and Victor Shestakov employed Boolean algebra to optimize
504-421: A less spacious field. Sometimes, in discoursing of men we imply (without expressing the limitation) that it is of men only under certain circumstances and conditions that we speak, as of civilised men, or of men in the vigour of life, or of men under some other condition or relation. Now, whatever may be the extent of the field within which all the objects of our discourse are found, that field may properly be termed
576-463: A paper on early invariant theory and "The Mathematical Analysis of Logic," which introduced symbolic logic. Boole also wrote two systematic treatises: "Treatise on Differential Equations" and "Treatise on the Calculus of Finite Differences." He contributed to the theory of linear differential equations and the study of the sum of residues of a rational function. In 1847, Boole developed Boolean algebra,
648-400: Is a commemorative plaque inside the adjoining church. Boole is the namesake of the branch of algebra known as Boolean algebra , as well as the namesake of the lunar crater Boole . The keyword Bool represents a Boolean data type in many programming languages, though Pascal and Java , among others, both use the full name Boolean . The library, underground lecture theatre complex and
720-526: Is best known as the author of The Laws of Thought (1854), which contains Boolean algebra . Boolean logic, essential to computer programming , is credited with helping to lay the foundations for the Information Age . Boole was the son of a shoemaker. He received a primary school education and learned Latin and modern languages through various means. At 16, he began teaching to support his family. He established his own school at 19 and later ran
792-663: Is correct for exclusive or, because he saw the equation x + x = 0 as implying x = 0, a false analogy with ordinary algebra. The second part of the Laws of Thought contained a corresponding attempt to discover a general method in probabilities . Here the goal was algorithmic: from the given probabilities of any system of events, to determine the consequent probability of any other event logically connected with those events. In late November 1864, Boole walked, in heavy rain, from his home at Lichfield Cottage in Ballintemple to
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#1732772055195864-532: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Waddington, Lincolnshire Waddington is a village and civil parish in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire , England, situated approximately 4 miles (6 km) south of Lincoln on the A607 Grantham Road. The village is known for its association with RAF Waddington . At
936-414: Is his principle of wholistic reference , which was later, and probably independently, adopted by Gottlob Frege and by logicians who subscribe to standard first-order logic. A 2003 article provides a systematic comparison and critical evaluation of Aristotelian logic and Boolean logic ; it also reveals the centrality of holistic reference in Boole's philosophy of logic . In every discourse, whether of
1008-601: Is located on High Street. There is a medical practice on Grantham Road, and a chiropody practice on Bar Lane. The Lincolnshire Fire Brigade premises are situated on Mere Road. The village shops are mainly located in the Bar Lane area of the upper part of the village and the Redwood Drive Shopping Centre in the lower part of the village. There is an Indian takeaway outlet and a fish and chip shop . A post office and library are incorporated within
1080-556: Is the basic concept that underlies all modern electronic digital computers . Victor Shestakov at Moscow State University (1907–1987) proposed a theory of electric switches based on Boolean logic even earlier than Claude Shannon in 1935 on the testimony of Soviet logicians and mathematicians Sofya Yanovskaya , Gaaze-Rapoport, Roland Dobrushin , Lupanov, Medvedev and Uspensky. But the first publication of Shestakov's result took place only in 1941 (in Russian). Hence, Boolean algebra became
1152-462: Is to admit that operations may not commute . In 1847, Boole published The Mathematical Analysis of Logic , the first of his works on symbolic logic. Boole completed two systematic treatises on mathematical subjects during his lifetime. The Treatise on Differential Equations appeared in 1859, and was followed, the next year, by a Treatise on the Calculus of Finite Differences , a sequel to
1224-479: The 2001 Census Waddington had a population of 6,086, increasing to 6,122 at the 2011 census. It grew to 12,622 and this included the village of Bracebridge Heath , The name 'Waddington' means 'farm/settlement of the people of Wada'. The village is a documented settlement in the Domesday Book of 1086 and was mainly an agricultural community until the late 19th century. Horseracing also took place on
1296-690: The Co-operative Pharmacy premises on Bar Lane. Zoo Ceramics pottery workshop and gallery are situated next to the post office. There are three village public houses : the Horse and Jockey (now closed) which faces onto the old village square at the centre of the village, the Three Horse Shoes, adjacent to St Michael's Church on High Street, and the Wheatsheaf, at the crossroads of the Lincoln to Grantham road (A607) and Mere Road,
1368-889: The Lincoln Mechanics' Institute , in the Greyfriars, Lincoln , which was founded in 1833. Edward Bromhead , who knew John Boole through the institution, helped George Boole with mathematics books and he was given the calculus text of Sylvestre François Lacroix by the Rev. George Stevens Dickson of St Swithin's, Lincoln . Without a teacher, it took him many years to master calculus. At age 19, Boole successfully established his own school in Lincoln: Free School Lane. Four years later he took over Hall's Academy in Waddington , outside Lincoln, following
1440-667: The Stagecoach Group . The older part of the village primarily consists of buildings built of the local limestone along with some brick-built houses built after brick-making began to take place on the lower slopes of the village. Newer residential areas are located in the Brant Road part of the village (which is at the bottom of the Lincoln Edge and has merged with the Lincoln suburb of Bracebridge), and are of modern brick and tile construction. The more modern areas of
1512-600: The University of Dublin and the University of Oxford . Boole's first published paper was "Researches in the theory of analytical transformations, with a special application to the reduction of the general equation of the second order", printed in the Cambridge Mathematical Journal in February 1840 (Volume 2, No. 8, pp. 64–73), and it led to his friendship with Duncan Farquharson Gregory ,
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#17327720551951584-414: The universe of discourse . Furthermore, this universe of discourse is in the strictest sense the ultimate subject of the discourse. Boole conceived of "elective symbols" of his kind as an algebraic structure . But this general concept was not available to him: he did not have the segregation standard in abstract algebra of postulated (axiomatic) properties of operations, and deduced properties. His work
1656-411: The 1870s. Other significant figures were Platon Sergeevich Poretskii , and William Ernest Johnson . The conception of a Boolean algebra structure on equivalent statements of a propositional calculus is credited to Hugh MacColl (1877), in work surveyed 15 years later by Johnson. Surveys of these developments were published by Ernst Schröder , Louis Couturat , and Clarence Irving Lewis . In 1921,
1728-530: The All-Ranks Club on the RAF station is still named. The village 12th-century St Michael and All Angels church was rebuilt in 1721 and destroyed in a Second World War air raid on the night of 8 May 1941. It was replaced by the present-day Anglican parish church of St Michael on High Street, a modern stone building consecrated in 1954. The original Great War memorial was also destroyed and replaced by
1800-739: The Boole Centre for Research in Informatics at University College Cork are named in his honour. A road called Boole Heights in Bracknell, Berkshire is named after him. Boole's work was extended and refined by a number of writers, beginning with William Stanley Jevons , who also authored the article about Boole in the Encyclopaedia Britannica . Augustus De Morgan had worked on the logic of relations , and Charles Sanders Peirce integrated his work with Boole's during
1872-522: The July 2022 heatwave, Waddington jointly recorded the new record high with nearby Coningsby at 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) on the 19th. However, the Met Office does not officially recognise the joint record due to unstated "non-standard practices", and Coningsby is solely credited with the July 2022 all-time record. Waddington's records are in line with other stations and there is no known reason for why
1944-546: The Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities to be seen as the mature statement of his views. Contrary to widespread belief, Boole never intended to criticise or disagree with the main principles of Aristotle 's logic. Rather he intended to systematise it, to provide it with a foundation, and to extend its range of applicability. Boole's initial involvement in logic
2016-851: The UK, founded in November 1916 for the Royal Flying Corps . RAF Waddington is the RAF's main ISTAR airfield, operating amongst others the E-3D Sentry (a.k.a. AWACS ) reconnaissance aircraft. Previous to this, the station had been home to part of the Avro Vulcan nuclear bomber force. RAF Waddington is now home to 13 Sqn who operate the MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Air Vehicles (RPAS), although
2088-565: The Universities of Dublin and Oxford. Boole was born in 1815 in Lincoln , Lincolnshire , England, the son of John Boole Snr (1779–1848), a shoemaker and Mary Ann Joyce. He had a primary school education, and received lessons from his father, but due to a serious decline in business, he had little further formal and academic teaching. William Brooke, a bookseller in Lincoln, may have helped him with Latin, which he may also have learned at
2160-474: The adjacent village of Harmston and does not reappear until the other side of Lincoln. Waddington is known as a Lincolnshire Cliff Village, as it is situated on a ridge of Jurassic limestone called the Lincoln Edge or Lincoln Cliff Waddington lies 3 miles (5 km) south of Lincoln and 13 miles (21 km) north-northwest of Sleaford . During the Ice Age , most of the region surrounding Waddington
2232-462: The affections of a young man; this produced a challenge from the former to fight for the prize, which was accepted by the latter. Proper sidesmen were chosen, and every matter conducted in form. After several knock-down blows on both sides, the boxing battle ended in favour of Mary Farmery. Around 1830, George Boole , the mathematician , taught at Waddington Academy Boarding School in the village, run by Robert Hall. From 1838 to 1840, Boole lived in
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2304-648: The aircraft are not physically based there. Two Commonwealth air force personnel of the First World War and 33 of the Second World War buried from this airfield have war graves in a plot St Michael's Churchyard. According to the Köppen classification , the British Isles experience a maritime climate characterised by relatively cool summers and mild winters. Compared with other parts of
2376-510: The bishop. He took part in the local campaign for early closing . With Edmund Larken and others he set up a building society in 1847. He associated also with the Chartist Thomas Cooper , whose wife was a relation. From 1838 onwards, Boole was making contacts with sympathetic British academic mathematicians and reading more widely. He studied algebra in the form of symbolic methods, as far as these were understood at
2448-464: The conception of a moral Governor of the World, from the study of the constitution and the moral provisions of our own nature;--these, though but the feeble steps of an understanding limited in its faculties and its materials of knowledge, are of more avail than the ambitious attempt to arrive at a certainty unattainable on the ground of natural religion. And as these were the most ancient, so are they still
2520-406: The correct mathematical definition of independence in his worked out problems. Boole's work and that of later logicians initially appeared to have no engineering uses. Claude Shannon attended a philosophy class at the University of Michigan which introduced him to Boole's studies. Shannon recognised that Boole's work could form the basis of mechanisms and processes in the real world and that it
2592-438: The country, Lincolnshire – and Waddington – are slightly warmer and sunnier in the summer and colder and frostier in the winter. Owing to Waddington's inland position, far from the landfall of most Atlantic depressions, it is one of the driest places to live in the UK, receiving, on average, less than 3 ft (910 mm) of rain per year. The mean annual daily duration of bright sunshine is four hours and 12 minutes. In
2664-509: The current memorial. High Dyke, the road that runs between the main RAF station and the service married quarters, lies on the line of the Roman road Ermine Street . There is only minor evidence that High Dyke is Ermine Street, but the alignment is so exact that it is unlikely to be a coincidence. Ermine Street, as it passes Byards Leap 20 miles (32 km) to the south, is also called High Dyke. The traceable line of Ermine Street peters out in
2736-523: The death of Robert Hall. In 1840, he moved back to Lincoln, where he ran a boarding school. Boole immediately became involved in the Lincoln Topographical Society, serving as a member of the committee, and presenting a paper entitled "On the origin, progress, and tendencies of polytheism, especially amongst the ancient Egyptians and Persians, and in modern India". Boole became a prominent local figure, an admirer of John Kaye ,
2808-549: The design of electromechanical relay systems, leading to the development of modern electronic digital computers. University College Cork celebrated the 200th anniversary of Boole's birth in 2015, highlighting his significant impact on the digital age. Boole's contributions to mathematics earned him various honours, including the Royal Society's first gold prize for mathematics, the Keith Medal, and honorary degrees from
2880-778: The digital age, including a new edition of Desmond MacHale 's 1985 biography The Life and Work of George Boole: A Prelude to the Digital Age , 2014. The search engine Google marked the 200th anniversary of his birth on 2 November 2015 with an algebraic reimaging of its Google Doodle . In September 2022, a statue of George Boole in his role as a teacher was unveiled at Lincoln Central Train Station , in Boole's home town of Lincoln . Boole's views were given in four published addresses: The Genius of Sir Isaac Newton ; The Right Use of Leisure ; The Claims of Science ; and The Social Aspect of Intellectual Culture . The first of these
2952-478: The economist John Maynard Keynes published a book on probability theory, A Treatise of Probability . Keynes believed that Boole had made a fundamental error in his definition of independence which vitiated much of his analysis. In his book The Last Challenge Problem , David Miller provides a general method in accord with Boole's system and attempts to solve the problems recognised earlier by Keynes and others. Theodore Hailperin showed much earlier that Boole had used
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3024-616: The editor of the journal. His works are in about 50 articles and a few separate publications. In 1841, Boole published an influential paper in early invariant theory . He received a medal from the Royal Society for his memoir of 1844, "On a General Method in Analysis". It was a contribution to the theory of linear differential equations , moving from the case of constant coefficients on which he had already published, to variable coefficients. The innovation in operational methods
3096-510: The effect of the intense Hinduizing of three such men as Babbage, De Morgan, and George Boole on the mathematical atmosphere of 1830–65. What share had it in generating the Vector Analysis and the mathematics by which investigations in physical science are now conducted? Boole maintained that: No general method for the solution of questions in the theory of probabilities can be established which does not explicitly recognise, not only
3168-472: The end was said to have chosen Unitarianism . Boole came to speak against what he saw as "prideful" scepticism, and instead favoured the belief in a "Supreme Intelligent Cause". He also declared "I firmly believe, for the accomplishment of a purpose of the Divine Mind." In addition, he stated "To infer the existence of an intelligent cause from the teeming evidence of surrounding design , to rise to
3240-450: The essential groundwork for modern mathematics, microelectronic engineering and computer science." —University College Cork. The year 2015 saw the 200th anniversary of Boole's birth. To mark the bicentenary year, University College Cork joined admirers of Boole around the world to celebrate his life and legacy. UCC's George Boole 200 project, featured events, student outreach activities and academic conferences on Boole's legacy in
3312-508: The following year. The premises was described in the deeds as "all that and those the dwelling house called Litchfield Cottage with the premises and appurtenances thereunto belonging and the Garden and Walled in field to the rere thereof". Boole's will bequeathed all his 'estate term and interest' in the lease of Litchfield Cottage unto his wife. In August 1865, some 8 months after his death, Mary (by then living at 68 Harley Street, London) passed
3384-575: The former work. Shortly after his death, Todhunter republished Boole's treatise with some of Boole's revisions, along with a supplement that was originally intended to be merged in the making of the second edition. In 1857, Boole published the treatise "On the Comparison of Transcendent, with Certain Applications to the Theory of Definite Integrals", in which he studied the sum of residues of
3456-418: The foundation of practical digital circuit design; and Boole, via Shannon and Shestakov, provided the theoretical grounding for the Information Age . "Boole's legacy surrounds us everywhere, in the computers, information storage and retrieval, electronic circuits and controls that support life, learning and communications in the 21st century. His pivotal advances in mathematics, logic and probability provided
3528-450: The heathland areas, which are now part of the RAF station. At various times other activities including malting, brick-making and stone-quarrying have taken place in the village. Richard de Soham , a senior judge and Crown official in Ireland, was appointed parish priest of Waddington in 1303, and apparently retired there in 1305. In 1790 Mary Farmery and Susanna Locker both laid claim to
3600-437: The help of a learned Jew in Lincoln he found out the true nature of the discovery which had dawned on him. This was that man's mind works by means of some mechanism which "functions normally towards Monism ." In Ch. 13 of Laws of Thought Boole used examples of propositions from Baruch Spinoza and Samuel Clarke . The work contains some remarks on the relationship of logic to religion, but they are slight and cryptic. Boole
3672-498: The house on to Francis Heard of Ballintemple, Cork, Esquire, a captain in her Majesty's 87th Regiment of South Cork. In 1844, Boole's paper "On a General Method in Analysis" won the first gold prize for mathematics awarded by the Royal Society . He was awarded the Keith Medal by the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1855 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1857 . He received honorary degrees of LL.D. from
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#17327720551953744-416: The interpretation, commonly reading it as exclusive or , or in set theory terms symmetric difference ; this step means that addition is always defined. In fact, there is the other possibility, that + should be read as disjunction . This other possibility extends from the disjoint union case, where exclusive or and non-exclusive or both give the same answer. Handling this ambiguity was an early problem of
3816-473: The main access road to RAF Waddington . There is also a pub restaurant, the Crow's Nest. The village is also home to Foss Dyke Band who became one of the few brass bands in the UK to gain promotion from fourth section to championship section over a period of seven years and in 2013 established a new brass band in the village, Witham Brass. The village is served by bus links to Lincoln and Grantham, operated by
3888-437: The mind conversing with its own thoughts, or of the individual in his intercourse with others, there is an assumed or expressed limit within which the subjects of its operation are confined. The most unfettered discourse is that in which the words we use are understood in the widest possible application, and for them, the limits of discourse are co-extensive with those of the universe itself. But more usually we confine ourselves to
3960-424: The most solid foundations, Revelation being set apart, of the belief that the course of this world is not abandoned to chance and inexorable fate." Two influences on Boole were later claimed by his wife, Mary Everest Boole : a universal mysticism tempered by Jewish thought, and Indian logic . Mary Boole stated that an adolescent mystical experience provided for his life's work: My husband told me that when he
4032-416: The record could be anomalous. George Boole George Boole Jnr FRS ( / b uː l / ; 2 November 1815 – 8 December 1864) was a largely self-taught English mathematician , philosopher and logician , most of whose short career was spent as the first professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork in Ireland. He worked in the fields of differential equations and algebraic logic , and
4104-455: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Waddington . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waddington&oldid=949577387 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
4176-577: The school of Thomas Bainbridge. He was self-taught in modern languages. In fact, when a local newspaper printed his translation of a Latin poem, a scholar accused him of plagiarism under the pretence that he was not capable of such achievements. At age 16, Boole became the breadwinner for his parents and three younger siblings, taking up a junior teaching position in Doncaster at Heigham's School. He taught briefly in Liverpool . Boole participated in
4248-413: The theory, reflecting the modern use of both Boolean rings and Boolean algebras (which are simply different aspects of one type of structure). Boole and Jevons struggled over just this issue in 1863, in the form of the correct evaluation of x + x . Jevons argued for the result x , which is correct for + as disjunction. Boole kept the result as something undefined. He argued against the result 0, which
4320-463: The time, and began to publish research papers. Boole's status as a mathematician was recognised by his appointment in 1849 as the first professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork (now University College Cork (UCC)) in Ireland. He met his future wife, Mary Everest , there in 1850 while she was visiting her uncle John Ryall who was professor of Greek. They married in 1855. He maintained his ties with Lincoln, working there with E. R. Larken in
4392-525: The town of Waddington, New York, United States Waddington, New Zealand , village in Canterbury, New Zealand Mount Waddington , mountain in British Columbia, Canada Waddington Range , mountain range in British Columbia, Canada People [ edit ] Waddington (surname) See also [ edit ] Waddingtons , a British publishing company Topics referred to by
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#17327720551954464-535: The university, a distance of three miles, and lectured wearing his wet clothes. He soon became ill, developing pneumonia. As his wife believed that remedies should resemble their cause, she wrapped him in wet blankets – the wet having brought on his illness. Boole's condition worsened and on 8 December 1864, he died of fever-induced pleural effusion . He was buried in the Church of Ireland cemetery of St Michael's, Church Road, Blackrock (a suburb of Cork ). There
4536-531: The village and became headmaster of the academy. Enemy action during 1941 severely damaged 71 houses in the village, as well as the Horse & Jockey pub and the NAAFI building on the RAF station . The damage was mainly caused by two aerial mines; large bombs dropped by parachute and fused to explode before hitting the ground. Eleven people were killed, among them the NAAFI manager, Mrs Constance Raven, after whom
4608-402: The village have developed down the steep hill towards Lincoln. There are two primary schools within the parish of Waddington. All Saints' Primary School is in the upper part of the village on Mere Road, and Waddington Redwood Academy is in the lower part of the village off Brant Road. RAF Waddington is a British airfield east of the village's centre. It is one of the oldest airfields in
4680-504: Was a beginning to the algebra of sets , again not a concept available to Boole as a familiar model. His pioneering efforts encountered specific difficulties, and the treatment of addition was an obvious difficulty in the early days. Boole replaced the operation of multiplication by the word "and" and addition by the word "or". But in Boole's original system, + was a partial operation : in the language of set theory it would correspond only to disjoint union of subsets. Later authors changed
4752-518: Was a lad of seventeen a thought struck him suddenly, which became the foundation of all his future discoveries. It was a flash of psychological insight into the conditions under which a mind most readily accumulates knowledge [...] For a few years he supposed himself to be convinced of the truth of "the Bible" as a whole, and even intended to take orders as a clergyman of the English Church. But by
4824-689: Was also given in Cork, in 1855 to the Cuvierian Society. Though his biographer Des MacHale describes Boole as an "agnostic deist", Boole read a wide variety of Christian theology. Combining his interests in mathematics and theology, he compared the Christian trinity of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost with the three dimensions of space, and was attracted to the Hebrew conception of God as an absolute unity. Boole considered converting to Judaism but in
4896-411: Was apparently disconcerted at the book's reception just as a mathematical toolset: George afterwards learned, to his great joy, that the same conception of the basis of Logic was held by Leibniz , the contemporary of Newton. De Morgan, of course, understood the formula in its true sense; he was Boole's collaborator all along. Herbert Spencer, Jowett, and Robert Leslie Ellis understood, I feel sure; and
4968-459: Was covered by ice sheets and this has influenced the topography and nature of the soils. Waddington's cliff-top position means it is 226 ft (69 m) above sea level, giving it commanding views over the River Witham valley. The Viking Way enters the village from the north on Far Lane and passes south along High Street then briefly along Millers Road. The parish council office
5040-471: Was from 1835 when Charles Anderson-Pelham, 1st Earl of Yarborough gave a bust of Newton to the Mechanics' Institute in Lincoln. The second justified and celebrated in 1847 the outcome of the successful campaign for early closing in Lincoln, headed by Alexander Leslie-Melville, of Branston Hall . The Claims of Science was given in 1851 at Queen's College, Cork. The Social Aspect of Intellectual Culture
5112-451: Was prompted by a current debate on quantification , between Sir William Hamilton who supported the theory of "quantification of the predicate", and Boole's supporter Augustus De Morgan who advanced a version of De Morgan duality , as it is now called. Boole's approach was ultimately much further reaching than either sides' in the controversy. It founded what was first known as the "algebra of logic" tradition. Among his many innovations
5184-496: Was therefore highly relevant. In 1937 Shannon went on to write a master's thesis, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , in which he showed how Boolean algebra could optimise the design of systems of electromechanical relays then used in telephone routing switches. He also proved that circuits with relays could solve Boolean algebra problems. Employing the properties of electrical switches to process logic
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