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61-610: We The Citizens may refer to: Citizens' Assembly (Ireland) , a citizens' assembly in Ireland Nous Citoyens , French political party We, the Citizens! , Portuguese political party Wir Bürger , German political party Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title We The Citizens . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

122-450: A global moratorium on executions , with a view to eventual abolition. The International Human Rights Standards for Law Enforcement has created a system whereby it is recognised that international human rights law is binding upon all state actors, and that said state actors must know and be capable of applying international standards for human rights. The right to life is for the most part an inalienable right granted to every human upon

183-490: A resolution in the 32nd Dáil (lower house ) approving the "calling of a Citizens' Assembly" to consider the four issues specified in the government programme and "such other matters as may be referred to it". A Green Party amendment was accepted which added "how the State can make Ireland a leader in tackling climate change " to the list of topics. Sinn Féin and AAA–PBP amendments were rejected. An analogous resolution

244-553: A certain set of rules that have been set out in the ' Use of Force ' section of the Pocket Book on Human Rights for the Police. The essential tenet of the Pocket Book surrounding the use of lethal force is that all other means of a non-violent nature should be employed initially, followed by proportionately appropriate use of force. Proportionately appropriate use of force can, and will in some circumstances, refer to lethal force if

305-561: A law enforcement agent genuinely believes that ending the life of one civilian would result in the preservation of his life, or the lives of his fellow civilians, as is outlined in the 'Permissible Circumstances for the Use of Firearms ' section of the Pocket Book. The Pocket Book also outlines in the 'Accountability for the Use of Force and Firearms' section that there are stringent measures of accountability in place to maintain integrity within state law enforcement agencies as regards their right to

366-669: A month later to implement the committee's report. The Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland , approved by referendum on 25 May 2018, replaced the constitutional prohibition with a provision allowing the Oireachtas to regulate abortion. The Oireachtas duly passed the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 to legalise and regulate abortion, up to 12 weeks' gestation for any reason, and up to viability for fatal fetal abnormality or serious health risk to

427-648: A more broad-based, nonsectarian movement, key Minnesota leaders proposed an organizational model that would separate the NRLC from the direct oversight of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops and by early 1973 NRLC Director Fr. James T. McHugh and his executive assistant, Michael Taylor, proposed a different plan, facilitating the NRLC move toward its independence from the Roman Catholic Church . Some utilitarian ethicists argue that

488-452: A number later increased to five. An advisory group of five experts was appointed: a medical lawyer, two constitutional lawyers, and two obstetricians . The chairperson said she would investigate claims that an assembly member had publicly expressed pro-choice views on Twitter . In the Dáil, Mattie McGrath complained that two of the five experts had previously expressed dissatisfaction with

549-498: A report, which was referred to an Oireachtas joint committee , This committee, in turn, produced a report for debate in each house. Resolutions to establish the "Special Joint Committee on the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution" were passed on 4 and 13 April 2017 by the Dáil and Seanad respectively. The assembly's inaugural meeting decided that the abortion issue would be the topic for its first four working meetings,

610-491: A scenario to a conclusion, giving specific thought to both the safety of themselves and other civilians. Law enforcement officers are given the prerogative to engage in department-approved methods to safely bring a conclusion to a scenario and are also given the ability to use issued equipment to resolve issues in scenarios where they are required to protect themselves or others from damage, to bring resistant individuals under control, or to safely conclude unlawful incidents. There

671-640: A valid judicial title for a direct deliberate disposal of an innocent human life In 1966 the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) asked Fr. James T. McHugh to begin observing trends in abortion reform within the United States . The National Right to Life Committee (NRLC) was founded in 1967 as the Right to Life League to coordinate its state campaigns under the auspices of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. To appeal to

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732-977: A written Dáil response in relation to those recommendations within the remit of the Department of Health . One meeting on climate change was planned, for the weekends starting 30 September and 4 November 2017; the second was added to the schedule on 17 July. Speakers included the chair of the advisory group for a promised " National Dialogue on Climate Change". Recommendations, all passed by at least 80% of members, included: empowering an independent body to address climate change; Greenhouse gas (GHG) tax, including carbon tax and agricultural GHG tax; encouragement of climate change mitigation , electric vehicles , public transport , forests , organic farming , and natural peat bogs ; reduction of food waste ; microgeneration of electricity; ending subsidy of peat extraction ; increasing bus lanes , cycle lanes and park and ride facilities. The Oireachtas responded to

793-743: A year of its first meeting. This was extended in October 2017 and again in March 2018, to 27 April 2018. The government then formally responded to each report. The calendar published in October 2016 included seven three-day working meetings, one in November 2016 and one each month from January to July 2017. The first issue to be considered was the Eighth Amendment, beginning at its first working meeting on 25 November 2016. Enda Kenny in September 2016 estimated it could take "six to seven months" to issue

854-659: Is a citizens' assembly established in Ireland in 2016 to consider several political questions including the Constitution of Ireland . Questions considered include: abortion , fixed term parliaments , referendums , population ageing , and climate change . Over 18 months a report is produced on each topic. The government is required to respond officially to the reports in the Oireachtas (parliament); as of 9 April 2019 responses have been given on three of

915-459: Is no mention as to what "reasonably necessary" should be interpreted as meaning, but there is reference made to the reasonable man method of determining how one should approach a scenario. However, it has been highlighted through events such as the killing of Michael Brown by Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri , which resulted in public unrest , that there is confusion and debate surrounding

976-568: The Church of Ireland , Iona Institute , National Women's Council of Ireland , Union of Students in Ireland , Women Hurt , Youth Defence . The final meeting on abortion began on 22 April, with a series of votes held based on the deliberations from the earlier meetings. The first day's votes were on Article 40.3.3°, the subsection of the Constitution added by the Eighth Amendment: The second day's votes were recommendations for

1037-666: The Health Service Executive ; and Michael Browne of Third Age Ireland and the Citizens Information Board . The second meeting focused on pensions and retirement. Votes were taken on 16 questions: 11 yes/no questions and 5 multiple-choice. Assembly members could distribute votes among multiple answers to the multiple-choice questions except question 2. On 15 May 2019 Jim Daly , the Minister of State for Mental Health and Older People, gave

1098-569: The "right to life", where it exists, depends on conditions other than membership of the human species . The philosopher Peter Singer is a notable proponent of this argument. For Singer, the right to life is grounded in the ability to plan and anticipate one's future. This extends the concept to non-human animals, such as other apes , but since the unborn, infants and severely disabled people lack this, he states that abortion, painless infanticide and euthanasia can be "justified" (but are not obligatory) in certain special circumstances, for instance in

1159-402: The 2016 election included this commitment: We will establish a Citizens' Assembly, within six months, and without participation by politicians, and with a mandate to look at a limited number of key issues over an extended time period. These issues will not be limited to those directly pertaining to the constitution and may include issues such as, for example how we, as a nation, best respond to

1220-457: The Eighth Amendment which is the subject matter of this Bill, and report to the Oireachtas in the first half of 2017". Over 13,000 submissions were received from the public by the closing date of 16 December 2016. More than 8,000 were submitted electronically, including over 3,200 the final 24 hours. Submissions were uploaded to the assembly website, with "personal stories or sensitive submissions" deidentified . Based on feedback from members,

1281-434: The Oireachtas and two more of its own choosing. It made 18 recommendations for constitutional amendments and 20 for other changes to laws or Oireachtas standing orders ; the government accepted some, rejected others, and referred others to committees for further consultation. In 2015 Taoiseach Enda Kenny entertained the possibility of a similar body meeting after the next general election , which occurred in 2016. In

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1342-505: The United States created widespread feeling amongst US citizens that they were not being protected by the police. The justice system mostly found that these agents acted within the boundaries of the law because the actions of the people who were shot were judged to be sufficiently questionable in character for the police officer to fear for their own life or the lives of others. Coppolo investigated Connecticut law and reported that

1403-467: The area's rate of violent crime , the size of the non -indigenous population and the socioeconomic position of the community concerned. Appropriating a blanket description of how police killings can occur across the board is difficult given the vast differences in social context from state to state. Perry, Hall and Hall discuss the phenomena across the United States of America which became highly charged and widely documented in late 2014, referring to

1464-572: The assembly voted 36–35 in favour fixed terms; 39–27 for 4 (rather than 5) years as the term; 63–3 in favour of allowing the term to be "cut short subject to certain conditions". In 2019, the Irish government announced two further Citizens' Assemblies including gender equality . This assembly was tasked with exploring and, within 6 months, making recommendations on; barriers that facilitate gender discrimination towards girls and boys, women and men; removing gender related economic inequalities, reassess

1525-471: The assembly's work, she would oppose the bill despite herself favouring repeal. The Independent Alliance ministers wanted a free vote , which Fine Gael opposed as compromising cabinet collective responsibility . As a compromise, it was agreed that government TDs would oppose the AAA–PBP bill and would not shorten the assembly's timeframe for considering the abortion issue, but that the Oireachtas would expedite

1586-568: The bounds of international law. While the Pocket Book on Human Rights for the Police outlines the academic circumstances under which law enforcement agents may use lethal force, the literal scenarios in which police killings have occurred are also relevant. Rosenfeld states that there is considerable literature that gives reason to believe that social conditions also have a part to play in how law enforcement killings can occur. Rosenfeld states that there are numerous studies that have been conducted which link law enforcement agents' use of lethal force to

1647-558: The buildup to the election, various politicians proposed changes to Irish abortion law , including repeal of the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution , which guaranteed a foetal right to life . In November 2015, Kenny promised "a Citizen's Convention on the constitution, or whatever title would be appropriate" to address the issue. The programme agreed by the Fine Gael–independent minority government formed after

1708-408: The case of a disabled infant whose life would be one of suffering. Bioethicists associated with disability rights and disability studies communities have argued that Singer's epistemology is based on ableist conceptions of disability. Opponents of capital punishment argue that it is a violation of the right to life, while its supporters argue that the death penalty is not a violation of

1769-495: The chair for a total of 100 members. The 99 other members were "citizens entitled to vote at a referendum, randomly selected so as to be broadly representative of Irish society". The representative criteria included gender, age, location, and social class . For the 66 citizen members of the Constitutional Convention, these 99 plus 99 substitutes were selected by an opinion polling company; Red C won

1830-446: The chairperson selected 17 submitting organisations to make presentations to the assembly. These were announced on 21 February: Amnesty International Ireland , Atheist Ireland , Coalition to Repeal the Eighth Amendment, Doctors for Choice, Doctors for Life Ireland, Every Life Counts , Family & Life , Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference , Irish Family Planning Association , Parents for Choice, Pro Life Campaign , General Synod of

1891-444: The challenges and opportunities of an ageing population . That said, we will ask the Citizens' Assembly to make recommendations to the Dáil on further constitutional changes, including on the Eighth Amendment, on fixed term parliaments and on the manner in which referenda are held (e.g. should 'super referendum days', whereby a significant number of referenda take place on the same day, be held). On 13 July 2016, Damien English moved

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1952-428: The committee that the assembly had considered all of article 40.3.3, including the 13th and 14th Amendments (rights to travel and to information) as well as the 8th (right to life of the unborn), because they were "inextricabl[y] link[ed]". Rónán Mullen said he found its process "disturbing" and criticised it for not acknowledging that the 8th amendment had "saved thousands of lives". Lynn Ruane asked why there

2013-583: The economic value placed traditional 'women's work'; women's full participation in workplace and political; considering the gender imbalance in care; and gender imbalance in low pay sectors. Former Secretary-General of the European Commission Catherine Day was appointed as chair. In November 2016, David Van Reybrouck commended the Citizens' Assembly and the predecessor Constitutional Convention as models that other European countries could usefully imitate, which could counter

2074-415: The envisaged Oireachtas legislation. There were separate votes on a range of potential circumstances in which abortion might be permitted, possibly restricted to a maximum number of weeks' gestation. Journalist Mary Minihan reported the following week that "the consensus in the Oireachtas is that the assembly's recommendations were an overly-liberal interpretation of the current thinking of middle Ireland on

2135-422: The existing abortion provisions. The opposition Anti-Austerity Alliance–People Before Profit (AAA–PBP) scheduled the second stage of a private member's bill repealing the Eighth Amendment for debate in the Dáil on 25 October 2016. Fine Gael opposed the bill on the grounds that it would pre-empt the Citizens' Assembly discussion. Similarly, independent minister Katherine Zappone said that, in deference to

2196-474: The final abortion meeting, whose replacements did not participate until the assembly moved on to its next topic for discussion. Seven replacements joining in January 2018 were removed the following month when it emerged they were recruited via acquaintances of a Red C employee, who was then suspended, rather than via random selection. The assembly's secretariat was drawn from the civil service . Its office

2257-569: The five topics. The Citizens' Assembly was a successor to the 2012–14 Constitutional Convention , which was established by the Oireachtas in accordance with the government programme agreed by the Fine Gael–Labour coalition formed after the 2011 general election . Convention members were a chairperson nominated by the government, 33 representatives chosen by political parties , and 66 randomly chosen citizens. Meeting over 15 months, it considered seven constitutional issues previously specified by

2318-479: The issue." On 29 June 2017, the assembly's official report was laid before the Oireachtas and published. On 11 July 2017, the Oireachtas Joint Committee agreed its programme for considering the report, including a presentation from the assembly chairperson at a public session on 20 September 2017. Laffoy was joined at the meeting by the two leaders of the assembly secretariat. She told

2379-503: The killing of animals for the consumption of their meat should be seen as immoral and a violation of their right to life. He holds that rights should be based on sentience, rather than species membership. Numerous authors have invoked the argument from marginal cases to argue that animals should have similar moral status to human infants, senile people, the comatose , and cognitively disabled people. A 2020 survey of 1812 published English-language philosophers found that 48% said it

2440-529: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_The_Citizens&oldid=1195359799 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Political party disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Citizens%27 Assembly (Ireland) The Citizens' Assembly ( Irish : An Tionól Saoránach and also known as We The Citizens )

2501-494: The planet, however, there are certain situations in which state actors are required to take drastic action, which can result in civilians being killed by law enforcement agents. Appropriate occasions for killings by law enforcement are strictly outlined by the International Human Rights Standards for Law Enforcement. Any lethal action taken by law enforcement agents must be taken following

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2562-481: The possibility of the existence of a “ right to die ” through the application of euthanasia and granting the individual the right to choose the method of implementing this type of dying, considering that the latter is one of the parts of the right to life. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life. Every person has

2623-537: The practice of abortion , or at least reduce the frequency of the practice, and in the context of pregnancy , the term right to life was advanced by Pope Pius XII during a 1951 papal encyclical : Every human being, even the child in the womb, has the right to life directly from God and not from his parents, not from any society or human authority. Therefore, there is no man, no society, no human authority, no science, no “indication” at all whether it be medical, eugenic, social, economic, or moral that may offer or give

2684-483: The pregnant woman. The first meetings on "how we best respond to the challenges and opportunities of an ageing population" were held on 10–11 June 2017. In May a second weekend, on 8–9 July, was added to the schedule. The assembly received 120 submissions from the public. The first meeting's main topics were long-term care and independent living . It was addressed by Eamon O'Shea, social gerontology professor at NUI Galway ; Pat Healy, social care director at

2745-488: The processing of the assembly's report, by establishing the select committee ahead of time and giving it a strict six-month lifespan. Accordingly, Simon Harris , the Minister for Health , moved an amendment to the second-reading motion, that "Dáil Éireann declines to give the Bill a second reading in order that the Citizens' Assembly, established by Resolutions of Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann, can conclude its deliberations on

2806-449: The report by establishing a Joint Committee on Climate Action, which published its own report on 29 March 2019. On 9 May 2019 the Dáil endorsed the committee's report and symbolically declared a "climate and biodiversity emergency",. The motion also requested a Citizen's Assembly to study the biodiversity loss emergency and how the state can improve its response. A "government action plan on climate change" followed on 17 June 2019. On

2867-426: The right to have his life respected. This right shall be protected by law and, in general, from the moment of conception. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. The right to life is considered the most important and first right urged by

2928-684: The right to life because the right to life should apply with deference to a sense of justice . The opponents believe that capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights , because the right to life is the most important, and capital punishment violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture . Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it "cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment", and Amnesty International considers it to be "the ultimate, irreversible denial of Human Rights". The United Nations General Assembly has adopted, in 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016 non-binding resolutions calling for

2989-475: The rise of populism . A 2019 editorial in The Irish Times said that the Citizens' Assembly's work on abortion was a "great success" that "paved the way for the resolution of [a] potentially contentious social issue" and "a vital step on the road to generating support for constitutional change". Right to life The term "right to life" is used in the abortion debate by those who wish to end

3050-457: The tender and began selection at the start of September. The Electoral (Amendment) Act 2016 was passed to enable the electoral register to be used in this process. Media were asked not to photograph the citizen members before the inaugural assembly meeting. Members received expenses but no other payment. Of the original 99 members, 17 withdrew before the first working meeting, whose replacements immediately took over; another 11 withdrew before

3111-474: The tender to host later, working, meetings. RTÉ News predicted that there would be ten weekend sessions, each "opened with an address from the Chairperson, followed by expert presentations, Q&A sessions and debate, roundtable discussion and a plenary session." Meetings were livestreamed . Submissions from the public were invited. The assembly was originally supposed to complete its business within

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3172-463: The use of firearms and lethal force. The 'Procedure for the Use of Firearms' section provides the process through which law enforcement agents must progress when using firearms. It states that they must identify themselves as a law enforcement agent , issue a clear warning, and give an adequate amount of time for response (providing that time would not likely result in harm being done to the agent or other civilians) before deadly force can be used within

3233-701: The use of lethal force from white police officers on unarmed black male civilians. There is no legal prerogative which gives law enforcement agents the ability to use lethal force based on the race of the person they are dealing with, there is only a legal prerogative to engage in lethal force if there is a reasonable fear for your life or the lives of others. However, the Propublica analysis of federal data on fatal police shootings between 2010 and 2012, showed that young black male civilians were 21 times more likely to be killed by police than young white male civilians. The use of lethal force from law enforcement agents in

3294-446: The use of lethal force must be followed by a report that determines whether the law enforcement agent's lethal force was proportionately necessary in the circumstances. Coppolo also stated that a reasonable lethal response must only be made when there is a reasonable belief that the facts you have been presented with could realistically result in a risk of death or grievous bodily harm. In Animal Liberation , Peter Singer writes that

3355-441: The use of lethal force. International institutions have outlined when and where law enforcement agents might have the availability of lethal force at their disposal. The International Association of Chiefs of Police have 'Model Policies' which incorporate various pieces of information from leading sources. One of these model policies states that law enforcement agents will engage in reasonable necessary force to efficiently bring

3416-504: The weekend of 13–14 January 2018 the Assembly considered the manner in which referendums are held . Recommendations included: The Assembly considered measures to increase voter turnout . It supported early voting, weekend voting, postal voting, online voting, lowering the voting age to 16, and allowing nonresidents to vote for up to five years after emigrating . It opposed compulsory voting . The meeting on fixed-term parliaments

3477-635: Was at 16 Parnell Square in Dublin. In June 2016 the assembly's cost was estimated at €600,000, drawn from the Department of the Taoiseach , with €200,000 in 2016 and the balance in 2017. In October 2016 the Taoiseach said €2m had been set aside. The total cost to March 2019 was €2,355,557, of which €1,535,133 was spent in 2017. The inaugural and introductory assembly meeting was held on 15 October 2016 at Dublin Castle . The Grand Hotel, Malahide won

3538-583: Was no option to vote for "express positive right to abortion access or to bodily autonomy in pregnancy"; the latter was in the assembly report's ancillary list of issues for the Oireachtas to consider. Laffoy regretted that the assembly had not addressed increased illegal online ordering of abortion pills . The Oireachtas responded to the report by establishing a Joint Committee on the Eighth Amendment, which produced its own report in December 2017, with dissent from pro-life members. The government decided

3599-439: Was passed in the 25th Seanad (upper house) on 15 July. In July 2019 Eoghan Murphy introducing legislation related to the "Dublin Citizens' Assembly" and the "Citizens' Assembly 2019". The Irish Times viewed these as lacking the justification for the original Citizens' Assembly, in that they relate to "purely political issue[s] which TDs are well capable of deciding". Members of each assembly consist of 99 citizens and

3660-523: Was permissible to eat animals in ordinary circumstances, while 45% said it was not. Those who believe a person should be able to make the decision to end their own life through euthanasia use the argument that persons have a right to choose , while those who oppose the legalization of euthanasia argue so on the grounds that all persons have a right to life, which they interpret as an obligation to live . They are commonly referred to as right-to-lifers . The European Convention on Human Rights defended

3721-699: Was scheduled for the weekend of 3–4 March but because of Storm Emma was postponed until 14–15 April. The issue was added to the assembly's remit at the insistence of Shane Ross of the Independent Alliance during negotiations on forming the government. There were eight public submissions, including one from the Green Party in favour of the UK system (embodied in the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 ). With 71 members present,

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