A waiting room or waiting hall is a building, or more commonly a part of a building or a room, where people sit or stand until the event or appointment for which they are waiting begins.
73-414: There are two types of physical waiting room. One has individuals leave for appointments one at a time or in small groups, for instance at a doctor's office , a hospital triage area, or outside a school headmaster 's office. The other has people leave en masse such as those at railway stations , bus stations , and airports . Both examples also highlight the difference between waiting rooms in which one
146-603: A bidet shower may be plumbed in. The left hand is used for cleansing, for which reason that hand is considered impolite or polluted in many Asian countries. The use of water in many Christian countries is due in part to the biblical toilet etiquette which encourages washing after all instances of defecation. The bidet is common in predominantly Catholic countries where water is considered essential for anal cleansing , and in some traditionally Orthodox and Lutheran countries such as Greece and Finland respectively, where bidet showers are common. There are toilets on
219-466: A doctor's practice , is a medical facility in which one or more medical doctors , usually general practitioners (GP), receive and treat patients . Doctors' offices are the primary place where ambulatory care is given, and are often the first place that a sick person would go for care, except in an emergency, in which case one would go to an emergency department at a hospital . In developed countries, where health services are guaranteed by
292-406: A sanitation system, although other elements are also needed: transport, treatment, disposal, or reuse . Diseases, including Cholera , which still affects some 3 million people each year, can be largely prevented when effective sanitation and water treatment prevents fecal matter from contaminating waterways , groundwater , and drinking water supplies. The fourth millennium BC would witness
365-530: A waiting room and examination room(s). Examination rooms usually consist of an examination table , upon which the patient sits or lies down, and various other equipment, depending on the office. Examples of the equipment found in an examination room include: Toilet A toilet is a piece of sanitary hardware that collects human waste such as urine and feces , and sometimes toilet paper , usually for disposal. Flush toilets use water, while dry or non-flush toilets do not. They can be designed for
438-629: A cubicle over the drain. Around the 18th century BC, toilets started to appear in Minoan Crete , Pharaonic Egypt , and ancient Persia . In 2012, archaeologists found what is believed to be Southeast Asia's earliest latrine during the excavation of a neolithic village in the Rạch Núi archaeological site , southern Vietnam. The toilet, dating back 1500 BC, yielded important clues about early Southeast Asian society. More than 30 coprolites , containing fish and shattered animal bones, provided information on
511-465: A desk or counter to greet customers/clients, give them information about the expected waiting period, and answer any questions about their appointment time or the appointment process. In doctors' or dentists' waiting rooms, the patients may be able to make additional appointments, pay for appointments, or deal with other administrative tasks with the receptionist or administrator. In police stations , check cashing stores , and some government waiting rooms,
584-481: A gypsum-based mortar that emptied either into the surrounding water bodies or alternatively into cesspits , the latter of which were regularly emptied and cleaned. Other very early toilets that used flowing water to remove the waste are found at Skara Brae in Orkney, Scotland, which was occupied from about 3100 BC until 2500 BC. Some of the houses there have a drain running directly beneath them, and some of these had
657-514: A large part of their duration. They are used elsewhere in the arts to symbolize waiting in the general sense, to symbolize transitions in life and for scenes depicting emptiness , insignificance or sadness. In the play No Exit , by French existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre , several strangers find themselves waiting in a mysterious room, where they each wonder why; finally, they each realize that they are in Hell , and that their punishment
730-437: A nurse, and they are seen by the doctor depending on the severity of their medical condition. In a doctor's or dentist's waiting room, patients are generally seen in the order in which their appointments are for, with the exception of emergency cases, which get seen immediately upon their arrival. In Canada , where there is publicly-provided health care, controversy has arisen when some important people or celebrities have jumped
803-423: A once-yearly recommended physical examination . This exam usually consists of gathering information such as a patient's blood pressure , heart rate , weight , and height , along with checking for any irregularities or signs of illness around the body. GPs will also ask the patients about any mental health problems that they may be experiencing, and may refer them to a psychiatrist for further examination in
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#1732765630292876-523: A quarter of a liter per flush) or none, (as in waterless urinals ). Some flush with coloured disinfectant solution rather than with water. They may be used to separate blackwater and greywater , and process them separately (for instance, the fairly dry blackwater can be used for biogas production, or in a composting toilet ). Passenger train toilets , aircraft lavatories , bus toilets, and ships with plumbing often use vacuum toilets. The lower water usage saves weight, and avoids water slopping out of
949-520: A sitting position popular in Europe and North America with a toilet seat , with additional considerations for those with disabilities , or for a squatting posture more popular in Asia , known as a squat toilet . In urban areas, flush toilets are usually connected to a sewer system ; in isolated areas, to a septic tank . The waste is known as blackwater and the combined effluent, including other sources,
1022-561: A toilet at all; they must openly defecate and urinate. These issues can lead to the spread of diseases transmitted via the fecal-oral route , or the transmission of waterborne diseases such as cholera and dysentery . Therefore, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 wants to "achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation". The number of different types of toilets used worldwide
1095-523: A toilet linked to a pigsty by a chute, is still in use to a limited extent. It was common in rural China, and was known in Japan, Korea, and India. The "fish pond toilet" depends on the same principle, of livestock (often carp ) eating human excreta directly. There are cultural differences in socially accepted and preferred voiding positions for urination around the world: in the Middle East and Asia,
1168-435: A vent pipe attached to the sewer line. The amount of water used by conventional flush toilets usually makes up a significant portion of personal daily water usage. However, modern low flush toilet designs allow the use of much less water per flush. Dual flush toilets allow the user to select between a flush for urine or feces, saving a significant amount of water over conventional units. One type of dual flush system allows
1241-479: Is sewage . Dry toilets are connected to a pit , removable container , composting chamber , or other storage and treatment device, including urine diversion with a urine-diverting toilet . The technology used for modern toilets varies. Toilets are commonly made of ceramic ( porcelain ), concrete, plastic, or wood. Newer toilet technologies include dual flushing , low flushing , toilet seat warming , self-cleaning, female urinals and waterless urinals . Japan
1314-402: Is a ceramic bowl (pan) connected on the "up" side to a cistern (tank) that enables rapid filling with water, and on the "down" side to a drain pipe that removes the effluent. When a toilet is flushed, the sewage should flow into a septic tank or into a system connected to a sewage treatment plant . However, in many developing countries , this treatment step does not take place. The water in
1387-541: Is a concern as unsecured connections may be vulnerable to attack, tampering, or even simply by piggybacking users who are within range but not waiting. Sometimes found in airports and railway stations are special waiting rooms, often called " lounges ", for those who have paid more. These will generally be less crowded and will have superior seating and better facilities. Waiting rooms for high-end services may provide complimentary drinks and snacks. The films Brief Encounter and The Terminal use waiting rooms as sets for
1460-579: Is asked to wait (private waiting rooms) and waiting rooms in which one can enter at will (public waiting rooms). There are also digital waiting rooms that operate within on-line video conferencing applications such as Zoom developed by Zoom Video Communications . This is a virtual waiting room where participants can be held until such time as the host allows them to enter the meeting. People in private waiting rooms are queued up based on various methods in different types of waiting rooms. In hospital emergency department waiting areas, patients are triaged by
1533-479: Is being forced to be with each other ("L'enfer, c'est les autres", which translates as "Hell is other people"). In the 2010 Bollywood film The Waiting Room , directed by Maneej Premnath and produced by Sunil Doshi, four passengers waiting in a remote South Indian railway station are stranded there on a rainy night. A serial killer is on the prowl, targeting the passengers of the waiting room, creating intense fear among them. The term "waiting room" also extends to
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#17327656302921606-405: Is called a "pour flush pit latrine" or a "twin pit pour flush to pit latrine". It can also be connected to a septic tank. Flush toilets on ships are typically flushed with seawater . Twin pit latrines use two pits used alternatively, when one pit gets full over a few months or years. The pits are of an adequate size to accommodate a volume of waste generated over one or two years. This allows
1679-407: Is distinguished from a pit latrine because the waste accumulates in the vault instead of seeping into the underlying soil. A chemical toilet collects human excreta in a holding tank and uses chemicals to minimize odors. They do not require a connection to a water supply and are used in a variety of situations. These toilets are usually, but not always, self-contained and movable. A chemical toilet
1752-418: Is known for its toilet technology . Airplane toilets are specially designed to operate in the air. The need to maintain anal hygiene post- defecation is universally recognized and toilet paper (often held by a toilet roll holder ), which may also be used to wipe the vulva after urination, is widely used (as well as bidets ). In private homes, depending on the region and style, the toilet may exist in
1825-422: Is large, but can be grouped by: Toilets can be designed to be used either in a standing (urinatiing), sitting or in a squatting posture (defecating). Each type has its benefits. The " sitting toilet ", however, is essential for those who are movement impaired. Sitting toilets are often referred to as "western-style toilets". Sitting toilets are more convenient than squat toilets for people with disabilities and
1898-440: Is repaired; the service manager can only give an estimate of the approximate waiting time. Clients waiting in the entrance or waiting area of a restaurant for a table normally are seated based on whether they have reservations , or for those without reservations, on a first-come, first-served approach; however, important customers or celebrities may be put to the front of the line. In restaurants, customers may also be able to jump
1971-407: Is structured around a relatively small tank, which requires frequent emptying. It is not connected to a hole in the ground (like a pit latrine ), nor to a septic tank , nor is it plumbed into a municipal system leading to a sewage treatment plant . When the tank is emptied, the contents are usually pumped into a sanitary sewer or directly to a treatment plant. The pig toilet , which consists of
2044-415: The toilet seat , including enough room for a caregiver if necessary. In prisons , inmates may utilize toilets and the associated plumbing to communicate messages and pass products. The acoustic properties of communicating through the toilet bowl, known as toilet talk, potty talk, toilet telephone is influenced by flush patterns and bowl water volumes. Prisoners may also send binary signals by ringing
2117-693: The "bedroom ware" or "chamber utensils". Once running water and flush toilets were plumbed into British houses, servants were sometimes given their own lavatory downstairs, separate from the family lavatory. The practice of emptying one's own chamber pot, known as slopping out , continued in British prisons until as recently as 2014 and was still in use in 85 cells in Ireland in July 2017. With rare exceptions, chamber pots are no longer used. Modern related implements are bedpans and commodes , used in hospitals and
2190-610: The 18th century. By the 16th century, cesspits and cesspools were increasingly dug into the ground near houses in Europe as a means of collecting waste, as urban populations grew and street gutters became blocked with the larger volume of human waste. Rain was no longer sufficient to wash away waste from the gutters. A pipe connected the latrine to the cesspool, and sometimes a small amount of water washed waste through. Cesspools were cleaned out by tradesmen, known in English as gong farmers , who pumped out liquid waste, then shovelled out
2263-405: The back door of the kitchen for use by gardeners and other outside staff such as those working with the horses. The speed of introduction was varied, so that in 1906 the predominantly working-class town of Rochdale had 750 water closets for a population of 10,000. The working-class home had transitioned from the rural cottage, to the urban back-to-back terraces with external rows of privies, to
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2336-434: The checking of blood pressure, temperature, and blood sugar. Some toilets have automatic lid operation, heated seats, deodorizing fans, or automated replacement of paper toilet-seat-covers. Interactive urinals have been developed in several countries, allowing users to play video games. The "Toylet", produced by Sega , uses pressure sensors to detect the flow of urine and translates that into on-screen action. Astronauts on
2409-445: The contents of the full pit enough time to transform into a partially sanitized, soil -like material that can be manually excavated. There is a risk of groundwater pollution when pits are located in areas with a high or variable water table, and/or fissures or cracks in the bedrock. A vacuum toilet is a flush toilet that is connected to a vacuum sewer system , and removes waste by suction. They may use very little water (less than
2482-724: The diet of humans and dogs, and on the types of parasites each had to contend with. In Sri Lanka , the techniques of the construction of toilets and lavatories developed over several stages. A highly developed stage in this process is discernible in the constructions at the Abhayagiri complex in Anuradhapura where toilets and baths dating back to 2nd century BC to 3rd century CE are known, later forms of toilets from 5th century CE to 13th century CE in Polonnaruwa and Anuradhapura had elaborate decorative motifs carved around
2555-517: The dramatic growth in the sewage system , especially in London, which made the flush toilet particularly attractive for health and sanitation reasons. Flush toilets were also known as "water closets", as opposed to the earth closets described above. WCs first appeared in Britain in the 1880s, and soon spread to Continental Europe. In America, the chain-pull indoor toilet was introduced in the homes of
2628-665: The drawer system help to protect the receptionists from aggressive or potentially violent clients. Most waiting rooms have seating. Some have adjacent toilets . It is not uncommon to find vending machines in public waiting rooms or newspapers and magazines in private waiting rooms. Also common in waiting rooms in the United States or in airports are public drinking fountains. Some waiting rooms have television access or music. The increasing prevalence of mobile devices has led to many waiting rooms providing electric outlets and free Wi-Fi Internet connections, though cybersecurity
2701-438: The elderly. People use different toilet types based on the country that they are in. In developing countries , access to toilets is also related to people's socio-economic status . Poor people in low-income countries often have no toilets at all and resort to open defecation instead. This is part of the sanitation crisis which international initiatives (such as World Toilet Day ) draw attention to. A typical flush toilet
2774-475: The establishment. One combination restaurant/store is the US Cracker Barrel chain. Some restaurants ask customers who are waiting for a table to sit in the restaurant's bar or its licensed lounge area; this approach may lead to increased sales of alcoholic beverages . Waiting rooms may be staffed or unstaffed. In waiting rooms that are staffed, a receptionist or administrative staffer sits behind
2847-492: The event that they do indeed have such problems. If there are any other health problems that must be addressed by a medical specialist , such as a cardiologist , a referral will be given. The staff of a doctor's office usually consists of nurses , receptionists , and doctors. Sometimes, many doctors of different medical specialties may be housed in one building, allowing easy referrals . Doctors' offices can range from spartan to luxurious. A basic office usually consists of
2920-483: The first-come, first-served approach, in which some clients are seen by the civil servants faster than others, depending on the nature of their service request and/or the availability of civil servants. This approach can lead to frustration for clients who are waiting, because one client who has been waiting for 30 minutes may see another client come in, take a number, and then be seen within five minutes. In car repair businesses, clients typically wait until their vehicle
2993-443: The flush handle to be pushed up for one kind of flush and down for the other, whereas another design is to have two buttons, one for urination and the other for defecation. In some places, users are encouraged not to flush after urination. Flushing toilets can be plumbed to use greywater (water that was previously used for washing dishes, laundry, and bathing) rather than potable water (drinking water). Some modern toilets pressurize
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3066-501: The home. Before the introduction of indoor toilets, it was common to use the chamber pot under one's bed at night and then to dispose of its contents in the morning. During the Victorian era , British housemaids collected all of the household's chamber pots and carried them to a room known as the housemaids' cupboard. This room contained a "slop sink", made of wood with a lead lining to prevent chipping china chamber pots, for washing
3139-401: The home. In pre-modern Denmark, people generally defecated on farmland or other places where the human waste could be collected as fertilizer . The Old Norse language had several terms for referring to outhouses , including garðhús (yard house), náð-/náða-hús (house of rest), and annat hús (the other house). In general, toilets were functionally non-existent in rural Denmark until
3212-615: The homes of invalids. Long-established sanitary wear manufacturers in the United Kingdom include Adamsez, founded in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1880, by M.J. and S.H. Adams, and Twyfords , founded in Hanley , Stoke-on-Trent in 1849, by Thomas Twyford and his son Thomas William Twyford . Before the widespread adoption of the flush toilet , there were inventors, scientists, and public health officials who supported
3285-462: The invention of clay pipes, sewers, and toilets, in Mesopotamia , with the city of Uruk today exhibiting the earliest known internal pit toilet, from c. 3200 BC . The Neolithic village of Skara Brae contains examples, c. 3000 BC , of internal small rooms over a communal drain, rather than pit. The Indus Valley Civilisation in northwestern India and Pakistan was home to
3358-420: The line (which is supposed to be based on the appointment order or by severity of condition). In some government offices, such as motor vehicle registration offices or social assistance services, there is a "first-come, first-served" approach in which clients take a number when they arrive. The clients are then seen in the order of their number. In the 2010s, some government offices have a triage -based variant of
3431-407: The line by giving a large gratuity or bribe to the maitre d'hotel or head waiter . Some restaurants which are co-located with or combined with a retail store or gift shop ask customers who are waiting for a table to browse in the merchandise section until their table's availability is announced on a PA system or via a pager ; this strategy can lead to increased purchases in the retail part of
3504-477: The market with seats having integrated spray mechanisms for anal and genital water sprays (see for example Toilets in Japan ). This can be useful for the elderly or people with disabilities. An accessible toilet is designed to accommodate people with physical disabilities , such as age related limited mobility or inability to walk due to impairments. Additional measures to add toilet accessibility are providing more space and grab bars to ease transfer to and from
3577-432: The ones pictured here, are commonly thought to have been used in the sitting position. The Roman toilets were probably elevated to raise them above open sewers which were periodically "flushed" with flowing water, rather than elevated for sitting. Romans and Greeks also used chamber pots , which they brought to meals and drinking sessions. Johan J. Mattelaer said, " Plinius has described how there were large receptacles in
3650-437: The other, with one or more holes to sit on. These were above chutes or pipes that discharged outside the castle or Manor house . Garderobes would be placed in areas away from bedrooms because of the smell and also near kitchens or fireplaces to keep their enclosures warm. The other main way of handling toilet needs was the chamber pot , a receptacle, usually of ceramic or metal, into which one would excrete waste. This method
3723-436: The realm of video games as a similar virtual waiting area where players for an online multiplayer game are placed into while waiting for all remaining players for a game session to be present. A virtual waiting room may be a mere, static loading screen (such as the waiting screens in the mobile game Star Wars: Force Arena ), or a playable environment in of itself where readied players can practice their skills to pass
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#17327656302923796-408: The receptionist or administrator is behind a plexiglass barrier, with either small holes to permit communication, or, in higher-security settings, a microphone and speaker. In reception areas with a plexiglass barrier, there may be a heavy-duty drawer to enable the client to provide money or papers to the receptionist and for the receptionist to provide documents to the client. The plexiglass barrier and
3869-437: The same bathroom as the sink, bathtub , and shower. Another option is to have one room for body washing (also called "bathroom") and a separate one for the toilet and handwashing sink ( toilet room ). Public toilets ( restrooms ) consist of one or more toilets (and commonly single urinals or trough urinals) which are available for use by the general public. Products like urinal blocks and toilet blocks help maintain
3942-453: The sewage or water pipes. Toilet talk enables communication for those in solitary confinement. Toilets have been subject to wiretaps. To this day, 1 billion people in developing countries have no toilets in their homes and are resorting to open defecation instead. Therefore, it is one of the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 6 to provide toilets (sanitation services) to everyone by 2030. Toilets are one important element of
4015-438: The smell and cleanliness of toilets. Toilet seat covers are sometimes used. Portable toilets (frequently chemical "porta johns" ) may be brought in for large and temporary gatherings. Historically, sanitation has been a concern from the earliest stages of human settlements . However, many poor households in developing countries use very basic, and often unhygienic, toilets – and nearly one billion people have no access to
4088-444: The solid waste and collected it during the night. This solid waste, euphemistically known as nightsoil , was sold as fertilizer for agricultural production (similarly to the closing-the-loop approach of ecological sanitation ). In the early 19th century, public officials and public hygiene experts studied and debated sanitation for several decades. The construction of an underground network of pipes to carry away solid and liquid waste
4161-468: The squatting position is more prevalent, while in the Western world the standing and sitting position are more common. In the Western world, the most common method of cleaning the anal area after defecation is by toilet paper or sometimes by using a bidet . In many Muslim countries , the facilities are designed to enable people to follow Islamic toilet etiquette Qaḍāʼ al-Ḥājah . For example,
4234-468: The state in some form, most medical visits to doctors take place in their offices. In the United States , where this is not the case, many people who cannot afford health insurance or doctor's visits must either go to free or reduced-cost clinics or an emergency department at a hospital for care, instead of a doctor's office. For healthy people, most visits to doctors' offices revolve around
4307-571: The streets of cities such as Rome and Pompeii into which chamber pots of urine were emptied. The urine was then collected by fullers." ( Fulling was a vital step in textile manufacture .) The Han dynasty in China two thousand years ago used pig toilets . Garderobes were toilets used in the Post-classical history , most commonly found in upper-class dwellings. Essentially, they were flat pieces of wood or stone spanning from one wall to
4380-486: The through terraced houses of the 1880 with their sculleries and individual external WC. It was the Tudor Walters Report of 1918 that recommended that semi-skilled workers should be housed in suburban cottages with kitchens and internal WC. As recommended floor standards waxed and waned in the building standards and codes, the bathroom with a water closet and later the low-level suite became more prominent in
4453-605: The time needed for all players to come onboard to begin the session, such as a dedicated "waiting room" arena in Super Smash Bros. Brawl and its subsequent sequels, where players can practice their fighting moves with their chosen character while waiting for other players to arrive. Doctor%27s office A doctor's office in American English , a doctor's surgery in British English , or
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#17327656302924526-480: The toilet bowl in motion. Aboard vehicles, a portable collection chamber is used; if it is filled by positive pressure from an intermediate vacuum chamber, it need not be kept under vacuum. A floating toilet is essentially a toilet on a platform built above or floating on the water. Instead of excreta going into the ground they are collected in a tank or barrel. To reduce the amount of excreta that needs to hauled to shore, many use urine diversion . The floating toilet
4599-413: The toilet bowl is connected to a pipe shaped like an upside-down U. One side of the U channel is arranged as a siphon tube longer than the water in the bowl is high. The siphon tube connects to the drain. The bottom of the drain pipe limits the height of the water in the bowl before it flows down the drain. The water in the bowl acts as a barrier to sewer gas entering the building. Sewer gas escapes through
4672-511: The toilets. Several types of toilets were developed; these include lavatories with ring-well pits, underground terracotta pipes that lead to septic pits, urinary pits with large bottomless clay pots of decreasing size placed one above the other. These pots under urinals contained "sand, lime and charcoal" through which urine filtered down to the earth in a somewhat purified form. In Roman civilization, latrines using flowing water were sometimes part of public bath houses . Roman latrines, like
4745-544: The use of "dry earth closets" – nowadays known either as dry toilets or composting toilets . Although a precursor to the flush toilet system which is widely used nowadays was designed in 1596 by John Harington , such systems did not come into widespread use until the late nineteenth century. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution and related advances in technology, the flush toilet began to emerge into its modern form. A crucial advance in plumbing,
4818-449: The water in the tank, which initiates flushing action with less water usage. Another variant is the pour-flush toilet. This type of flush toilet has no cistern but is flushed manually with a few liters of a small bucket. The flushing can use as little as 2–3 litres (0.44–0.66 imp gal; 0.53–0.79 US gal). This type of toilet is common in many Asian countries. The toilet can be connected to one or two pits, in which case it
4891-549: The wealthy and in hotels in the 1890s. William Elvis Sloan invented the Flushometer in 1906, which used pressurized water directly from the supply line for faster recycle time between flushes. "High-tech" toilets, which can be found in countries like Japan, include features such as automatic-flushing mechanisms; water jets or "bottom washers"; blow dryers, or artificial flush sounds to mask noises. Others include medical monitoring features such as urine and stool analysis and
4964-490: The world's first known urban sanitation systems. In Mohenjo-Daro ( c. 2800 BC ), toilets were built into the outer walls of homes. These toilets had vertical chutes, via which waste was disposed of into cesspits or street drains. In the Indus city of Lothal ( c. 2350 BC ), houses belonging to the upper class had private toilets connected to a covered sewer network constructed of brickwork held together with
5037-423: Was developed for residents without quick access to land or connection to a sewer systems. It is also used in areas subjected to prolonged flooding. The need for this type of toilet is high in areas like Cambodia . A vault toilet is a non-flush toilet with a sealed container (or vault) buried in the ground to receive the excreta, all of which is contained underground until it is removed by pumping. A vault toilet
5110-596: Was only begun in the mid 19th-century, gradually replacing the cesspool system, although cesspools were still in use in some parts of Paris into the 20th century. Even London, at that time the world's largest city, did not require indoor toilets in its building codes until after the First World War . The water closet , with its origins in Tudor times, started to assume its currently known form, with an overhead cistern, s-bends, soil pipes and valves around 1770. This
5183-525: Was the S-trap , invented by the Scottish mechanic Alexander Cummings in 1775, and still in use today. This device uses the standing water to seal the outlet of the bowl, preventing the escape of foul air from the sewer. It was only in the mid-19th century, with growing levels of urbanisation and industrial prosperity, that the flush toilet became a widely used and marketed invention. This period coincided with
5256-407: Was the work of Alexander Cumming and Joseph Bramah . Water closets only started to be moved from outside to inside of the home around 1850. The integral water closet started to be built into middle-class homes in the 1860s and 1870s, firstly on the principal bedroom floor and in larger houses in the maids' accommodation, and by 1900 a further one in the hallway. A toilet would also be placed outside
5329-468: Was used for hundreds of years; shapes, sizes, and decorative variations changed throughout the centuries. Chamber pots were in common use in Europe from ancient times, even being taken to the Middle East by medieval pilgrims. By the Early Modern era, chamber pots were frequently made of china or copper and could include elaborate decoration. They were emptied into the gutter of the street nearest to
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