Abram, Andrzejewski, Andrzejowski.
91-558: Count Stanisław Małachowski , of the Nałęcz coat-of-arms ( Polish pronunciation: [staˈɲiswaf mawaˈxɔfskʲi] ; 1736–1809) was a Polish statesman, the first Prime Minister of Poland , a member of the Polish government 's Permanent Council ( Rada Nieustająca ) (1776–1780), Marshal of the Crown Courts of Justice from 1774, Crown Grand Referendary (1780–1792) and Marshal of
182-638: A branch of the Bourbons ascended to the throne of Sicily and Naples. During the Napoleonic Wars , north and central Italy were reorganised as Sister Republics of France and, later, as a Kingdom of Italy . The south was administered by Joachim Murat , Napoleon's brother-in-law. 1814's Congress of Vienna restored the situation of the late 18th century, but the ideals of the French Revolution could not be eradicated, and re-surfaced during
273-525: A crucially innovative role in financial development by devising banking practices, and enabling new forms of social organisation. In coastal and southern areas, maritime republics dominated the Mediterranean and monopolised trade to the Orient. They were independent thalassocratic city-states, in which merchants had considerable power. Although oligarchical, the relative political freedom they afforded
364-533: A famous meeting between Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II , the last king of Sardinia, during which Garibaldi shook Victor Emanuel's hand and hailed him as King of Italy . Cavour agreed to include Garibaldi's southern Italy in a union with the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860. This allowed the Sardinian government to declare a united Italian kingdom on 17 March 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II as its first king. In 1865,
455-756: A member of NATO . The Marshall Plan revived the economy, which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period called the Economic Miracle . In the 1950s, Italy became a founding country of the European Communities , a forerunner of the European Union. From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the country experienced the Years of Lead , characterised by economic difficulties, especially after the 1973 oil crisis ; social conflicts; and terrorist massacres. The economy recovered and Italy became
546-647: A permanent seat in the League of Nations 's executive council. The socialist agitations that followed the devastation of the Great War, inspired by the Russian Revolution , led to counter-revolution and repression throughout Italy. The liberal establishment, fearing a Soviet-style revolution, started to endorse the small National Fascist Party , led by Mussolini. In October 1922, the Blackshirts of
637-543: A revival of Italian republicanism. Italy became a republic after the 1946 Italian institutional referendum held on 2 June, a day celebrated since as Festa della Repubblica . This was the first time women voted nationally. Victor Emmanuel III's son, Umberto II , was forced to abdicate. The Republican Constitution was approved in 1948. Under the Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers , areas next to
728-734: A series of wars in the peninsula. During the High Renaissance , popes such as Julius II (1503–1513) fought for control of Italy against foreign monarchs; Paul III (1534–1549) preferred to mediate between the European powers to secure peace. In the middle of such conflicts, the Medici popes Leo X (1513–1521) and Clement VII (1523–1534) faced the Protestant Reformation in Germany, England and elsewhere. In 1559, at
819-532: Is a Polish coat of arms . It was used by associated szlachta families in the Kingdom of Poland (see Kingdom of Poland (1320–1385) , and Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569) ) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) . Nałęcz is a Polish coat of arms from the 12th century (like the Abdank , Leliwa , Radwan , and Bogorya coats of arms) that represented unity and harmony. It was used by
910-478: Is influenced by the seas that surround Italy on every side except the north, which constitute a reservoir of heat and humidity. Within the southern temperate zone, they determine a Mediterranean climate with local differences. Because of the length of the peninsula and the mostly mountainous hinterland, the climate is highly diverse. In most inland northern and central regions, the climate ranges from humid subtropical to humid continental and oceanic . The Po Valley
1001-599: Is mostly humid subtropical, with cool winters and hot summers. The coastal areas of Liguria , Tuscany, and most of the south generally fit the Mediterranean climate stereotype, as in the Köppen climate classification . Conditions on the coast are different from those in the interior, particularly during winter when the higher altitudes tend to be cold, wet, and often snowy. The coastal regions have mild winters, and hot and generally dry summers; lowland valleys are hot in summer. Winter temperatures vary from 0 °C (32 °F) in
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#17327799849151092-588: Is similar in shape to the Teutonic image of Rune Othila , the Rune of a Fatherland. The Nałęcz arms were initially connected with Greater Poland . The Nałęcze were accused of murdering Przemysł II in 1296. They also allied with Brandenburg against Władysław I Łokietek , and after the death of Louis I of Hungary waged war against the Grzymalites , attempting to put Ziemowit III of Masovia forcibly on
1183-503: Is the tenth-largest country in Europe by area, covering 301,340 km (116,350 sq mi), and third-most populous member state of the European Union , with a population of nearly 60 million. Italy's capital and largest city is Rome ; other major urban areas include Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Bologna , Florence , Genoa , and Venice . The history of Italy goes back to numerous Italic peoples , notably including
1274-697: Is water. Including the islands, Italy has a coastline of 7,600 kilometres (4,722 miles) on the Mediterranean Sea , the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas, the Ionian Sea , and the Adriatic Sea . Its border with France runs for 488 km (303 mi); Switzerland, 740 km (460 mi); Austria, 430 km (267 mi); and Slovenia, 232 km (144 mi). The sovereign states of San Marino and Vatican City (the smallest country in
1365-670: The Oration on the Dignity of Man , considered the manifesto of the Renaissance. In the arts, the Italian Renaissance exercised a dominant influence on European art for centuries, with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci , Botticelli , Michelangelo , Raphael , Giotto , Donatello , and Titian , and architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi , Andrea Palladio , and Donato Bramante . Italian explorers and navigators from
1456-678: The Achaeans founded various cities. Greek colonisation placed the Italic peoples in contact with democratic forms of government and high artistic and cultural expressions. Ancient Rome, a settlement on the river Tiber in central Italy, founded in 753 BC, was ruled for 244 years by a monarchical system. In 509 BC, the Romans, favouring a government of the Senate and the People ( SPQR ), expelled
1547-622: The Adriatic Sea were annexed by Yugoslavia , resulting in the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus , which involved the emigration of around 300,000 Istrian and Dalmatian Italians . Italy lost all colonial possessions, ending the Italian Empire . Fears of a Communist takeover proved crucial in 1948 , when the Christian Democrats , under Alcide De Gasperi , won a landslide victory. Consequently, in 1949 Italy became
1638-489: The Clean Hands investigation—demanded radical reform. The Christian Democrats, who had ruled for almost 50 years, underwent a crisis and disbanded, splitting into factions. The Communists reorganised as a social-democratic force. During the 1990s and 2000s, centre-right (dominated by media magnate Silvio Berlusconi ) and centre-left coalitions (led by professor Romano Prodi ) alternately governed. In 2011, amidst
1729-831: The Crimean War . Sardinia fought the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating Lombardy . On the basis of the Plombières Agreement , the Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France, an event that caused the Niçard exodus . In 1860–1861, Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily. Teano was the site of
1820-660: The Crusades , providing support, transport, but mostly taking political and trading opportunities. Italy first felt the economic changes which led to the commercial revolution : Venice was able to sack Byzantine's capital and finance Marco Polo 's voyages to Asia; the first universities were formed in Italian cities, and scholars such as Aquinas obtained international fame; capitalism and banking families emerged in Florence, where Dante and Giotto were active around 1300. In
1911-851: The Empire of Japan , and strongly supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War . In 1939, Italy annexed Albania . Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940. At different times, Italians advanced in British Somaliland , Egypt , the Balkans , and eastern fronts. They were, however, defeated on the Eastern Front as well as in the East African and North African campaigns, losing their territories in Africa and
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#17327799849152002-710: The European Union (light green) – [ Legend ] Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country in Southern and Western Europe . It consists of a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea , with the Alps on its northern land border, as well as nearly 800 islands, notably Sicily and Sardinia . Italy shares its borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and two enclaves: Vatican City and San Marino . It
2093-814: The Expedition of the Thousand , establishing the Kingdom of Italy . From the late 19th to the early 20th century, Italy rapidly industrialised, mainly in the north, and acquired a colonial empire , while the south remained largely impoverished, fueling a large immigrant diaspora to the Americas. From 1915 to 1918, Italy took part in World War I with the Entente against the Central Powers . In 1922,
2184-520: The Four-Year Sejm (1788–1792). The son of Jan Małachowski, the royal grand chancellor, Małachowski was named marshal (speaker) of the Sejm (Diet) in 1788. He was the prime force behind a constitution, adopted in 1791, that embodied such modern western European reforms as majority rule in parliament, separation of powers, and enfranchisement of the middle classes; this constitution was abrogated at
2275-457: The Gembiccy , Ostrorogowie , Szamotulscy , Chełmicki , Czarnkowscy , Slizewicz , Raczyńscy , Raczkowski , Dworniccy , Sadowski , Łowińscy , Grąbczewscy and other families. It is traditionally described as a silver shawl, tied, on a red background. Most versions had the shawl tied downwards; some were tied upwards. Earlier versions and some modern ones depict the shawl untied. The shawl
2366-597: The Grand Duchy of Warsaw in 1807, he was first chairman of a provisional government commission and soon became President of the Senate. Małachowski died on 28 December 1809 and his tomb is located in the Holy Cross Church in Warsaw . From his youth Małachowski laboured zealously for the good of his country, and as president of the royal court of justice won the honourable title of the "Polish Aristides". He
2457-548: The Great Recession , Berlusconi resigned and was replaced by the technocratic cabinet of Mario Monti . In 2014, Matteo Renzi became prime minister and the government started constitutional reform. This was rejected in a 2016 referendum and Paolo Gentiloni became prime minister. During the European migrant crisis of the 2010s, Italy was the entry point and leading destination for most asylum seekers entering
2548-901: The Gregorian calendar ; the Jesuit China mission ; the French Wars of Religion ; end of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648); and the Great Turkish War . The Italian economy declined in the 1600s and 1700s. During the war of the Spanish succession (1700–1714), Austria acquired most of the Spanish domains in Italy, namely Milan, Naples and Sardinia; the latter was given to the House of Savoy in exchange for Sicily in 1720. Later,
2639-507: The House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire Italian Peninsula . By the mid-19th century, rising Italian nationalism led to revolution. Following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the political and social Italian unification movement, or Risorgimento , emerged to unite Italy by consolidating the states and liberating them from foreign control. A radical figure was
2730-666: The Italian Peninsula , Sicily and Sardinia (the biggest islands of the Mediterranean), and many smaller islands . Some of Italy's territory extends beyond the Alpine basin, and some islands are located outside the Eurasian continental shelf. The country's area is 301,230 square kilometres (116,306 sq mi), of which 294,020 km (113,522 sq mi) is land and 7,210 km (2,784 sq mi)
2821-625: The Italian fascist dictatorship was established. During World War II , Italy was first part of the Axis until its surrender to the Allied powers (1940–1943), then a co-belligerent of the Allies during the Italian resistance and the liberation of Italy (1943–1945). Following the war, the monarchy was replaced by a republic and the country enjoyed a strong recovery . A developed country , Italy has
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2912-418: The Italic peoples . The main historic peoples of possible non-Indo-European or pre-Indo-European heritage include the Etruscans , the Elymians and Sicani of Sicily, and the prehistoric Sardinians , who gave birth to the Nuragic civilisation . Other ancient populations include the Rhaetian people and Camunni , known for their rock drawings in Valcamonica . A natural mummy, Ötzi , dated 3400–3100 BC,
3003-461: The Kvarner Gulf , and the Dalmatian city of Zara . The subsequent Treaty of Rome (1924) led to annexation of Fiume by Italy. Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Treaty of London, so this outcome was denounced as a " mutilated victory ", by Benito Mussolini , which helped lead to the rise of Italian fascism . Historians regard "mutilated victory" as a "political myth", used by fascists to fuel Italian imperialism . Italy gained
3094-408: The Middle East . In the wake of Julius Caesar 's assassination in 44 BC, Rome grew into a massive empire stretching from Britain to the borders of Persia , engulfing the whole Mediterranean basin, in which Greek, Roman, and other cultures merged into a powerful civilisation. The long reign of the first emperor, Augustus , began an age of peace and prosperity. Roman Italy remained the metropole of
3185-479: The National Republican Army . German troops, with RSI collaboration, committed massacres and deported thousands of Jews to death camps. The post-armistice period saw the emergence of the Italian Resistance , who fought a guerrilla war against the Nazi German occupiers and collaborators. This has been described as an Italian civil war due to fighting between partisans and fascist RSI forces. In April 1945, with defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north, but
3276-445: The Norse ; and Amerigo Vespucci , for whom the continent of America is named. A defensive alliance known as the Italic League was formed between Venice, Naples, Florence, Milan, and the Papacy. Lorenzo the Magnificent de Medici was the Renaissance's greatest patron, his support allowed the League to abort invasion by the Turks. The alliance, however, collapsed in the 1490s; the invasion of Charles VIII of France initiated
3367-421: The Second Partition of Poland in 1792. In 1807–09 Małachowski served as president of the senate (government) of the Duchy of Warsaw , promoted by Napoleon Bonaparte . Born on 24 August 1736, Stanisław Małachowski came from a wealthy, powerful and influential noble family and was the son of statesman and nobleman Jan Małachowski. He studied law and was elected provincial deputy to the Sejm in 1764 . In 1771 he
3458-520: The ancient Romans , who conquered the Mediterranean world during the Roman Republic and ruled it for centuries during the Roman Empire . With the spread of Christianity, Rome became the seat of the Catholic Church and the Papacy . Between late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages , Italy experienced the arrival of Germanic tribes and the fall of the Western Roman Empire . By the 11th century, Italian city-states and maritime republics expanded, bringing renewed prosperity through commerce and laying
3549-405: The collapse of the Fascist regime on 25 July. Mussolini was deposed and arrested by order of King Victor Emmanuel III. On 8 September, Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile , ending its war with the Allies. The Germans, with the assistance of Italian fascists, succeeded in taking control of north and central Italy. The country remained a battlefield, with the Allies moving up from the south. In
3640-412: The eponymous geographical region , is located in Southern Europe (and is also considered part of Western Europe ) between latitudes 35° and 47° N , and longitudes 6° and 19° E . To the north, from west to east, Italy borders France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia, and is roughly delimited by the Alpine watershed , enclosing the Po Valley and the Venetian Plain . It consists of the entirety of
3731-406: The ninth-largest nominal GDP in the world, the second-largest manufacturing industry in Europe, and plays a significant role in regional and global economic, military, cultural, and diplomatic affairs. Italy is a founding and leading member of the European Union, and is part of numerous international institutions, including NATO , the G7 and G20 , the Latin Union and the Union for
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3822-437: The political upheavals that characterised the early 19th century. The first adoption of the Italian tricolour by an Italian state, the Cispadane Republic , occurred during Napoleonic Italy , following the French Revolution, which advocated national self-determination . This event is celebrated by Tricolour Day . The birth of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of efforts of Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to
3913-401: The 1400s and 1500s, Italy was the birthplace and heart of the Renaissance . This era marked the transition from the medieval period to the modern age and was fostered by the wealth accumulated by merchant cities and the patronage of dominant families. Italian polities were now regional states effectively ruled by princes, in control of trade and administration, and their courts became centres of
4004-500: The Adriatic or Tyrrhenian Sea. The longest is the Po , which flows from the Alps on the western border, and crosses the Padan plain to the Adriatic. The Po Valley is the largest plain, with 46,000 km (18,000 sq mi), and contains over 70% of the country's lowlands . The largest lakes are, in descending size: Garda (367.94 km or 142 sq mi), Maggiore (212.51 km or 82 sq mi), and Como (145.9 km or 56 sq mi). The climate
4095-567: The Alps form most of its northern boundary, where Italy's highest point is located on the summit of Mont Blanc ( Monte Bianco ) at 4,810 m (15,780 ft). Other well-known mountains include the Matterhorn ( Monte Cervino ) in the western Alps, and the Dolomites in the eastern Alps. Many parts of Italy are of volcanic origin . Most small islands and archipelagos in the south are volcanic islands . There are active volcanoes: Mount Etna in Sicily (the largest in Europe), Vulcano , Stromboli , and Vesuvius . Most rivers of Italy drain into
4186-403: The Balkans. Italian war crimes included extrajudicial killings and ethnic cleansing by deportation of about 25,000 people—mainly Yugoslavs—to Italian concentration camps and elsewhere. Yugoslav Partisans perpetrated their own crimes against the ethnic Italian population during and after the war, including the foibe massacres . An Allied invasion of Sicily began in July 1943, leading to
4277-449: The Church and new political dynasties. In 1453, despite activity by Pope Nicholas V to support the Byzantines, the city of Constantinople fell to the Ottomans . This led to the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy, fuelling the rediscovery of Greek humanism . Humanist rulers such as Federico da Montefeltro and Pope Pius II worked to establish ideal cities , founding Urbino and Pienza . Pico della Mirandola wrote
4368-434: The EU. Between 2013 and 2018, it took in over 700,000 migrants, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, which put a strain on the public purse and led to a surge in support for far-right or euro-sceptic parties. After the 2018 general election , Giuseppe Conte became prime minister of a populist coalition . With more than 155,000 victims, Italy was one of the countries with the most deaths in the COVID-19 pandemic and one of
4459-461: The First World War in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity, so it is also considered the Fourth Italian War of Independence, from a historiographical perspective, as the conclusion of the unification of Italy . Italy, nominally allied with German and the Austro-Hungarian empires in the Triple Alliance , in 1915 joined the Allies , entering World War I with a promise of substantial territorial gains that included west Inner Carniola ,
4550-423: The Italian Front, secured dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and was instrumental in ending the war less than two weeks later. During the war, more than 650,000 Italian soldiers and as many civilians died, and the kingdom was on the brink of bankruptcy. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) and Treaty of Rapallo (1920) allowed for annexation of Trentino Alto-Adige , the Julian March , Istria ,
4641-474: The Mediterranean . As a cultural superpower , Italy has long been a renowned global centre of art , music , literature , cuisine , fashion , science and technology , and the source of multiple inventions and discoveries . It has the highest number of World Heritage Sites ( 60 ) and is the fifth-most visited country in the world. Hypotheses for the etymology of Italia are numerous. One theory suggests it originated from an Ancient Greek term for
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#17327799849154732-452: The National Fascist Party organised a mass demonstration and the " March on Rome " coup . King Victor Emmanuel III appointed Mussolini as prime minister, transferring power to the fascists without armed conflict. Mussolini banned political parties and curtailed personal liberties, establishing a dictatorship. These actions attracted international attention and inspired similar dictatorships in Nazi Germany and Francoist Spain . Fascism
4823-565: The Papacy, with city-states siding with the former ( Ghibellines ) or with the latter ( Guelphs ) for momentary advantage. The Germanic emperor and Roman pontiff became the universal powers of medieval Europe. However, conflict over the Investiture Controversy and between Guelphs and Ghibellines ended the imperial-feudal system in the north, where cities gained independence. In 1176, the Lombard League of city-states, defeated Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa , ensuring their independence. City-states—e.g. Milan , Florence, Venice —played
4914-10681: The Polish city of Płock on the grounds of the school which bears his name . Na%C5%82%C4%99cz coat-of-arms Babecki, Baczkowski, Badoracki, Baranowski, Batycki, Bączkowski, Bąklewski, Beklewski, Bendoński, Benglewski, Benklewski, Berski, Berzbortkiewicz, Bethune, Będoński, Bęklewski, Białłyszewski, Białowieski, Bielakowski, Bielański, Bielejewski, Bierwecki, Bierzwięcki, Bierżewicki, Bierżewski, Blanday, Błażejewicz, Błędostowski, Błędowski, Błogowski, Błoniewski, Błoniowski, Błoński, Bobolecki, Bobolicki, Bobrowski, Bocianowski, Bodzisławski, Bogdaszewski, Boguchwał, Bohdaszewski, Bojarski, Bolochowiec, Bołchowiec, Bołkoński, Bołochowiec, Bonczakowski, Bonisko, Boniuszko, Borkowski, Borodziński, Borsa, Borsza, Borszowicz, Bortkiewicz, Bortkowicz, Bortkowski, Borzestowski, Borzkowski, Boszkowski, Bratkowski, Brodzki, Brudzewski, Bryndzanacki, Brzański, Brzozdowski, Buczek, Buczko, Bukojemski, Buza, Bużański, Bzowski. Cal, Ciborski, Charbicki, Chawejłowicz, Chełmicki, Chełmiński, Cherubinowicz, Chinowski, Chlebicki, Chłembowski, Chłębowski, Chłopecki, Chmar, Chmara, Chmiel, Chodakowski, Chomiąski, Chomięcki, Chrepkowicz, Chwalibogowski, Chwat, Chynowski, Cichocki, Ciechanowicz, Ciechocki, Ciechowski, Ciepieński, Ciepiński, Conradi, Cwiklicz, Czasoński, Czech, Czeperowski, Czepiński, Czerniewicz, Czołpiński. Ćmachowski, Ćwikliński. Dahlke, Dalkiewicz, Darowski, Dawrowski, Dąbrowski, Debrzyński, Derszniak, Dersztorff, Ditrich, Dłuski, Dmowski, Dobaczewski, Dobrogost, Dobrosławski, Dobrowolski, Dobrzyński, Dołągowski, Dołongowski, Domasławski, Domasłowski, Domaszewski, Domosławski, Domysławski, Donajewski, Donajski, Dorohanicki, Dowgiał, Dowolg, Dowolgo, Drochiński, Drociński, Drohiciński, Drohiczański, Drohiczyński, Drohiński, Droyczewski, Drużbicki, Drużbiński, Drzewiecki, Dubieniecki, Duszyński, Dworczyński, Dwornicki, Dwornik, Dybczyński, Dybowski, Dybek, Dybrzyński, Dylądowski, Dylągowski, Dylengowski, Dylkiewicz, Dzbański, Dzbeński, Dzbiński, Dziećmiarowski, Dzierżykraj, Dziewierzewski, Dziewoński, Dzułay, Dzwonowski, Dżugay, Dżułat, Dżułay. Eńko. Falcz, Fąferek, Felner, Felnerowicz, Filicki, Filipecki, Fortuna. Gajewski, Gartkiewicz, Garwoliński, Gasperowicz, Gawarecki, Gawin, Gawłowski, Gembicki, Gębicki, Gigański, Gilbaszewski, Gimbut, Gimbutowicz, Ginalski, Ginbut, Giżycki, Gliszczyński, Gładki, Głowacz, Głuchowski, Głuzicki, Gnuszyński, Goleszewski, Golian, Golikowski, Goloszewski, Gołębski, Gołoszewski, Gorawski, Gorski, Gorzeński, Gorzycki, Gorzyński, Gosławski, Gostomski, Goszczyński, Gowarecki, Gozdzikowski, Gożewski, Górecki, Górka, Górski, Grabski, Graff, Grąbczewski, Grochala, Grocholski, Grochowalski, Grochowolski, Grodzicki, Grodziecki, Grodziński, Grot, Grzejewski, Grzymisławski, Gulczewski, Gurski. Hanowiecki, Herstopski, Hersztopski, Hłodki, Holibowski, Horaszkiewicz, Horoszkiewicz, Horoszowski, Horski, Horyszewski, Horyszowski, Horztopski, Howryłowski, Hoztopski, Hryniewicz, Hulewicz, Huściłło, Huściło. Idzelewicz, Idzellewicz, Idzikowski, Ilikowski, Iłłowiecki, Iłowicki, Iłowiecki, Imbir, Imbram, Imbramowicz, Imram. Jabłonowski, Jakusz, Jałomowicz, Jałowicki, Jałowiecki, Jamont, Jamontt, Janczewski, Janicki, Janowski, Januszewicz, Jarczewski, Jarczowski, Jargocki, Jargoski, Jarzymski, Jasielski, Jasieński, Jawecki, Jawiecki, Jeleniewski, Jeleński, Jeliński, Jełowicz, Jeńkowicz, Jezierski, Jeżewski, Jeżowski, Jędrychowski, Jędrzejewski, Jędrzejowski, Jędrzychowski, Jędrzyjewski, Jędrzyjowski, Jocher, Jodkowski, Jodłowski, Jotkowski, Juckiewicz, Judkowski. Kaczan, Kaczanowski, Kaczkowski, Kaczyński, Kagan, Kaliński, Kaliszewski, Kaliszkowski, Kalitowski, Kalitwiński, Kamieński, Kampiery, Kaniewiecki, Kaniewski, Kaniowski, Karczewski, Kardaszewski, Karkuszka, Karkuszko, Karłowicz, Karpowicz, Karpowski, Kasinowski, Kawałowski, Kazanecki, Kazański, Każdajlewicz, Kąsinowski, Kembłowski, Kębłowski, Kędzierski, Kęsicki, Kęszycki, Kibeleński, Kielbicki, Kiełbasa, Kietułk, Kissiński, Kiszewski, Klonowski, Kłobicki, Kłobocki, Kłokocki, Kłokowski, Kłonowski, Kobelecki, Kobelnicki, Kobierzycki, Kobylnicki, Kobyłecki, Kocieło, Koczan, Koczanowicz, Koczanowski, Koleński, Koliński, Komornicki, Komorowski, Koniewski, Konradi, Konrady, Kopczyński, Korkuć, Kormanowicz, Koroza, Korycieński, Korzanowicz, Korzenicki, Korzeniecki, Korzeniewski, Korzeniowski, Korzeń, Korzyniewski, Kosinowski, Kostecki, Koszczyński, Kozłowski, Koźmian, Kraskowski, Krasowski, Krassowski, Kraszkowski, Krazan, Krempski, Krępski, Kruchowski, Kruszkowski, Kublewski, Kucewicz, Kuczan, Kulikowski, Kulinkowski, Kunowski, Kupraszewicz, Kurkuć, Kuszycki, Kwaśniewski, Kwiatkowski, Kwieciński. Laband, Labanda, Lachowski, Laszowski, Lauterbach, Lazański, Lebiedziejewski, Ledzeński, Lekczyński, Leński, Lesenko, Lesicki, Lesiecki, Leszczkowski, Leszczyński, Leszkiewicz, Lewandowski, Lewicki, Lewiecki, Lezeński, Leziński, Leźnicki, Leżański, Leżeński, Leżnicki, Leżyński, Lęcki, Lędzki, Lipka, Lippi, Lisieński, Lisowski, Liszak, Lubieński, Lubiński, Lubsiński, Ludicki, Ludzicki, Ludziski, Lwowski. Łagiewnicki, Łakieński, Łakiński, Łakucewicz, Łaszewski, Łaszowski, Łaściszewski, Ławicki, Ławiecki, Łazański, Łażyński, Łączyński, Łąka, Łąkowski, Łążyński, Łekieński, Łęcki, Łędzki, Łękiński, Łękowski, Łokucewicz, Łomnicki, Łoniecki, Łoniewski, Łopacieński, Łopaciński, Łowecki, Łowęcki, Łowicki, Łowiecki, Łowiński, Łubkowski, Łubowski, Łukomski, Łust, Łusta, Łuszczewski, Łuszczowski. Maciurkowski, Mackiewicz, Majewski, Malicki, Malicz, Maliski, Malski, Małachowski , Małyski, Manikowski, Mańkowski, Marcinkiewicz, Marcinkowski, Markowski, Masłowski, Mazurowski, Meszyński, Męszyński, Michalecki, Michalicki, Mickiewicz, Mićkiewicz, Mierzyński, Miesłowicki, Mieszyński, Milanowski, Milkiewicz, Miłachowski, Mitraszewski, Mniski, Modlski, Mogniński, Molski, Monczyński, Montrym, Morawicki, Moszczenicki, Moszczeński , Moszczyński, Moszeński, Moszyński , Mrocki, Mroczkowski, Mrozowski, Mściwojewski, Mściwujewski, Mukiewicz, Mulewski, Muszyński, Mysłowski. Nakielski, Nalaskowski, Nałęcz, Nagórski, Napachański, Napachowski, Nasadowski, Nicki, Niedziałkowski, Niemierza, Niemira, Niemirowicz, Niemiryc, Niemirycz, Niemirzyc, Nienałtowski, Nienieński, Nieniewski, Nieniński, Niepokojczycki, Niesiołowski, Niesłuchowski, Nieświastowski, Nieświatowski, Niewiejski, Niewiński, Ninieński, Niniewski, Niwiński, Nojewski, Norejkowicz, Nosadowski, Nowodworski, Nowokuński, Nowopolski, Nowosielecki, Nowosielski. Obiezierski, Objezierski, Obolewicz, Oborowski, Oborski , Obrzycki, Ochmanowicz, Odachowski, Odechowski, Odrzywolski, Okoński, Okuliński, Okuński, Olkiewicz, Orchowski, Orochowski, Oryszowski, Osiński, Ostropolski , Ostroróg , Ostrowski, Oszczonowski, Ośmiałowski, Ośniałowski, Ożarowski. Padarzewski, Padaszewski, Palenowski, Pancerski, Papuskowski, Parczewski, Parol, Parskliński, Parszchliński, Parszewski, Parul, Parzkliński, Paszkiewicz, Pawłowski, Perowski, Petraszkiewicz, Petrykowski, Pęcherzewski, Pęchorzewski, Piasecki, Piegłowski, Piergowski, Pierski, Pietraszkiewicz, Pietraszko, Pietrusiński, Pigłowski, Pilawski, Pilichowski, Piorowski, Piotrowicz, Piotrowin, Pirgocki, Pirogowski, Pirski, Piruski, Pniewski, Pniowski, Podkocki, Podlecki, Podleski, Podłęcki, Podolak, Podolski, Poklękowski, Polaski, Poleński, Poluchowicz, Połaski, Poławski, Połazki, Popiel, Popielski, Popowski, Poradziński, Porzyński, Post, Posth, Potarzycki, Prusimski, Pruszyński, Przedwieczorski, Przedzyński, Przetecki, Przetocki, Przewoski, Przewóski, Przewuski, Przędzielski, Przędzyński, Przyborowski, Przyborów, Przybysławski, Przyłęcki, Przywieczerzyński, Pulnarowicz, Pułczyński, Putkowski, Pycz, Pyczyński. Raczyński, Radaczyński, Radzicki, Ragowski, Rajewski, Ramatowski, Regacki, Regmont, Regmunt, Rogajski, Rogalski, Rogaski, Rogiński, Rokitnicki, Rokszycki, Rostworowski, Rozwarowski, Rucieński, Ruciński, Rudnicki, Rudziewicz, Rulikowski, Rumbo, Rumbowicz, Rumowski, Runowski, Rusian, Rusiłowicz, Russian, Russyan, Rychłowski. Sachno, Sachnowski, Sadokierski, Sadomski, Sadowski , Sadzyński, Samacki, Sarbski, Sempelborski, Sernicki, Setnicki, Sędywój, Sępiński, Sianożęcki, Siedlecki, Sieprawski, Sierakowski, Sieroszewski, Sierszewski, Sierzchowski, Sietnicki, Sirochowski, Sitański, Sitnicki, Skaławski, Skałecki, Skałocki, Skałowski, Skaryszewski, Skomorowski, Skoś, Skórski, Skrobaczewski, Skubaczewski, Skubaszewski, Sławieński, Sławiński, Słonkowski, Sobieszczański, Sobocki, Socha, Sokolnicki, Sosnowski, Soszyński, Sozański, Sożański, Stadnikiewicz, Staniszewski, Stanowski, Stańczyk, Starczewski, Starogrodzki, Starorypiński, Stasiewicz, Stawiarski, Stempniewicz, Slizewicz, Stromiło, Strumiłło, Strumiłowski, Struś-Kamyszkowski, Sudmont, Sulicki, Suradowski, Suski, Suyski, Swarczewski, Swaryczewski, Swaryszewski, Saryszowski, Swarzyszewski, Sypkowski, Szadokierski, Szadokretski, Szamota, Szamotulski, Szamotuła, Szarogrodzki, Szczekocki, Szczukocki, Szemborski, Szepetowski, Szlagowski, Szubiński, Szujski, Szuyski, Szwaryszowski, Szwarzyszowski, Szyberna, Szymberski, Szymborski, Szymbowski, Szyprowski. Ślęski, Śmietanka, Śnieszek, Śnieszko, Świdwa, Świeprawski. Taplicki, Tarajewski, Tarnawski, Tarnowski, Tessarowski, Tholibowski, Timiński, Tłukomski, Tokbowski, Tolbowski, Tolibowski, Tomasz, Tomkiewicz, Topalski, Toplicki, Topolski, Trawiński, Trzebicki, Trzeyeński, Trzyeński, Tulibowski, Tupalski, Tupolski, Tuskiewicz, Tuszyński, Tymiński, Tynicki, Tyrzyński. Udanowski, Udowicz, Udrycki, Udrzycki, Udzielski, Uhrynowski, Uszak. Wakulewicz, Wardęski, Warszowski, Watkiewicz, Watkowski, Wąsowski, Wąssowski, Wątkiewicz, Wątkowski, Westchowski, Węgier, Wielądka, Wielądko, Wielątkowski, Wielżyno, Wielżyński, Wiencewicz, Wienicki, Wieniecki, Wiennicki, Wierszowski, Wierzbicki, Wierzbiński, Wierzbowski, Wierzchaczewski, Wierzuchowski, Wikowski, Wilga, Wilk, Wilkczycki, Wilkowski, Wilksicki, Wilksycki, Wilkszycki, Wilżyński, Winiecki, Winnicki, Wir, Wisłogórski, Wisłogurski, Witowski, Włyński, Wodecki, Wojchowski, Wojciechowski, Wojnicz, Wojniesławski, Wojno, Wojnowicz, Wojnowski, Wojsławski, Wolański, Wolski, Wołucki, Wołudzki, Woyno, Wójcikowski, Wstowski, Wujcikowski, Wysocki. Zabicki, Zagajewski, Zajączkowski, Zaklikowski, Zakrzewski, Zanszyk, Zarczycki, Zarczyński, Zarszyniski, Zarszyński, Zasułtowski, Zbański, Zbąski, Zborzeński, Zdanowski, Zgliczyński, Złotopolski, Zorawski, Zrzylski, Zygmuntowicz. Żabicki, Żarcicki, Żarczyński, Żebrowski, Żołądkiewicz, Żołądkowski, Żołątkowski, Żołędkowski, Żorawski, Żórawski, Żurawski, Żwanowski, Żydowski. Nałęcz ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈnawɛnt͡ʂ] )
5005-408: The Polish troops available from his own resources. But since he could not prevent the pro-Russian Targowica Confederation , he fled abroad. He did not take part in the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794. In 1799, he was nevertheless arrested in Warsaw and imprisoned for a year in Kraków as a state prisoner, being accused of responsibility for a meeting of the Polish Sejm in Milan . After the founding of
5096-439: The aim to protect Poland from foreign domination. In 1792 he negotiated in vain with a Saxon delegation on the introduction of the hereditary transmission of the Polish crown to the King of Saxony . Małachowski was stricter than patriot opponents of the Russian party, whose main proponents scored his brother Hyacinth Małachowski. During the Russo-Polish war of 1792 , he provided substantial funds and large quantities of food for
5187-402: The arts and sciences. These princedoms were led by political dynasties and merchant families, such as the Medici of Florence. After the end of the Western Schism , newly elected Pope Martin V returned to the Papal States and restored Italy as the sole centre of Western Christianity. The Medici Bank was made the credit institution of the Papacy, and significant ties were established between
5278-444: The assistance of the depleted treasury by hypothesising all his estates as an additional guarantee. His death was regarded as a public calamity. In all the other towns of the grand duchy funeral services were held simultaneously as a tribute of the respect and gratitude of the Polish nation. He is one of the figures immortalized in Jan Matejko 's 1891 painting, Constitution of 3 May 1791 . A monument in his honor has been proposed in
5369-444: The emergence of Christianity as a world religion, are among the many legacies of Roman dominance. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , Italy fell under the Odoacer's kingdom , and was seized by the Ostrogoths . Invasions resulted in a chaotic succession of kingdoms and the supposed " Dark Ages ". The invasion of another Germanic tribe in the 6th century, the Lombards, reduced Byzantine presence and ended political unity of
5460-446: The empire, homeland of the Romans and territory of the capital. As Roman provinces were being established throughout the Mediterranean, Italy maintained a special status which made it domina provinciarum ('ruler of the provinces'), and—especially in relation to the first centuries of imperial stability — rectrix mundi ('governor of the world') and omnium terrarum parens ('parent of all lands'). The Roman Empire
5551-424: The end of the Italian wars between France and the Habsburgs, about half of Italy (the southern Kingdoms of Naples , Sicily , Sardinia , and the Duchy of Milan ) was under Spanish rule, while the other half remained independent (many states continued to be formally part of the Holy Roman Empire). The Papacy launched the Counter-Reformation , whose key events include: the Council of Trent (1545–1563); adoption of
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#17327799849155642-509: The entire peninsula south of the Alps. In 264 BC, Roman Italy extended from the Arno and Rubicon rivers of the centre-north to the entire south. The northern area, Cisalpine Gaul , considered geographically part of Italy, was occupied by Rome in the 220s BC, but remained politically separated. It was legally merged into the administrative unit of Italy in 42 BC. Sardinia, Corsica , Sicily, and Malta were added to Italy by Diocletian in 292 AD, which made late-ancient Italy coterminous with
5733-430: The extension of the franchise to the towns and the emancipation of the serfs. He was the first to enter his name as a citizen of Warsaw in the civic register and to open negotiations with his own peasantry for their complete liberation. Disappointed in his hopes by the overthrow of the constitution, he resigned office and left the country in 1792, going first to Italy and subsequently to his estates in Galicia , where he
5824-411: The former Austrian Littoral , and Dalmatia , as well as parts of the Ottoman Empire . The country's contribution to the Allied victory earned it a place as one of the " Big Four " powers. Reorganisation of the army and conscription led to Italian victories. In October 1918, the Italians launched a massive offensive, culminating in victory at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto . This marked the end of war on
5915-421: The groundwork for modern capitalism. The Italian Renaissance flourished during the 15th and 16th centuries and spread to the rest of Europe. Italian explorers discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World , contributing significantly to the European Age of Discovery . After centuries of political and territorial divisions, Italy was almost entirely unified in 1861, following wars of independence and
6006-435: The kingdom's capital was moved from Turin to Florence. In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II, allied with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War , waged the Third Italian War of Independence , which resulted in Italy annexing Venetia . Finally, in 1870, as France abandoned Rome during the Franco-Prussian War , the Italians captured the Papal States , unification was completed, and the capital moved to Rome. Sardinia's constitution
6097-536: The land of the Italói , a tribe that resided in the region now known as Calabria . Originally thought to be named Vituli , some scholars suggest their totemic animal to be the calf ( Latin : vitulus ; Umbrian : vitlo ; Oscan : Víteliú ). Several ancient authors said it was named after a local ruler Italus . The ancient Greek term for Italy initially referred only to the south of the Bruttium peninsula and parts of Catanzaro and Vibo Valentia . The larger concept of Oenotria and "Italy" became synonymous, and
6188-407: The maritime republics, eager to find an alternative route to the Indies to bypass the Ottomans, offered their services to monarchs of Atlantic countries and played a key role in ushering the Age of Discovery and colonization of the Americas. The most notable were: Christopher Columbus , who opened the Americas for conquest by Europeans; John Cabot , the first European to explore North America since
6279-413: The modern Italian geographical region . The Latin Italicus was used to describe "a man of Italy" as opposed to a provincial , or one from the Roman province . The adjective italianus , from which Italian was derived, is from medieval Latin and was used alternatively with Italicus during the early modern period . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy
6370-420: The monarchy and established an oligarchic republic. The Italian Peninsula, named Italia , was consolidated into a unified entity during Roman expansion, the conquest of new territories often at the expense of the other Italic tribes , Etruscans , Celts , and Greeks . A permanent association, with most of the local tribes and cities, was formed, and Rome began the conquest of Western Europe, North Africa, and
6461-447: The most affected economically . In February 2021, after a government crisis , Conte resigned. Mario Draghi , former president of the European Central Bank , formed a national unity government supported by most main parties, pledging to implement an economic stimulus to face the crisis caused by the pandemic. In 2022, Giorgia Meloni was sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister. Italy, whose territory largely coincides with
6552-628: The name applied to most of Lucania as well. Before the Roman Republic's expansion, the name was used by Greeks for the land between the strait of Messina and the line connecting the gulfs of Salerno and Taranto , corresponding to Calabria. The Greeks came to apply "Italia" to a larger region. In addition to the " Greek Italy " in the south, historians have suggested the existence of an "Etruscan Italy", which consisted of areas of central Italy. The borders of Roman Italy , Italia , are better established. Cato's Origines describes Italy as
6643-623: The north, the Germans set up the Italian Social Republic (RSI), a Nazi puppet state and collaborationist regime with Mussolini installed as leader after he was rescued by German paratroopers. What remained of the Italian troops was organised into the Italian Co-belligerent Army , which fought alongside the Allies, while other Italian forces, loyal to Mussolini, opted to fight alongside the Germans in
6734-399: The patriotic journalist Giuseppe Mazzini , founder of the political movement Young Italy in the 1830s, who favoured a unitary republic and advocated a broad nationalist movement. 1847 saw the first public performance of " Il Canto degli Italiani ", which became the national anthem in 1946. The most famous member of Young Italy was the revolutionary and general Giuseppe Garibaldi who led
6825-647: The peninsula. The north formed the Lombard kingdom, central-south was also controlled by the Lombards, and other parts remained Byzantine. The Lombard kingdom was absorbed into Francia by Charlemagne in the late 8th century and became the Kingdom of Italy. The Franks helped form the Papal States . Until the 13th century, politics was dominated by relations between the Holy Roman Emperors and
6916-469: The republican drive for unification in southern Italy. However, the Italian monarchy of the House of Savoy, in the Kingdom of Sardinia , whose government was led by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour , also had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state. In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept Europe, an unsuccessful First Italian War of Independence was declared against Austria . In 1855, Sardinia became an ally of Britain and France in
7007-470: The south, Sicily had become an Arab Islamic emirate in the 9th century, thriving until the Italo-Normans conquered it in the late 11th century, together with most of the Lombard and Byzantine principalities of southern Italy. The region was subsequently divided between the Kingdom of Sicily and Kingdom of Naples . The Black Death of 1348 killed perhaps a third of Italy's population. During
7098-708: The throne of Poland. The best-known Poles who bore these arms were Joseph Conrad (Korzeniowski) and Sędziwój Ostroróg . A Nałęcz relief is on the Guard House building in Poznań. In heraldic English, the shield may be blazoned: Gules the Nałęcz shawl circled and knotted Argent. Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included: Standard variations Aristocratic variations Other Italy – in Europe (light green & dark grey) – in
7189-405: The traditional liberal and conservative establishment. In the last two decades of the 19th century, Italy developed into a colonial power by subjugating Eritrea , Somalia , Tripolitania , and Cyrenaica in Africa. In 1913, male universal suffrage was adopted. The pre- World War I period was dominated by Giovanni Giolitti , prime minister five times between 1892 and 1921. Italy entered into
7280-534: The world and headquarters of the worldwide Catholic Church under the governance of the Holy See ) are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The border with San Marino is 39 km (24 mi) long, that with Vatican City, 3.2 km (2.0 mi). Over 35% of Italian territory is mountainous. The Apennine Mountains form the peninsula's backbone, and
7371-510: The world's fifth-largest industrial nation after it gained entry into the G7 in the 1970s. However, national debt skyrocketed past 100% of GDP. Between 1992 and 1993, Italy faced terror attacks perpetrated by the Sicilian Mafia as a consequence of new anti-mafia measures by the government. Voters—disenchanted with political paralysis, massive public debt and extensive corruption uncovered by
7462-422: Was among the largest in history, wielding great economical, cultural, political, and military power. At its greatest extent, it had an area of 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles). The Roman legacy has deeply influenced Western civilisation shaping the modern world. The widespread use of Romance languages derived from Latin, numerical system , modern Western alphabet and calendar, and
7553-801: Was appointed clerk of the United Polish crown . As a member of the House of Deputies in the Sejm, he earned great respect. He belonged to a member of the Permanent Council of the Government and was appointed Marshal (President) of the Four-year Sejm (1788-1792). In this capacity he was one of the main authors of the Constitution of 3 May 1791 . He signed, as Marshal of the Sejm in 1790, the treaty of alliance with Prussia with
7644-510: Was based upon Italian nationalism and imperialism, seeking to expand Italian possessions via irredentist claims based on the legacy of the Roman and Venetian empires. For this reason the fascists engaged in interventionist foreign policy . In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia and founded Italian East Africa , resulting in international isolation and leading to Italy's withdrawal from the League of Nations . Italy then allied with Nazi Germany and
7735-525: Was captured and summarily executed by partisans. Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945, when the German forces in Italy surrendered . Nearly half a million Italians died in the conflict, society was divided, and the economy all but destroyed—per capita income in 1944 was at its lowest point since 1900. The aftermath left Italy angry with the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime, contributing to
7826-724: Was conducive to academic and artistic advancement. The best-known maritime republics were Venice, Genoa , Pisa , and Amalfi . Each had dominion over overseas lands, islands, lands on the Adriatic, Aegean, and Black seas, and commercial colonies in the Near East and North Africa. Venice and Genoa were Europe's gateways to the East, and producers of fine glass, while Florence was a centre of silk, wool, banking, and jewellery. The wealth generated meant large public and private artistic projects could be commissioned. The republics participated in
7917-722: Was created. After the Lombard invasions, Italia was retained as the name for their kingdom, and its successor kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire . Lower Paleolithic artefacts, dating back 850,000 years, have been recovered from Monte Poggiolo . Excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence in the Middle Palaeolithic period 200,000 years ago, while modern humans appeared about 40,000 years ago at Riparo Mochi . The ancient peoples of pre-Roman Italy were Indo-European , specifically
8008-681: Was discovered in the Similaun glacier in 1991. The first colonisers were the Phoenicians , who established emporiums on the coasts of Sicily and Sardinia. Some became small urban centers and developed parallel to Greek colonies . During the 8th and 7th centuries, Greek colonies were established at Pithecusae , eventually extending along the south of the Italian Peninsula and the coast of Sicily, an area later known as Magna Graecia . Ionians , Doric colonists, Syracusans , and
8099-496: Was extended to all of Italy in 1861, and provided basic freedoms for the new state; but electoral laws excluded the non-propertied classes. The new kingdom was governed by a parliamentary constitutional monarchy dominated by liberals. As northern Italy quickly industrialised, southern and northern rural areas remained underdeveloped and overpopulated, forcing millions to migrate and fuelling a large and influential diaspora . The Italian Socialist Party increased in strength, challenging
8190-546: Was first elected a deputy to the Coronation Diet of 1764, and the great Four-Years Sejm unanimously elected him its speaker at the beginning of its session in 1788. Accurately gauging the situation, Małachowski speedily gathered round him all those who were striving to uphold the falling Commonwealth and warmly supported every promising project of reform. He was one of the framers of the constitution of 3 May 1791, exceeding in liberality all his colleagues and advocating
8281-604: Was imprisoned for a time on a false suspicion of conspiracy. In 1807, Małachowski was placed at the head of the executive committee appointed at Warsaw after its evacuation by the Prussians , and when the grand duchy of Warsaw was created Małachowski became president of the senate under King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony . In the negotiations with the Austrian government concerning the Galician salt-mines, Małachowski came to
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