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41-585: The Brigade was formed in early June 1939, when the Polish Minister of Military Affairs , General Tadeusz Kasprzycki , gave order to transform the 1st Regiment of Mounted Rifles from the Garwolin garrison into a motorized unit. On June 10, 1939, Colonel Stefan Rowecki was appointed brigade commander (later, under the pseudonym "Grot" (spearhead), he became the first commander of the Home Army , and

82-518: A unitary parliamentary republic , whereby the president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government . Executive power is exercised, within the framework of a multi-party system , by the president and the Government, which consists of the Council of Ministers led by the prime minister. Its members are typically chosen from the majority party or coalition, in

123-524: A 5% threshold (8% for coalitions, threshold waived for national minorities). The Senate ( Senat ) has 100 members elected for a four-year term under the single member, one-round first-past-the-post voting method. When sitting in joint session, members of the Sejm and Senate form the National Assembly, ( Polish Zgromadzenie Narodowe ). The National Assembly is formed on three occasions: Taking

164-470: A court decision. The participation of other citizens in the administration of justice is defined by law and boils down to the application of the system of a lay judge in the first instance in common and military courts. The Supreme Court (Supreme Court) is a supervisory body over common and military courts. It is headed by the first president of the Supreme Court, appointed for a six-year term by

205-574: A defence and the Polish attack failed, with the Brigade losing half of the equipment. On September 19, another Polish attack did not succeed, and one day later, after fierce fighting and destruction of large part of equipment, General Piskor decided to surrender. Rowecki ordered the destruction of remaining heavy equipment and all soldiers to try to break through the German encirclement on his own. He himself

246-575: A majority of voters support the same candidate, that candidate is declared the winner, while when there is no majority, the top two candidates participate in a runoff election. The political system is defined in the Polish Constitution , which also guarantees a wide range of individual freedoms. The judicial branch plays a minor role in politics, apart from the Constitutional Tribunal , which can annul laws that violate

287-517: A multi-role fighter, improved communications systems, and an attack helicopter. Poland continues to be a regional leader in support and participation in the NATO Partnership for Peace Program and has actively engaged most of its neighbors and other regional actors to build stable foundations for future European security arrangements. Poland continues its long record of strong support for United Nations peacekeeping operations; it maintaining

328-971: A unit in Southern Lebanon (part of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon , a battalion in NATO's Kosovo Force (KFOR), and providing and actually deploying the KFOR strategic reserve to Kosovo. Poland is a strong ally of the US in Europe, and it led the Multinational Division Central-South in Iraq in the 2000s. The State Protection Service (Polish: Służba Ochrony Państwa, SOP) is Poland's equivalent of

369-505: Is a middle power in international affairs. The foreign policy of Poland is based on four basic commitments: to Atlantic co-operation, to European integration, to international development and to international law. Since the collapse of communism and its re-establishment as a democratic nation, Poland has extended its responsibilities and position in European and Western affairs, supporting and establishing friendly foreign relations with both

410-775: Is a office of government in Poland headed by the Minister of National Defence. It is responsible for the organisation and management of the Polish Armed Forces . During the Second Polish Republic and World War II it was called the Ministry of Military Affairs ( Ministerstwo Spraw Wojskowych ). Ministry budget for 2022 was 140 billion PLN . The beginning of the Ministry of Defence's operations

451-645: Is called the National Electoral Office ( Krajowe Biuro Wyborcze ). Together with the tribunals, courts form part of the judiciary in Poland. Among the bodies that administer the justice system, the following are distinguished: Moreover, in times of war, the Constitution allows for the establishment of extraordinary courts or the establishment of an ad hoc procedure. Court proceedings have at least two instances. The main laws regulating

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492-987: Is connected with the 1775 establishment of the Military Department within the Permanent Council . In 1789, the Military Commission of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established, and from the Constitution of 3 May 1791 was under the Guardians of the Laws . Between 1793-94, the department was restored in the Supreme National Council. When Warsaw became part of the Kingdom of Prussia after

533-665: The 4th and 14th Infantry Divisions of the Wehrmacht . The Poles defended themselves, three days later counterattacked and the Germans retreated towards the Vistula river. However, the Polish offensive was stopped by the Army Headquarters and the Brigade began withdrawal towards Lwów (Lviv). On September 15, Rowecki ordered to destroy all unnecessary equipment and divided the Brigade into two columns. On September 16,

574-769: The Polish Committee of National Liberation under the communists controlled a National Defence Centre to manage the war front. After the war, the Provisional Government of National Unity (TRJN) reestablished the Military Affairs Ministry, which would be replaced by the Ministry of National Defence in 1979 and was under the Polish People's Army (LWP) in the People's Republic of Poland . The ministry would be transferred from

615-598: The Sejm . The president is elected by terms; as head of state, supreme commander of the Armed Forces , and supreme representative of the Republic of Poland. The president has the right to veto legislation, although veto may be overridden by the assembly with a three-fifths majority vote. The president, as representative of the state in foreign affairs, shall ratify and renounce international agreements, appoint and recall

656-793: The Third Partition of Poland in 1795), the Prussian Ministry of War headquarters was moved into the local Copper-Roof Palace . Another War Ministry was established in the Duchy of Warsaw . After the establishment of the Stanisław Małachowski government on 5 October 1807, the War Directorate became the Minister of War. From 1807 to 1810, the number of ministry officials increased from a dozen to over one hundred. The ministry's activities ceased on 4 May 1813. In 1814,

697-427: The Vistula river line between Dęblin and Solec . On September 5, it became part of freshly created Army Lublin , under General Tadeusz Piskor . The first contact with the enemy took place on September 8: the Brigade delayed the German advance and covered the retreat of the Polish forces. In the course of time, it absorbed remains of other Polish armoured units. On September 10 Brigade's positions were attacked by

738-620: The Armed Forces transformed into a fully professional organization and compulsory military service was abolished. Personnel levels and organization in the different branches are as follows (2004): The Polish military continues to restructure and to modernize its equipment. The Polish Defense Ministry General Staff and the Land Forces staff have recently reorganized the latter into a NATO-compatible J/G-1 through J/G-6 structure. Budget constraints hamper such priority defense acquisitions as

779-467: The Brigade, together with other Polish units, was surrounded in the area of Tomaszów Lubelski (see: Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski ). The Polish forces decided to attack the town of Tomaszów Lubelski; the offensive was carried out in the morning of September 17 by Warsaw Armoured Motorized Brigade, which managed to catch the German XXII Corps by surprise. However, the Germans quickly organized

820-641: The General Assembly, the second body of judicial self-government is the College of the Supreme Court. The common judiciary has three tiers. Its structure consists of district, regional and appellate courts. Common courts rule on criminal, civil, labor, economic and family law. Until 2001, there were also misdemeanor colleges, but the Constitution abolished their functioning. Military courts are criminal courts, ruling primarily on crimes committed by soldiers on active military service. The structure of

861-583: The LWP to the Polish Army in 1990. The ministry includes political departments, Cabinet of the Minister and the following organizational units including units P1-P8 forming Polish General Staff : Units subordinate to the MON: Government of Poland [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The government of Poland takes the form of

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902-928: The Military Organizing Committee was established in Paris to regulate the military affairs of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815. After the November Uprising and the introduction of the Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland in the early 1830s, the distinctiveness of the Polish defence establishment from the Ministry of War of the Russian Empire ceased to exist. On 30 January 1917, the Provisional Council of State created an acting military commission, which

943-718: The Secret Service in the United States, providing antiterrorism and VIP security detail services for the government. Poland is divided in 16 provinces or Voivodeships ( województwa , singular – województwo ): Lower Silesia , Kuyavia-Pomerania , Łódzkie , Lubelskie , Lubuskie , Lesser Poland , Masovian , Opolskie , Subcarpathia , Podlaskie , Pomerania , Silesia , Świętokrzyskie , Warmia-Masuria , Greater Poland and West Pomerania . Poland wields considerable influence in Central and Eastern Europe and

984-502: The West and with numerous European countries. Due to its tragic historical experience with aggression of powerful neighbors (e.g., Partitions of Poland , Second World War ), Polish foreign policy pursues close cooperation with a strong partner, one apt enough to give strong military support in times of critical situations. This creates the background of Poland's tight relations with the USA. At

1025-605: The area relating to the judiciary. The National Council of the Judiciary consists of: the first president of the Supreme Court, the minister of justice, the president of the Supreme Administrative Court, a person appointed by the president, 15 judges of the Supreme Court, common, administrative and military courts, four deputies and two senators. The term of office of elected members is four years. The chairman and two of his deputies are elected from among

1066-484: The candidates nominated by the General Assembly of Judges of the Supreme Administrative Court. The National Council of the Judiciary is a body established to protect the independence of courts and judges. He submits applications to the president to appoint judges. It has the right to apply to the Constitutional Tribunal in matters relating to the compliance of normative acts with the Constitution in

1107-519: The competence of the Council of Ministers. Official acts of the president shall require, for their validity, the signature of the prime minister, nevertheless this does not apply to: The Polish Parliament has two chambers . The lower chamber ( Sejm ) has 460 members, elected for a four-year term by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies using the d'Hondt method similar to that used in many parliamentary political systems, with

1148-452: The freedoms guaranteed in the constitution. The prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers. The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term, while the prime minister and deputy prime ministers (if any) are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm . The Council of Ministers is responsible to the prime minister and

1189-447: The lower house of parliament (the Sejm ), although exceptions to this rule are not uncommon. The government is formally announced by the president, and must pass a motion of confidence in the Sejm within two weeks. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of parliament, Sejm and Senate . Members of Sejm are elected by proportional representation, with the proviso that non-ethnic-minority parties must gain at least 5% of

1230-490: The members of the Council. 2023 parliamentary elections 2020 presidential election Poland's top national security goal is to further integrate with NATO and other west European defense, economic, and political institutions via a modernization and reorganization of its military. Polish military doctrine reflects the same defense nature as its NATO partners. The combined Polish army consists of ~164,000 active duty personnel and in addition 234,000 reserves. In 2009

1271-616: The military judiciary is made up of garrison courts and military district courts. The Criminal Chamber (until 2018, including the Military Chamber) of the Supreme Court acts as the second instance or court of cassation. Administrative judiciary already existed in the Second Polish Republic, but it was abolished after World War II. Its gradual restoration began in 1980 with the creation of the Supreme Administrative Court (NSA). The current Constitution introduced

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1312-455: The national vote to enter the lower house. Currently five parties are represented. Parliamentary elections occur at least every four years. The president , as the head of state , is the supreme commander of the Armed Forces , has the power to veto legislation passed by parliament, which may be overridden by a majority of three fifths, and can dissolve the parliament under certain conditions. Presidential elections occur every five years. When

1353-557: The oath of office by a new president, bringing an indictment against the president of the republic to the Tribunal of State , and declaration of a President's permanent incapacity to exercise their duties due to the state of their health. Only the first kind has occurred to date. Since 1991 elections are supervised by the National Electoral Commission ( Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza ), whose administrative division

1394-500: The operation of the judiciary are: Judges are appointed by the president, at the request of the National Council of the Judiciary, for an indefinite period. They cannot belong to political parties or trade unions, are independent, and are subject only to the Constitution and statutes. They are entitled to immunity and personal inviolability. Judges are also irremovable and their removal from office or suspension requires

1435-553: The plenipotentiary representatives of the Republic of Poland and shall cooperate with the prime minister and the appropriate minister in respect of foreign policy. As Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, the president shall appoint the chief of the General Staff and commanders of branches of the Armed Forces. The president may, regarding particular matters, convene the Cabinet Council , although it does not possess

1476-406: The president of the Republic of Poland, from among candidates presented by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court of Justice. Until 2018, the court was divided into four chambers: Civil, Criminal, Military and Labour, Social Security and Public Affairs. Since 2018, there are chambers: Civil, Criminal, Labour and Social Security, Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs, and Disciplinary. Apart from

1517-400: The principle of two-instance procedures, which resulted in the establishment of voivodeship administrative courts adjudicating in the first instance. Administrative courts control the legality of administrative decisions, both against the governmental and self-governmental authorities. The president of the Supreme Administrative Court is appointed by the president for a six-year term, from among

1558-589: The tankettes equipped with 20mm AT MG 38FK ), were no match for even the PzKpfw II on the German side, and the Vickers E were outclassed by PzKpfw III and PzKpfw IV . On September 1, 1939, the Brigade left the barracks and concentrated its forces around Garwolin. It stayed there until September 3 as a reserve of the Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Army, then was ordered to prepare the defence of

1599-554: Was killed by the Germans). The new unit was also based on other regiments, such as the 1st Rifle Regiment from Rembertów , the sapper battalion from Puławy and the 2nd Motorised Artillery Battalion from Stryj (8×75mm guns), which joined it on September 6. The unit was equipped with Polish-made TKS tankettes (13 tankettes, 2 of them with 20mm guns, 11th Recce Tank Company), and British-made Vickers E light tanks (17 machines, 12th Light Tank Company). The tankettes (except for

1640-426: Was not caught by the Germans, also hundreds of Brigade's soldiers managed to escape to Hungary and later to Great Britain , where they joined the Polish 1st Armoured Division of General Stanisław Maczek . Polish Minister of Military Affairs The Ministry of National Defence ( Polish : Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej [mi.ɲisˈtɛr.stfɔ ɔˈbrɔ.nɘ na.rɔˈdɔ.vɛj] , MON [ˈmɔn] )

1681-520: Was to deal with Polish military matters until a war office was organised. On 2 November 1918, the commission was transformed into the Ministry of Military Affairs, based at the Copper-Roof Palace . During the London emigration of Polish power during World War II, on November 30, 1942, the name of the Ministry of Military Affairs was changed to the Ministry of National Defence. In 1944, under

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