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61-525: Wear OS supports Bluetooth , NFC , Wi-Fi , 3G , and LTE connectivity, as well as a range of features and applications. Watch face styles include round, square and rectangular. Hardware manufacturing partners include Asus , Broadcom , Fossil , HTC , Intel , LG , MediaTek , Imagination Technologies , Motorola , New Balance , Xiaomi , Qualcomm , Samsung , Huawei , Skagen , Polar , TAG Heuer , Suunto , and Mobvoi . Analysts estimate that over 720,000 Android Wear smartwatches were shipped in 2014,

122-492: A round-robin fashion. Since it is the master that chooses which slave to address, whereas a slave is (in theory) supposed to listen in each receive slot, being a master is a lighter burden than being a slave. Being a master of seven slaves is possible; being a slave of more than one master is possible. The specification is vague as to required behavior in scatternets. Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with

183-409: A Bluetooth device. A network of patents applies to the technology, which is licensed to individual qualifying devices. As of 2021 , 4.7 billion Bluetooth integrated circuit chips are shipped annually. Bluetooth was first demonstrated in space in 2024, an early test envisioned to enhance IoT capabilities. The name "Bluetooth" was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach of Intel , one of the founders of

244-787: A built-in Bluetooth radio, others require an external adapter, typically in the form of a small USB " dongle ". Unlike its predecessor, IrDA , which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth lets multiple devices communicate with a computer over a single adapter. For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and SP3 releases work natively with Bluetooth v1.1, v2.0 and v2.0+EDR. Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth adapter's own drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft. Microsoft's own Bluetooth dongles (packaged with their Bluetooth computer devices) have no external drivers and thus require at least Windows XP Service Pack 2. Windows Vista RTM/SP1 with

305-468: A cellular phone and a vehicle's audio system. At the time, Sony/Ericsson had only a minor market share in the cellular phone market, which was dominated in the US by Nokia and Motorola. Due to ongoing negotiations for an intended licensing agreement with Motorola beginning in the late 1990s, Vosi could not publicly disclose the intention, integration, and initial development of other enabled devices which were to be

366-621: A given link depends on several qualities of both communicating devices and the air and obstacles in between . The primary attributes affecting range are the data rate, protocol (Bluetooth Classic or Bluetooth Low Energy), transmission power, and receiver sensitivity, and the relative orientations and gains of both antennas. The effective range varies depending on propagation conditions, material coverage, production sample variations, antenna configurations and battery conditions. Most Bluetooth applications are for indoor conditions, where attenuation of walls and signal fading due to signal reflections make

427-469: A lower power consumption through a reduced duty cycle . The specification is published as Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR , which implies that EDR is an optional feature. Aside from EDR, the v2.0 specification contains other minor improvements, and products may claim compliance to "Bluetooth v2.0" without supporting the higher data rate. At least one commercial device states "Bluetooth v2.0 without EDR" on its data sheet. Bluetooth Core Specification version 2.1 + EDR

488-417: A major update to the platform, internally known as Wear OS 3.0. It incorporates a new visual design inspired by Android 12 , and Fitbit exercise tracking features. Google also announced a partnership with Samsung Electronics , who is collaborating with Google to unify its Tizen -based smartwatch platform with Wear OS, and has committed to using Wear OS on its future smartwatch products. The underlying codebase

549-410: A membership of over 30,000 companies worldwide. It was established by Ericsson , IBM , Intel , Nokia and Toshiba , and later joined by many other companies. All versions of the Bluetooth standards are backward-compatible with all earlier versions. The Bluetooth Core Specification Working Group (CSWG) produces mainly four kinds of specifications: Major enhancements include: This version of

610-475: A radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum . Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on one of 79 designated Bluetooth channels. Each channel has a bandwidth of 1   MHz. It usually performs 1600   hops per second, with adaptive frequency-hopping (AFH) enabled. Bluetooth Low Energy uses 2   MHz spacing, which accommodates 40 channels. Originally, Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) modulation

671-522: A reading on-demand, or at intervals throughout the day. The watch can control media being played on streamed on paired devices. Brings Android 8.0 Oreo features to smartwatches Wear OS App version: 2.10 Health features to Google Fit: Hardware improvements: Social integration: Removed: Bluetooth Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances and building personal area networks (PANs). In

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732-419: A short range based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in visual line of sight of each other; however, a quasi optical wireless path must be viable. Historically, the Bluetooth range was defined by the radio class, with a lower class (and higher output power) having larger range. The actual range of

793-770: A watch face API and changed the software to be based on Android 5.0 "Lollipop" . The LG G Watch and Samsung Gear Live started shipping in July 2014, while the Motorola Moto 360 began shipping in September 2014. The next batch of Android Wear devices, which arrived at the end of 2014, included the Asus ZenWatch , the Sony SmartWatch 3 , and the LG G Watch R . As of March 2015, the latest Wear OS devices are

854-733: Is open source software , although the software development kit contains proprietary components owned by Samsung, and portions of the OS are licensed under the Flora License , a derivative of the Apache License 2.0 that grants a patent license only to "Tizen-certified platforms". In May 2021, Google announced that Samsung would partner with the company on integrating Tizen features into Google's Android -derived Wear OS and committed to using it on future wearables, leaving Tizen to be mainly developed for Samsung Smart TVs. The project

915-405: Is a packet-based protocol with a master/slave architecture . One master may communicate with up to seven slaves in a piconet . All devices within a given piconet use the clock provided by the master as the base for packet exchange. The master clock ticks with a period of 312.5   μs , two clock ticks then make up a slot of 625   μs, and two slots make up a slot pair of 1250   μs. In

976-411: Is connecting to a Class 1 transceiver with both higher sensitivity and transmission power than a typical Class 2 device. In general, however, Class 1 devices have sensitivities similar to those of Class 2 devices. Connecting two Class 1 devices with both high sensitivity and high power can allow ranges far in excess of the typical 100 m, depending on the throughput required by

1037-528: Is included with most Linux kernels and was originally developed by Qualcomm . Fluoride, earlier known as Bluedroid is included in Android OS and was originally developed by Broadcom . There is also Affix stack, developed by Nokia . It was once popular, but has not been updated since 2005. FreeBSD has included Bluetooth since its v5.0 release, implemented through netgraph . NetBSD has included Bluetooth since its v4.0 release. Its Bluetooth stack

1098-562: Is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 35,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1 but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as

1159-404: Is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e., with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files). Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices. Bluetooth devices can advertise all of

1220-565: The Google Assistant and Google Mobile Services (including Gmail , Google Maps , and Google Wallet ), as well as third-party watch apps from Play Store . From the watch face, the user can swipe up to access their notifications, down to access a quick settings panel, from the left to view their personalized Google feed, and the right to view Google Fit . Via Google Fit and similar applications, Wear OS supports ride and run tracking, and devices containing heart rate sensors can perform

1281-611: The LG Watch Urbane , and the Huawei Watch . On August 31, 2015, Google launched a Wear OS app for iOS version 8.2 or newer, allowing limited support for receiving iOS notifications on smartwatches running Wear OS. As of September 2015, only the LG Watch Urbane and Huawei Watch are supported, but Google announced support for more smartwatch models. In March 2018, Android Wear was rebranded as Wear OS. It

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1342-565: The OBD-II port underneath the steering wheel. On November 16, 2016, Samsung said they would be collaborating with Microsoft to bring .NET Core support to Tizen. According to Strategy Analytics research, approximately 21% of the smart TVs sold in 2018 run on the Tizen platform making it the most popular smart TV platform. On May 19, 2021, during Google I/O , Google announced that Samsung had agreed to work on integrating features of Tizen with

1403-535: The Bluetooth Core Specification was released before 2005. The main difference is the introduction of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster data transfer . The data rate of EDR is 3   Mbit/s, although the maximum data transfer rate (allowing for inter-packet time and acknowledgements) is 2.1   Mbit/s. EDR uses a combination of GFSK and phase-shift keying modulation (PSK) with two variants, π/4- DQPSK and 8- DPSK . EDR can provide

1464-530: The Bluetooth SIG. The name was inspired by a conversation with Sven Mattisson who related Scandinavian history through tales from Frans G. Bengtsson 's The Long Ships , a historical novel about Vikings and the 10th-century Danish king Harald Bluetooth . Upon discovering a picture of the runestone of Harald Bluetooth in the book A History of the Vikings by Gwyn Jones , Kardach proposed Bluetooth as

1525-588: The Feature Pack for Wireless or Windows Vista SP2 work with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR. Windows 7 works with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR and Extended Inquiry Response (EIR). The Windows XP and Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stacks support the following Bluetooth profiles natively: PAN, SPP, DUN , HID, HCRP. The Windows XP stack can be replaced by a third party stack that supports more profiles or newer Bluetooth versions. The Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stack supports vendor-supplied additional profiles without requiring that

1586-490: The Microsoft stack be replaced. Windows 8 and later support Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). It is generally recommended to install the latest vendor driver and its associated stack to be able to use the Bluetooth device at its fullest extent. Apple products have worked with Bluetooth since Mac OS   X v10.2 , which was released in 2002. Linux has two popular Bluetooth stacks , BlueZ and Fluoride. The BlueZ stack

1647-863: The R520m in Quarter 1 of 2001, making the R520m the first ever commercially available Bluetooth phone. In parallel, IBM introduced the IBM ThinkPad ;A30 in October ;2001 which was the first notebook with integrated Bluetooth. Bluetooth's early incorporation into consumer electronics products continued at Vosi Technologies in Costa Mesa, California, initially overseen by founding members Bejan Amini and Tom Davidson. Vosi Technologies had been created by real estate developer Ivano Stegmenga, with United States Patent 608507, for communication between

1708-502: The application. Some such devices allow open field ranges of up to 1 km and beyond between two similar devices without exceeding legal emission limits. To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles. For example, Profiles are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviors that Bluetooth-enabled devices use to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. These profiles include settings to parameterize and to control

1769-486: The codename for the short-range wireless program which is now called Bluetooth. According to Bluetooth's official website, Bluetooth was only intended as a placeholder until marketing could come up with something really cool. Later, when it came time to select a serious name, Bluetooth was to be replaced with either RadioWire or PAN (Personal Area Networking). PAN was the front runner, but an exhaustive search discovered it already had tens of thousands of hits throughout

1830-529: The communication from the start. Adherence to profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe many different types of applications or use cases for devices. Bluetooth exists in numerous products such as telephones, speakers , tablets, media players, robotics systems, laptops, and game console equipment as well as some high definition headsets , modems , hearing aids and even watches. Bluetooth

1891-524: The connection—but may subsequently operate as the slave). The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form a scatternet , in which certain devices simultaneously play the master/leader role in one piconet and the slave role in another. At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except for the little-used broadcast mode). The master chooses which slave device to address; typically, it switches rapidly from one device to another in

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1952-476: The disparate Danish tribes into a single kingdom; Kardach chose the name to imply that Bluetooth similarly unites communication protocols. The Bluetooth logo [REDACTED] is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes [REDACTED]  (ᚼ, Hagall ) and [REDACTED]  (ᛒ, Bjarkan ), Harald's initials. The development of the "short-link" radio technology, later named Bluetooth,

2013-470: The first " Smart Home " internet connected devices. Vosi needed a means for the system to communicate without a wired connection from the vehicle to the other devices in the network. Bluetooth was chosen, since Wi-Fi was not yet readily available or supported in the public market. Vosi had begun to develop the Vosi Cello integrated vehicular system and some other internet connected devices, one of which

2074-500: The founding signatories and a total of five members: Ericsson, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba, and IBM. The first Bluetooth device was revealed in 1999. It was a hands-free mobile headset that earned the "Best of show Technology Award" at COMDEX . The first Bluetooth mobile phone was the unreleased prototype Ericsson T36, though it was the revised Ericsson model T39 that actually made it to store shelves in June 2001. However Ericsson released

2135-633: The internet. A full trademark search on RadioWire couldn't be completed in time for launch, making Bluetooth the only choice. The name caught on fast and before it could be changed, it spread throughout the industry, becoming synonymous with short-range wireless technology. Bluetooth is the Anglicised version of the Scandinavian Blåtand / Blåtann (or in Old Norse blátǫnn ). It was the epithet of King Harald Bluetooth, who united

2196-474: The most widely used mode, transmission power is limited to 2.5 milliwatts , giving it a very short range of up to 10 metres (33 ft). It employs UHF radio waves in the ISM bands , from 2.402   GHz to 2.48   GHz. It is mainly used as an alternative to wired connections to exchange files between nearby portable devices and connect cell phones and music players with wireless headphones . Bluetooth

2257-498: The next version of Wear OS , and that it had committed to using Wear OS for its future wearable products. Samsung will continue to use Tizen for its smart TVs. On December 31, 2021, the Tizen app store permanently closed. The last smartphone based on the Tizen operating system is the Samsung Z4 which was released in 2017. The company switched to Google's Wear OS 3 platform on its Galaxy Watch 4 smartwatches. Samsung Z

2318-708: The power consumption in low-power mode. Tizen Tizen ( / ˈ t aɪ z ɛ n / ) is a Linux -based mobile operating system backed by the Linux Foundation , developed and used primarily by Samsung Electronics . The project was originally conceived as an HTML5 -based platform for mobile devices to succeed MeeGo . It was backed by other companies under the Tizen Association . Samsung merged its previous Linux-based OS effort, Bada , into Tizen and has since used it primarily on platforms such as wearable devices and smart TVs . Much of Tizen

2379-543: The project, Linux Foundation initiated the Tizen project as a successor to MeeGo, another Linux-based mobile operating system, with its main backer Intel joining Samsung Electronics , as well as Access Co. , NEC Casio , NTT DoCoMo , Panasonic Mobile , SK Telecom , Telefónica , and Vodafone as commercial partners. Tizen would be designed to use HTML5 apps, and target mobile and embedded platforms such as netbooks , smartphones, tablets, smart TVs , and in-car entertainment systems. U.S. carrier Sprint Corporation (which

2440-681: The public market due to its large market share at the time. In 2012, Jaap Haartsen was nominated by the European Patent Office for the European Inventor Award . Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2.402 and 2.480   GHz, or 2.400 and 2.4835   GHz, including guard bands 2   MHz wide at the bottom end and 3.5   MHz wide at the top. This is in the globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) industrial, scientific and medical ( ISM ) 2.4   GHz short-range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses

2501-413: The range far lower than specified line-of-sight ranges of the Bluetooth products. Most Bluetooth applications are battery-powered Class 2 devices, with little difference in range whether the other end of the link is a Class 1 or Class 2 device as the lower-powered device tends to set the range limit. In some cases the effective range of the data link can be extended when a Class 2 device

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2562-427: The same spectrum but somewhat differently . A master BR/EDR Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a piconet (an ad hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not all devices reach this maximum. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master (for example, a headset initiating a connection to a phone necessarily begins as master—as an initiator of

2623-530: The same time, companies such as Motorola , Samsung , LG , HTC and Asus were announced as partners. On June 25, 2014, at Google I/O , the Samsung Gear Live and LG G Watch were launched, along with further details about Android Wear. The LG G Watch is the first Android Wear smartwatch to be released and shipped. Motorola's Moto 360 was released on September 5, 2014. On December 10, 2014, an update started to roll out, adding new features including

2684-452: The services they provide. This makes using services easier, because more of the security, network address and permission configuration can be automated than with many other network types. A personal computer that does not have embedded Bluetooth can use a Bluetooth adapter that enables the PC to communicate with Bluetooth devices. While some desktop computers and most recent laptops come with

2745-404: The short-link technology an open industry standard to permit each player maximum market access. Ericsson contributed the short-link radio technology, and IBM contributed patents around the logical layer. Adalio Sanchez of IBM then recruited Stephen Nachtsheim of Intel to join and then Intel also recruited Toshiba and Nokia . In May 1998, the Bluetooth SIG was launched with IBM and Ericsson as

2806-401: The simple case of single-slot packets, the master transmits in even slots and receives in odd slots. The slave, conversely, receives in even slots and transmits in odd slots. Packets may be 1, 3, or 5 slots long, but in all cases, the master's transmission begins in even slots and the slave's in odd slots. The above excludes Bluetooth Low Energy, introduced in the 4.0 specification, which uses

2867-402: The team had a workable solution. From 1997 Örjan Johansson became the project leader and propelled the technology and standardization. In 1997, Adalio Sanchez, then head of IBM ThinkPad product R&D, approached Nils Rydbeck about collaborating on integrating a mobile phone into a ThinkPad notebook. The two assigned engineers from Ericsson and IBM studied the idea. The conclusion

2928-561: The underlying platform of Wear OS was upgraded to a version of Android Pie. In January 2021, Google completed its acquisition of wearables manufacturer Fitbit ; upon its announcement of the purchase in November 2019, Google's head of hardware Rick Osterloh stated that it would be "an opportunity to invest even more in Wear OS as well as introduce Made by Google wearable devices into the market." In May 2021 at Google I/O, Google announced

2989-459: The year of its launch. By mid-October 2022, the Wear OS app had more than 50 million downloads. Wear OS was estimated to account for 17.3% of the smartwatch market in Q3 2021, behind Apple's 21.8%. Samsung accounts for the majority of Wear OS devices sold, due to its switch back from Tizen to Wear OS in 2021. The platform was announced on March 18, 2014, along with the release of a developer preview. At

3050-458: Was a backer of MeeGo) joined the Tizen Association in May 2012. On September 16, 2012, Automotive Grade Linux announced its intent to use Tizen as the basis of its reference distribution. In January 2013, Samsung announced its intent to release multiple Tizen-based phones that year. In February 2013, Samsung merged its Bada operating system into Tizen. In October 2013, the first Tizen tablet

3111-538: Was a series of low-cost smartphones for emerging markets. The first smartphone in the line was launched in 2015 and the last one in 2017. Never released developer phones (codename Redwood) There was also Samsung S III Tizen variant, codename RD-PQ, which was distributed to developers who created apps for Tizen On April 3, 2017, Vice reported on its "Motherboard" website that Amihai Neiderman, an Israeli security expert, has found more than 40 zero-day vulnerabilities in Tizen's code, allowing hackers to remotely access

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3172-473: Was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 26 July 2007. The headline feature of v2.1 is secure simple pairing (SSP): this improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security. Version 2.1 allows various other improvements, including extended inquiry response (EIR), which provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection; and sniff subrating, which reduces

3233-405: Was also upgraded to Android 11 . Wear OS 3.0 will be available to Wear OS devices running Qualcomm Snapdragon Wear 4100 system on chip , and will be an opt-in upgrade requiring a factory reset to install. Wear OS can synchronize notifications from a paired device, and supports voice control with the "OK Google" hotword along with gesture-based input. Wear OS integrates with Google services such as

3294-471: Was initiated as mobile Linux and was launched by Intel in July 2007. In April 2009 the operating system updated to version 2.0 which was based on Fedora . However, in the same month, Intel turned Moblin over to the Linux Foundation for future development. Eventually, the operating system was merged with Nokia Maemo , a Debian based Linux distro, into MeeGo which was mainly developed by Nokia, Intel and Linux Foundation. In 2011, after Nokia abandoned

3355-597: Was initiated in 1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund , Sweden. The purpose was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by Johan Ullman , SE 8902098-6 , issued 1989-06-12   and SE 9202239 , issued 1992-07-24   . Nils Rydbeck tasked Tord Wingren with specifying and Dutchman Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson with developing. Both were working for Ericsson in Lund. Principal design and development began in 1994 and by 1997

3416-503: Was intended to be a table-top device named the Vosi Symphony, networked with Bluetooth. Through the negotiations with Motorola , Vosi introduced and disclosed its intent to integrate Bluetooth in its devices. In the early 2000s a legal battle ensued between Vosi and Motorola, which indefinitely suspended release of the devices. Later, Motorola implemented it in their devices which initiated the significant propagation of Bluetooth in

3477-456: Was ported to OpenBSD as well, however OpenBSD later removed it as unmaintained. DragonFly BSD has had NetBSD's Bluetooth implementation since 1.11 (2008). A netgraph -based implementation from FreeBSD has also been available in the tree, possibly disabled until 2014-11-15, and may require more work. The specifications were formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) and formally announced on 20 May 1998. In 2014 it had

3538-688: Was shipped by Systena. The tablet was part of a development kit exclusive to Japan. In 2014, Samsung released the Gear 2 smartwatch that used a Tizen-based operating system as opposed to Android . On May 14, 2014, it was announced that Tizen would ship with Qt. This project was abandoned in January 2017. On February 21, 2016, Samsung announced the Samsung Connect Auto, a connected car solution offering diagnostic, Wi-Fi , and other car-connected services. The device plugs directly into

3599-495: Was stated that the renaming "better reflects our technology, vision, and most important of all — the people who wear our watches." In September 2018, Google announced Wear OS 2.0, which made the personalized Google feed (replacing Google Now ) and new fitness tracking platform Google Fit accessible from the watch face, and redesigned the notification area to use a scrolling pane rather than pages, and support automatically generated smart replies (as on Android Pie ). In November 2018,

3660-493: Was that power consumption on cellphone technology at that time was too high to allow viable integration into a notebook and still achieve adequate battery life. Instead, the two companies agreed to integrate Ericsson's short-link technology on both a ThinkPad notebook and an Ericsson phone to accomplish the goal. Since neither IBM ThinkPad notebooks nor Ericsson phones were the market share leaders in their respective markets at that time, Adalio Sanchez and Nils Rydbeck agreed to make

3721-724: Was the only modulation scheme available. Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, π/4- DQPSK (differential quadrature phase-shift keying) and 8-DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate (BR) mode, where an instantaneous bit rate of 1   Mbit/s is possible. The term Enhanced Data Rate ( EDR ) is used to describe π/4-DPSK (EDR2) and 8-DPSK (EDR3) schemes, transferring 2 and 3   Mbit/s respectively. In 2019, Apple published an extension called HDR which supports data rates of 4 (HDR4) and 8 (HDR8) Mbit/s using π/4- DQPSK modulation on 4 MHz channels with forward error correction (FEC). Bluetooth

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