Private universities and private colleges are higher education institutions not operated, owned, or institutionally funded by governments . However, they often receive tax breaks , public student loans, and government grants. Depending on the country, private universities may be subject to government regulations. Private universities may be contrasted with public universities and national universities which are either operated, owned and or institutionally funded by governments. Additionally, many private universities operate as nonprofit organizations .
135-620: Wellesley College is a private women's liberal arts college in Wellesley, Massachusetts . Founded in 1870 by Henry and Pauline Durant as a female seminary , it is a member of the Seven Sisters Colleges , an unofficial grouping of current and former women's colleges in the northeastern United States . Wellesley contains 60 departmental and interdepartmental majors spanning the liberal arts, as well as over 150 student clubs and organizations. Wellesley athletes compete in
270-583: A 60% increase since the establishment of HEC in 2002. The HEC digital library now provides access to over 20,000 leading research journals, covering about 75% of the world's peer-reviewed scientific journals. Until 1991, there were only two recognized private universities in Pakistan: Aga Khan University , established in 1983, and Lahore University of Management Sciences , established in 1985. By 1997, there were 10 private universities. From 2001–2002, this number had doubled to 20. Among
405-419: A default rights-retention contract (together with a waiver option for individual special cases). Research funders such as government funding agencies or private foundations can adopt open-access mandates as contractual conditions for receiving funding. New open-access mandates are often announced during the annual Open Access Week , that takes place globally during the last full week of October. For example,
540-433: A directive requiring federal agencies "with over $ 100 million in annual conduct of research and development expenditures" to develop, within the next 6 months, a plan to make the peer-reviewed publications directly arising from Federal funding "publicly accessible to search, retrieve, and analyze". As a result, open-access repositories and multi-annual open access strategies have been developed by federal institutions like
675-635: A distinction between free institutions (as in free from the State), which are recognized and funded by the Communities of Belgium (the State until 1990) and follow the same rules and laws as fully public universities, and fully private institutions, which are not recognized nor funded by the authorities, and thus do not issue valid degrees. Private ( free ) institutions are predominantly Catholic: UCLouvain , KU Leuven or Saint-Louis University, Brussels . On
810-459: A freely accessible institutional repository or disciplinary repository ("Green OA") or (2) by publishing them in an open-access journal ("Gold OA") or both. Among the universities that have adopted open-access mandates for faculty are Harvard University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , University College London , Queensland University of Technology , University of Minho (Portugal), University of Liège and ETH Zürich . Among
945-593: A fund to help Duke faculty members to cover any author fees required to publish in open access journals. On February 12, 2008, the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University approved their Open Access Policy , granting to the President and Fellows of Harvard to "make available his or her scholarly articles and to exercise the copyright in those articles ... in a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license..." Since then, several other schools within
1080-696: A joint five-year BA/MA program with Brandeis University 's International Business School, which allows qualified Wellesley students to receive a Masters of Arts degree from the school as well as a Bachelor of Arts at Wellesley. Wellesley College offers research collaborations and cross-registration programs with other Boston-area institutions, including Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Babson College , Olin College , and Brandeis University . Its most popular majors, based on 2023 graduates, were: The 2020 annual ranking of U.S. News & World Report categorizes admission to Wellesley as "most selective". For
1215-408: A mandate include "shifting the default publishing practice to open access" in the case of university faculty or "putting an open-access condition" on grant recipients. Mandates are stronger than policies which either request or encourage open access, because they require that authors provide open access. Some mandates allow the author to opt out if they give reasons for doing so. Mandates may include
1350-494: A new open access policy. Books and journal articles must be made freely available within 12 months of publication, whether by publishing open access and using open access journals, or by uploading to an open access repository. The policy is effective for proposals received on or after 20 July 2015. In May 2006, the US Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPAA) was proposed toward improving
1485-765: A private institution to be called " université ", and most of the universities in France are public. In France, grandes écoles are part of an alternative educational system that operates alongside the mainstream French public university system . Grandes écoles can be public , semi-private or private, but the most prestigious ones are public. These institutions operate mostly in engineering studies and business administration. The best-known semi-private grandes écoles are generally business, engineering, and humanities schools; they are generally managed by chambers of commerce and industry, with capital open to other private companies. Other grandes écoles are entirely private, but this
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#17327731864911620-546: A profit." The GSE Open Archive houses and makes publicly available the GSE authors' working papers as well as published articles. Between May 21-24th, 2013, the Stanford GSE doctoral students voted in favor of a motion to enact an Open Access policy. At this time, however, despite the strong case made by Professors John Willinsky and Juan Pablo Alperin, no other Stanford academic units have stepped forward. On July 24, 2013,
1755-399: A quantum astrophysicist; Lorraine O'Grady '55, conceptual artist and cultural critic; Santha Rama Rau '45, writer; Marilyn Yalom '54, historian, feminist scholar; and Patricia Zipprodt '46, costume designer. Additional notable alumni include Jasmine Guillory '97, American New York Times Best-selling author, and Vicky Tsai '00, Tatcha Founder. Private university Across
1890-425: A recreational reading room, offices, archives, a reserve reading room, added space for rare books and additional stacks. The building underwent renovations from 1956 to 1959, that doubled its size. From 1973 to 1975 a major addition was added to the right-hand side of the building. In 1974 the building was renamed for Margaret Antoinette Clapp , a Pulitzer Prize-winning author and member of the 1930 class who served as
2025-461: A requirement for all foreign institutions endeavoring to operate businesses in the country. Almost all the private universities in Ghana focus on similar areas of academic study, including business administration, human resources, accounting, information technology, and related fields, which are offered by universities like Ashesi , Regent , Valley View , and Ghana Telecom , among others. In addition,
2160-436: A residential building. On March 17, 1914, it was destroyed by fire, the precise cause of which was never officially established. The fire was first noticed by students who lived on the fourth floor near the zoology laboratory. It has been suggested that an electrical or chemical accident in this laboratory—specifically, an electrical incubator used in the breeding of beetles—triggered the fire. A group of residence halls known as
2295-413: A short race while rolling their hoops. In the early 20th century, the winner was said to be the first in her class to marry; in the 1980s, the winner was said to become the class's first CEO; and since the 1990 Commencement speech by then- First Lady Barbara Bush , the winner has been said to be the first to achieve success, however she defines it. The Wellesley campus sits just before the halfway mark on
2430-569: A shuttle to the Babson College and Olin College campuses. It is also a member of a number of exchange programs with other small colleges, including opportunities for students to study a year at Amherst , Connecticut College , Dartmouth , Mount Holyoke , Smith , Trinity , Vassar , Wesleyan , and Wheaton . The college has approximately 180 student organizations, ranging from cultural and political organizations to community service, publications, campus radio , and club sports . WZLY
2565-735: A team for the first time in Wellesley history, with its first Varsity 8+ boat placing first and second Varsity 8+ boat placing second. This historic win marked the first time a team from Wellesley College won a national championship and the first time a women's college won the NCAA Rowing Championships. In 2022, Blue Crew won the NCAA Division III Rowing Championship as a team for a second time, with both its first Varsity 8+ and second Varsity 8+ boats placing second. In 2023, Blue Crew again won
2700-662: A trustee for twenty years. Both Madeleine Albright ('59), and Hillary Rodham Clinton ('69), have spoken about the formative impact their Wellesley experiences had on their careers. During her life, Secretary Albright returned annually to campus to lead the Madeleine Korbel Albright Institute for Global Affairs , a month-long pedagogical seminar where students learn more about global affairs through analysis and action. Additionally, three U.S. ambassadors ( Julieta Valls Noyes , Anne Patterson , and Michele Sison ) are Wellesley alumnae. Soong Mei-ling ,
2835-758: A variety of other fields, ranging from government and public service to the arts. They include the first woman to be named professor of clinical medicine Connie Guion , class of 1906; architect Ann Beha , class of 1972; author Harriet Stratemeyer Adams (author and publisher) class of 1914; astronomer Annie Jump Cannon , class of 1884; archaeologist Josephine Platner Shear , class of 1924; astronaut Pamela Melroy class of 1983; screenwriter Nora Ephron , class of 1962; composers Elizabeth Bell and Natalie Sleeth ; and professor and songwriter Katharine Lee Bates . Journalists Callie Crossley , Diane Sawyer , Cokie Roberts , Lynn Sherr , and Michele Caruso-Cabrera also graduated from Wellesley as did Amalya Lyle Kearse , Judge on
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#17327731864912970-605: A waiver from their faculty governance body. Some reasons to implement this kind of policy institution-wide are to: This kind of blanket policy provides support to those whose research is not part of a project that requires open access to the research done. For example, since the February 2013 directive from the United States Office of Science and Technology Policy , U.S. federal agencies have been developing their own policies on making research freely available within
3105-556: A year of publication. SPARC, the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition ( Archived 20 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine ), led the collaborative and open effort to create an "Open Access Spectrum" that demonstrates a more sophisticated approach is needed in discussions about the concept of openness in research communications. The "HowOpenIsIt? Guide (as well as an FAQ document and slide deck)
3240-430: Is $ 12,825 total for four years. In its 2021 rankings of national liberal arts colleges in the U.S., U.S. News & World Report ranked Wellesley tied for fourth best overall, first for women's colleges, 13th for "best value", tied at 11th for "best undergraduate teaching", and tied at 63rd for "top performers on social mobility". In 2020, Washington Monthly ranked Wellesley 13th among 218 liberal arts colleges in
3375-672: Is a member of the NCAA NCAA Division III and the Eastern Conference Athletic Conference (ECAC) and competes primarily as a member of the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC). The Wellesley College Crew Team, affectionately known as "Blue Crew", was founded in 1970 and was the first women's intercollegiate rowing team in the country. In 2016, Blue Crew won the NCAA Division III Rowing Championship as
3510-719: Is available for download on the SPARC website. Another useful guide has been developed by members of the Harvard Office for Scholarly Communication, the Harvard Open Access Project, and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society. This online guide, " Good practices for university open-access policies " is built on a wiki and is designed to evolve over time, according to the co-authors: Emily Kilcer, Stuart Shieber and Peter Suber. On June 10, 2013,
3645-411: Is available, including a sustainable living co-op, a feminist co-op, and a French language house located slightly off-campus. Wellesley offers housing for Davis Scholars as well, though not for their children or spouses, which is a point of frequent debate on campus. For more than 50 years, Wellesley has offered a cross-registration program with MIT . Students can participate in research at MIT through
3780-1123: Is due to the form of testing in schools in Taiwan, in which students take a national entrance exam to determine their university qualifications. The most well known private university is Fu Jen Catholic University , and the oldest is Tunghai University . Since the 1990s, several private universities have opened in Vietnam including Ho Chi Minh City Open University being one of the first. Some characteristics of Vietnamese private universities as of 2010 are high (very high in some cases) tuition fees, poor infrastructure, limited faculty, and human resources. Private universities are often named after scholars ( Fulbright University Vietnam, Vo Truong Toan University, Nguyen Trai University, Luong The Vinh University, Chu Van An University, Yersin University, Phan Chau Trinh University), or heroes/legends ( Hung Vuong University, Quang Trung University); although there are exceptions such as FPT University , named after
3915-540: Is home to several private universities, including Sohar University , the University of Nizwa , Middle East College , and the German University of Technology in Oman . These universities offer a range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs in fields such as business, engineering, and information technology. Private universities in Oman offer a more personalized and interactive learning experience, as
4050-496: Is likely to be similar to the one used by Wellcome Trust for Wellcome Open Research and Gates Foundation 's Gates Open Research . To somewhat improve on the European Commission's (and FRPAA's) allowable embargo of up to six months, EURAB has revised the mandate: all articles must be deposited immediately upon acceptance for publication ; the allowable delay for complying with publisher embargoes applies only to
4185-536: Is monitored and displayed by the University of Southampton's Registry of Open Access Repositories ( ROAR ). Recent studies have tested which mandate conditions are most effective in generating deposit. The three most important conditions identified were: (1) immediate deposit required, (2) deposit required for performance evaluation, and (3) unconditional opt-out allowed for the OA requirement but no opt-out allowed for
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4320-762: Is one of the largest gender -focused social science research-and-action organizations in the United States. Located on and nearby the Wellesley College campus, WCW was established when the Center for Research on Women (founded 1974) and the Stone Center for Development Services and Studies at Wellesley College (founded 1981) merged into a single organization in 1995. It is home to several prominent American feminist scholars, including Jean Kilbourne and Peggy McIntosh . The current executive director of
4455-731: Is one private university in Madaba city, the American University of Madaba (AUM) . There are 11 private universities and colleges in Kuwait . There are 19 private universities in Lebanon. Among these, the American University of Beirut and the Lebanese American University are internationally acknowledged. The languages used for teaching in private universities are mainly French and English ; Arabic
4590-489: Is rarer, and they sometimes establish partnerships with public universities. Open-access policy An open-access mandate is a policy adopted by a research institution, research funder, or government which requires or recommends researchers—usually university faculty or research staff and/or research grant recipients—to make their published, peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers open access (1) by self-archiving their final, peer-reviewed drafts in
4725-654: Is recommended) or institutional repository. In October 2013, the two other Canadian federal funding agencies, the National Science and Engineering Council (NSERC) and the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) jointly proposed the same mandate as CIHR's, and launched a two-month consultation on what will become the Tri-Agency Open Access Policy. On 27 February 2015 a Tri-Agency Open Access Policy on Publications
4860-509: Is responsible for the accreditation of these institutes and degrees. These mostly provide undergraduate degrees with a few providing postgraduate degrees. The Informatics Institute of Sri Lanka (IIT), NSBM Green University (NSBM), Horizon Campus and Sri Lanka Institute for Information Technology (SLIIT) are examples. Some foreign universities franchise parts of their degree courses in Sri Lanka with local institutes. Students are charged for
4995-419: Is the college's campus radio station. It is entirely student-run and plays on 91.5 FM in the town of Wellesley and some surrounding areas. Founded in 1942, it holds claim to be the oldest still-running women's college radio station in the country. Publications on campus include Counterpoint , the monthly journal of campus life; The Wellesley News , the campus newspaper; International Relations Council Journal,
5130-410: Is the largest of any liberal arts college. In late 2015, the college launched another campaign, with a goal of $ 500 million. Many notable alumnae including Madeleine Albright , Hillary Clinton , Diane Sawyer , Susan Wagner , and Cokie Roberts collaborated on the campaign video and launch festivities. As of Fall 2017, over $ 446 million has been raised. The Wellesley Centers for Women (WCW)
5265-561: Is used by the college for a variety of religious and secular functions, like lectures and music concerts, and is also available for rental. The lower-level houses the Multifaith Center. In 1905 Andrew Carnegie donated $ 125,000 to build what is now known as Clapp Library, on the condition that the college match the amount for an endowment. The money was raised by 1907 and construction began June 5, 1909. In 1915 Carnegie gave another $ 95,446 towards an addition. This renovation added
5400-478: Is where the faculty upload their scholarly articles for access by all. Adopted by a unanimous vote on March 18, 2009, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Faculty adopted an open access policy. The policy applies to "all scholarly articles written while the person is a member of the Faculty except for any articles completed before the adoption of this policy and any articles for which
5535-742: Is widely used in religious universities and Armenian is used in the Armenian university. The first university opened in Lebanon was the Syrian Protestant College in 1866 (which became the American University of Beirut in 1921). It was founded by Daniel Bliss, a Protestant missionary. The second university opened in Lebanon was the Université Saint-Joseph , founded by the Jesuits in 1875. Oman
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5670-693: The American University in Cairo , the German University in Cairo , The British University in Egypt , the Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport , Misr University for Science and Technology , Misr International University , Future University in Egypt and the Modern Sciences and Arts University . In addition to the state-funded national and private universities in Egypt , international university institutions were founded in
5805-566: The Boston Marathon course, and students come out to cheer runners in what has become known as the "Scream Tunnel". Student have been cheering on runners since the first running of the marathon. In 1966 the school heard word that a woman was running in the race and turned out in numbers in cheer her on. Once women were officially allowed to register for the 1972 race, the campus cheer tradition became more popular. Wellesley's alumnae are represented among business executives and also work in
5940-584: The Department of Agriculture and the Department of Energy . DOE also hosts OSTI .gov, a repository with over 3 million records for federal works of which over 700,000 have full text as of 2019. In 2019, the GAO issued a report on the implementation of the 2013 directive, with 37 recommendations to 16 agencies. On August 25, 2022 US Office of Science and Technology Policy under Biden 's administration issued guidance to make all federally funded research in
6075-619: The Duke University Academic Council voted to support the University Library's new data repository, DukeSpace , with a blanket policy to provide open access to their scholarly writings. The policy allows for faculty members to opt out at any time, and it is regularly reviewed to determine its effectiveness. Duke also in 2010 joined the Compact for Open-Access Publishing Equity (COPE) and established
6210-823: The FPT Corporation and Tan Tao University in Tan Tao Group . In Vietnam, there are also "semi-private university"; schools in this category which can receive partial financial support from the government. Almost all private universities have to invite professors and lecturers from state universities. Many lecturers from state-owned universities take up positions in private universities after their retirement. There are numerous private universities and independent faculties in Armenia , mostly in Yerevan . As of 2022, there are 31 private higher education institutions in
6345-679: The International University Vienna , whose accreditation was withdrawn in 2003 due to academic misconduct; Imadec University , whose first accreditation period ended in January 2006 and was not renewed; TCM Privatuniversität Li Shi Zhen in Vienna , whose accreditation period ended 2009 without renewal students; and PEF Private University of Management Vienna , which closed for economic reasons in March 2012. Belgium makes
6480-581: The NCAA Division III New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference . Its 500-acre (200 ha) campus was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and houses the Davis Museum and a botanic garden . Wellesley was founded by Pauline and Henry Fowle Durant , believers in educational opportunity for women, who intended that the college should prepare women for "...great conflicts, for vast reforms in social life". Its charter
6615-570: The NCAA Division III Rowing Championship as a team, with its first Varsity 8+ boat placing first and second Varsity 8+ boat placing second. Wellesley also fields club teams in archery, alpine & Nordic skiing, equestrian, ice hockey, rugby, sailing, squash, Ultimate Frisbee, and water polo. Squash was originally a varsity sport but was downgraded to a club sport status in 2017. From 1943 to 1946, Judy Atterbury won multiple national intercollegiate women's tennis championships in both singles (1943, 1946) and doubles (1943, 1944). Nadine Netter won
6750-540: The New Administrative Capital and are hosting branches of Universities from abroad. The Knowledge Hub (TKH) and European Universities in Egypt (EUE) are among these institutions. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church doctrine embraces traditional higher institutions in Ethiopia . Modern higher education could be traced back to the regime of Emperor Haile Selassie , with the first university,
6885-539: The Private Universities Act, 1992 was instituted, consolidated, and re-enacted as the Private Universities Act, 2010 . All private universities must be approved by University Grants Commission (UGC) before they are given a permit to operate. As of April 2018, there were 97 private universities in Bangladesh . Private institutions must confer the students with external programs such as BDTVEC,
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#17327731864917020-507: The Royal Society chose Open Access Week 2011 to announce the release of the digitized backfiles of their archives, dating from 1665 to 1941. "Mandate" can mean either "authorize" or "oblige". Both senses are important in inducing researchers to provide OA. Open-access advocate Peter Suber has remarked that " 'mandate' is not a good word..." for open-access policies, "...but neither is any other English word." Other ways to describe
7155-727: The UGC (Establishment and Maintenance of Standards in Private Universities) Regulations, 2003 . Per the UGC act and these regulations, private universities are established by acts of state legislative assemblies and listed by the UGC in the Gazette upon receiving the relevant act. As confirmed by the ruling of the Supreme Court of India , recognition by the UGC is required for the university to operate. Also, per
7290-887: The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , Sandra Lynch , United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, and political scientist Jane Mansbridge , class of 1961. Rebecca Lancefield , a member of the National Academy of Sciences , graduated from Wellesley, as did Alice Ames Winter (B.A. 1886; M.A. 1889), president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs . Adaline Emerson Thompson , class of 1880, later served as
7425-830: The University of Southampton indexes the world's institutional, funder and governmental OA mandates (and the Open Access Scholarly Information Sourcebook (OASIS) as well as EnablingOpenScholarship (EOS) graph the quarterly outcome). SHERPA/JULIET is a SHERPA service which lists funder mandates only. In international cross-disciplinary surveys conducted by Swan (2005), the vast majority of researchers respond that they would self archive willingly if their institutions or funders mandated it. Outcome studies by Sale (2006) have confirmed these survey results. Both mandated and unmandated institutional and disciplinary repositories worldwide are indexed by SHERPA 's OpenDOAR and their rate of growth
7560-432: The Wayback Machine "in order to allow for broad dissemination of their research." They granted to The Regents of the University of Colorado "a nonexclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license to exercise any and all rights under copyright relating to their scholarly work, as long as the works are properly attributed to the authors and not used for commercial purposes"—and that the individual faculty would retain full ownership of
7695-720: The 2003 regulations, the UGC sends committees to inspect the private universities and publishes their inspection report. The UGC publishes and regularly updates the lists of private universities. As of 23 August 2022 , the UGC lists 421 private universities. As of 2010 , Japan had 597 private universities, 86 national universities , and 95 public universities . Private universities thus account for over 75% of all universities in Japan. A large number of junior colleges in Japan are private and like public and national universities, many private universities use National Center Test for University Admissions as an entrance exam . There
7830-577: The 2023-2024 admissions cycle (enrolling Fall 2024), the college was test-optional and did not publish standardized testing statistics for the class of 2027 as of July 2024. The college is need-blind for domestic applicants. The college's admissions policy was updated in 2015 to allow trans women and non-binary people assigned female at birth to be considered for admittance. The first Wellesley transgender students enrolled in Fall 2017. Wellesley began its program for non-traditional students in 1971 when
7965-455: The 21st century. However, since then, Ghana has seen a flood of private universities and colleges established – a reflection of the country's stable governance and the pace of economic growth. Most of these universities are not known to be sponsored by foreign corporate organizations or government universities and the aim is to avoid the Ghanaian government's excessive payment of bonds, which is
8100-660: The Academic Senate of the University of California (UC) approved the UC Open Access Policy for all 8,000 plus faculty at their ten campuses. Some confusion at the local campuses led to online postings of journal articles whose copyright was already owned by publishers. For example, in December 2013, the academic publishing company Elsevier sent several UC faculty notices to take down certain journal articles posted openly on their campus webpages, e.g., on
8235-456: The American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE). The UC faculty authors had uploaded to eScholarship the publisher-formatted articles between 2004 and 2008, before the UC Open Access Policy had been enacted and in violation of the publisher's agreement with the authors when they gave their copyrights to the ASCE. In 2014 the Faculty Assembly of the University of Colorado Boulder approved the CU Boulder Open Access Policy Archived 30 June 2019 at
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#17327731864918370-442: The Auston Institute of Management, Singapore. The Sri Lanka campus was established in 2010 and is a Board of Investment or (BOI) company. It retains a similar focus to the home campus and occupies a prime spot along Colombo's famous Galle Road. In Taiwan , private universities are typically not as prestigious as some public (national) universities. They are not ranked as high as public institutions and cost nearly twice as much. This
8505-410: The Class of 2023 (enrolling fall 2019), the middle 50% range of SAT scores was 680–750 for evidence-based reading and 680–780 for math, while the middle 50% range for the ACT composite score was 31–34 for enrolled first-year students. For the incoming class of 2028, Wellesley received a record number of applications, totaling over 8,900 applications, and 13% of applicants were offered admission. During
8640-456: The Continuing Education Program was launched. This program was renamed in 1991 for Elisabeth Kaiser Davis, a member of the Class of 1932. Wellesley allows applicants older than 24 who had begun but have not completed a bachelor's degree to apply to the Elizabeth Kaiser Davis Degree Program. Davis Scholars are fully integrated into the Wellesley community; they take the same classes as traditional students and can choose to live on campus. According to
8775-417: The Dean of the Faculty of Princeton University appointed an ad-hoc committee of faculty and the University Librarian to study the question of open access to faculty publications - and in March 2011, the committee recommended several changes to the Faculty rules to allow for a blanket policy for open access to Princeton faculty scholarship. The faculty approved an open access policy on September 19, 2011, which
8910-415: The Eastern Women's College Tournament in 1962, and was the Eastern Intercollegiate Champion and New England Intercollegiate women's Tennis Championship winner in 1965. In both 2016 and 2023, Wellesley College's first Varsity 8+ boat became a national champion in its event at the NCAA Rowing Championships. Wellesley College Crew Team's head coach, Tessa Spillane, was voted the NCAA Division III Rowing Coach of
9045-480: The European Research Advisory Board (EURAB). The project OpenAIRE (Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe) has since been launched. The global shift towards open access to the results of publicly funded research (publications and data) has been a core strategy in the European Commission to improve knowledge circulation and thus innovation. It is illustrated in particular by the general principle for open access to scientific publications in Horizon 2020 and
9180-430: The Faculty Board of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) created an institution-wide Open Access Policy. The ruling stated that as of January 1, 2014, all Caltech faculty must agree to grant nonexclusive rights to Caltech to disseminate their scholarly papers either via the authors' own sites or to Caltech AUTHORS, the online repository. The goal is to encourage wider distribution of their work and to simplify
9315-412: The Faculty Senate in February 2010. Theses and dissertations at the University of Kansas are also openly available, however in 2010 KU Graduate Studies established a policy that a student may request permission to embargo its publication for six months, one year or two years. Graduates earning the KU Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing or PhD in English (Literature and Creative Writing track) may request
9450-401: The Faculty member entered into an incompatible licensing or assignment agreement before the adoption of this policy." The MIT online repository is called DSpace@MIT and it was designed to work seamlessly with Google Scholar. The Faculty revised and updated the policy in 2010 to take into consideration the various issues associated with the MIT librarians' discussions with publishers. In 2010
9585-495: The Field of Women's Health at Harvard Medical School , as well as professor of epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . Johnson succeeded H. Kim Bottomly to become Wellesley's 14th President in July 2016. Wellesley's fund-raising campaign in 2005 set a record for liberal arts colleges with a total of $ 472.3 million, 18.1% more than the goal of $ 400 million. According to data compiled by The Chronicle of Higher Education , Wellesley's campaign total
9720-618: The Jewett Arts Center, designed by Paul Rudolph . The collections span from ancient art from around the world to contemporary art exhibitions, and admission is free to the general public. The current president of Wellesley College is Paula Johnson . Johnson previously founded the Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology at Brigham and Women's Hospital . She was the Grace A. Young Family Professor of Medicine in
9855-939: The NIH Public Access Policy. Besides points about making open access mandatory, to which the NIH complied in 2008, it argues to extend self-archiving to the full spectrum of major US-funded research. In addition, the FRPAA would no longer stipulate that the self-archiving must be central; the deposit can now be in the author's own institutional repository (IR). The new U.S. National Institutes of Health 's Public Access Policy took effect in April 2008 and states that "all articles arising from NIH funds must be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication". It stipulates self-archiving in PubMed Central regardless of
9990-780: The National SEED Project, the National Institute on Out-of-School Time, Open Circle, the Jean Baker Miller Training Institute, and Women's Review of Books. Wellesley's average class size is between 17 and 20 students, with a student-faculty ratio of 7:1. 60 departmental and interdepartmental majors are offered. Wellesley offers support to nontraditional aged students through the Elisabeth Kaiser Davis Degree Program, open to students over
10125-755: The Tower Court complex is located on top of the hill where the old College Hall once stood. After the loss of the Central College Hall in 1914, the college adopted a master plan in 1921 and expanded into several new buildings. The campus hosted a Naval Reserve Officer Training program during the Second World War , and the College President Mildred McAfee took a leave of absence to lead the Women's Reserve of
10260-779: The U.S. Navy. She received the Distinguished Service Medal in 1945. Wellesley College began to significantly revise its curriculum after the war and through the late 1960s; in 1968, the college began its exchange programs between other colleges in the area such as MIT. In 2013 the faculty adopted an open-access policy to make its scholarship publicly accessible online. The school has admitted transgender, non-binary, and genderqueer students since adopting an inclusive admissions policy in 2015. The 500-acre (200 ha) campus overlooks Lake Waban and includes evergreen, deciduous woodlands and open meadows. Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. , Boston's preeminent landscape architect at
10395-506: The U.S. based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service. In addition, Forbes ' 2019 "America's Top Colleges" ranked the institution 44th among 650 U.S. colleges, service academies and universities. Wellesley College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education . Approximately 98% of students live on campus. Some cooperative housing
10530-662: The USA (the first country to do so) freely available without delay, thus ending over 50 years of Serials crisis albeit only for the US contributions. In April 2006, the European Commission recommended: "EC Recommendation A1: "Research funding agencies... should [e]stablish a European policy mandating published articles arising from EC-funded research to be available after a given time period in open access archives..." This recommendation has since been updated and strengthened by
10665-722: The Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP). In recent years, cross-registration opportunities have expanded to include nearby Babson College , Brandeis University , and Olin College of Engineering . To facilitate cross-registration, the Wellesley College Senate bus connects Wellesley to the Harvard University and MIT campuses in Cambridge, Massachusetts ; additionally, the college also operates
10800-732: The United States, University College London in the UK and ETH Zürich in Europe. Funders which require open access when their funding recipients publish include the NIH in the US and RCUK and ERC in the EU. Mandate policy models and guidance have been provided by the Open Society Institute 's EPrints Handbook, EOS, OASIS and Open Access Archivangelism. ROARMAP , the searchable Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies at
10935-675: The University College of Addis Ababa (now called the Addis Ababa University or AAU) formed in 1950. In 1954, the Haramaya University opened. As of 2022, there are 83 private universities, 42 public universities, and more than 35 institutions of higher learning. There are 16,305 students enrolled in higher education as a whole. There were a few private universities in Ghana before the beginning of
11070-652: The University Grant Commission (UGC), is the primary regulator of higher education in Pakistan . It also facilitates the development of the higher educational system in Pakistan. Its main purpose is to upgrade the schools to be world-class centers of education, research, and development. It also plays a leading role in building a knowledge-based economy in Pakistan by giving out hundreds of doctoral scholarships for education abroad every year. Despite
11205-895: The University now participate in the Open Access Policies supported by the Office for Scholarly Communication: the Graduate School of Design, the School of Education, the Business School, the Law School, the Kennedy School of Government, the Divinity School, and the School of Public Health. The University's open-access repository is called DASH (Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard) which
11340-618: The Wellesley Centers for Women is Layli Maparyan. Since 1974, the Wellesley Centers for Women has produced over 200 scholarly articles and over 100 books. The Wellesley Centers for Women has five key areas of research: education, economic security, mental health, youth and adolescent development, and gender-based violence. WCW is also home to long-standing and highly successful action programs that engage in curriculum development and training, professional development, evaluation, field building, and theory building. Those programs include
11475-436: The Wellesley web site, Davis Scholars' "diverse backgrounds, experiences and perspectives enrich the lives of the whole student body." For the 2024–2025 school year, Wellesley's annual tuition was $ 92,060 per year, the first tuition cost for a Boston-area school (along with Boston University ) to exceed $ 90,000 annually. In 2020–2021, the average annual aid offer was over $ 56,000. The maximum loan level for other students on aid
11610-484: The Year in 2010–11, 2015–16, and 2021–22. Additionally, Wellesley College Crew Team's coaching staff received the 2015–16 and 2021–22 CRCA NCAA Division III National Coaching Staff of the Year awards. Hoop rolling is an annual tradition at the college that dates to 1895. Each upperclasswoman has a wooden hoop, often passed down to her from her "big sister". Before graduation, the seniors, wearing their graduation robes, run
11745-479: The age of 24. The program allows women who, for various reasons, were unable to start or complete a bachelor's degree at a younger age to attend Wellesley. Wellesley offers dual degree programs with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Olin College of Engineering , enabling students to receive a Bachelor of Science at those schools in addition to a Bachelor of Arts at Wellesley. Wellesley also has
11880-555: The annual volume, proportion and timing of deposits, relative to total annual article output, as well as the time that access to the deposit is set as open access. Mandates are classified and ranked by some of these properties in MELIBEA. Universities can adopt open-access mandates for their faculty. All such mandates make allowances for special cases. Tenured faculty cannot be required to publish; nor can they be required to make their publications open access. However, mandates can take
12015-403: The area was chartered as a new town, Wellesley. Wellesley College was a leading center for women's study in the sciences. Between 1875 and 1921, Wellesley employed more female scientists than any other U.S. institution of high education. After MIT , it was the second college in the United States to initiate laboratory science instruction for undergraduates. In early 1896, Sarah Frances Whiting ,
12150-473: The author requesting an individual eprint; the author can comply with one click and the software immediately emails the eprint to the requestor. This is not open access, but may cover some immediate research needs during any embargo. A related idea was later put forth as the Open Access Button for papers that have not been deposited in an Institutional Repository . For the four institutions with
12285-413: The beginning of the 20th century, described Wellesley's landscape as "not merely beautiful, but with a marked individual character not represented so far as I know on the ground of any other college in the country". He also wrote: "I must admit that the exceedingly intricate and complex topography and the peculiarly scattered arrangement of most of the buildings somewhat baffled me". The campus is adjacent to
12420-479: The broadest possible access to the journal literature authored by KU faculty." In June 2009, under a faculty-initiated policy approved by Chancellor Robert Hemenway, KU became the first U.S. public university to implement an open access policy. Unless a KU author sought a waiver, all articles must be submitted to KU ScholarWorks . " Processes to Implement the KU Open Access Policy " were endorsed by
12555-675: The building is the Galen L. Stone Tower, housing a 32-bell carillon , which is routinely played between classes by members of the Guild of Carillonneurs. Houghton Chapel was dedicated in 1899 in the center of the college campus. The architectural firm of Heins & LaFarge designed Houghton of gray stone in the classic Latin cross floor plan. The exterior walls are pierced by stained glass windows. Window designers include Tiffany ; John La Farge ; Reynolds, Francis & Rohnstock ; and Jeffrey Gibson . The chapel can seat up to 750 people. Houghton
12690-487: The contrary, the Free University of Brussels (nowadays split into ULB and VUB ) was founded by masonic individuals. All of these institutions began to be recognized by the State from 1891 onwards. It is forbidden by law to call a fully private institution "university" or "faculty", meaning fully private (non- free ) 'universities' have limited visibility. Bulgaria has many private universities, among which
12825-420: The copyright process when posting research on faculty or institutional Web sites. The initiative was put in place to prevent publishers of those journals from threatening legal action or issuing takedown notices to authors who have posted their content on their own sites or to CaltechAUTHORS , an online repository for research papers authored by Caltech faculty and other researchers at Caltech. On March 21, 2010,
12960-530: The country, most notably the American University of Armenia and the Eurasia International University . In Austria , educational institutions must be authorized by the country to legally grant academic degrees . All state-run universities are governed by the 2002 Austrian Universities' and University Degree Programmes' Organisation Act (Federal Law Gazette No. 120/2002). In 1999, a federal law ( Universitäts-Akkreditierungsgesetz )
13095-563: The criticism of the HEC, its creation had a positive impact on higher education in Pakistan. Its two-year report for 2004 to 2006 states that according to the Institute of Scientific Information, the total number of publications appearing in the 8,000 leading journals indexed in the Web of Science arising out of Pakistan in 2005 was 1,259 articles, representing a 41% increase over the past two years and
13230-471: The department websites or faculty profiles. The UC Open Access Policy protected those faculty who had correctly uploaded their articles to the UC eScholarship Archived 14 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine repository. In another case of misunderstanding by the faculty about open access, in March 2014 the University received a Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notice for nine articles owned by
13365-548: The deposit immediately upon publication (or acceptance for publication) or after an allowable embargo. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) proposed a mandate in 2006 and adopted it in September 2007, becoming the first North American public research funder to do so. The CIHR Policy on Access to Research Outputs provides two options to researchers: publication in open access journals, and making their manuscripts available in an online central ( PubMed Central Canada
13500-428: The deposit requirement. The information which follows relates more closely to open access policies/mandates covering open publishing of research outputs than to OER specifically. An open-access policy enacted by the Faculty of a research university can empower them in choosing how to distribute their own scholarly work. If a faculty member wishes to grant exclusive rights to a publisher, they would first need to request
13635-400: The east-side dormitories erected in the 1950s, and multiple "Branch Halls", including both a Spanish and French-speaking house. In total, Wellesley offers 17 different residence halls for students to live in. The most recent master plan for Wellesley College was completed in 1998 by Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates. According to the designers, this plan was intended to restore and recapture
13770-469: The eighth college president from 1949 to 1966. The Davis Museum, opened in 1993, was the first building in North America designed by Pritzker Prize -winning architect Rafael Moneo , whose notion of the museum as a "treasury" or "treasure chamber" informs its design. The Davis is at the heart of the arts on the Wellesley campus adjacent to the academic quad and is connected by an enclosed bridge to
13905-488: The first professor of physics and astronomy, was among the first U.S. scientists to conduct experiments in X-rays . The first president of Wellesley was Ada Howard . There have been thirteen more presidents in its history: Alice Freeman Palmer , Helen Almira Shafer , Julia Irvine , Caroline Hazard , Ellen Fitz Pendleton , Mildred H. McAfee , Margaret Clapp , Ruth M. Adams, Barbara W. Newell , Nannerl O. Keohane (later
14040-544: The first to gain degree awarding status was Hajvery University, Lahore (HU), established in 1990. From 2003–2004, Pakistan had a total of 83 private degree granting institutions. There are nine private universities in Saudi Arabia . In Sri Lanka , state-recognized private institutes are allowed to award degrees under Section 25A of the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978. The University Grants Commission
14175-436: The following clauses: Most institutional open-access mandates require that authors self archive their papers in their own institutional repository . Some funder mandates specify institutional deposit, some specify institution-external deposit, and some allow either. Mandates may require deposit immediately upon publication (or acceptance for publication) or after an allowable embargo. Mandates may require opening access to
14310-444: The form of administrative procedures, such as designating repository deposit as the official means of submitting publications for institutional research performance review, or for research grant applications or renewal. Many European university mandates have taken the form of administrative requirements, whereas many U.S. university mandates have taken the form of a unanimous or near-unanimous self-imposed faculty consensus consisting of
14445-622: The funding organizations that have adopted open-access mandates for grant recipients are National Institutes of Health (with the NIH Public Access Policy ), Research Councils UK , National Fund for Scientific Research , Wellcome Trust and European Research Council . For a full index of institutional and funder open-access mandates adopted to date, see the Registry of Open Access Mandatory Archiving Policies (ROARMAP) . Open-access mandates can be classified in many ways: by
14580-606: The internationally oriented campus publication; The Wellesley Review , the literary magazine; and W.Collective , the fashion and lifestyle magazine. Wellesley fields 13 varsity sports teams – basketball, crew, cross country, fencing, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, and volleyball. Wellesley does not have a mascot in the traditional sense – its sports teams are referred to both individually and collectively as "the Blue" (the school colors are royal blue and white). Wellesley
14715-643: The largest awarding body in the country, BTEC , and Cambridge International Examinations pathways. Accreditation by the Brunei Darussalam National Accreditation Council (BDNAC) is crucial to establish a private institution. Private universities have been established in Cambodia since 1997. Since 2003, joint-partnership private universities have been established in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Typically,
14850-997: The material. Authors at CU Boulder are expected to inform publishers about the University's policy and that they "have granted a pre-existing License." The digital repository, CU Scholar , is maintained by the University Libraries and functions under a set of policies Archived 30 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine derived from the Open Access Policy. Contributions from the CU Boulder community can include working papers and technical reports, published scholarly research articles, completed manuscripts, digital art or multimedia, conference papers and proceedings, theses and dissertations, Undergraduate Honors theses, journals published on campus, faculty course-related output primarily of scholarly interest, and data sets. The Chancellor's Executive Committee recently approved
14985-482: The most renowned are New Bulgarian University , located in the capital city Sofia ; Burgas Free University ; Varna Free University and American University in Bulgaria . Finland does not officially recognize private universities but does not explicitly forbid them either. Helsinki School of Business is an example of one such educational institution operating in this market. Since 1880, it has been illegal for
15120-589: The new policy, following the lead of the Council of Deans and the Office of the Provost and Executive Vice Chancellor. In 2005 the University of Kansas (KU) created KU ScholarWorks , a digital repository for scholarly work created by KU faculty and staff. Faculty Senate President Lisa Wolf-Wendel, professor of education leadership and policy studies, approved a new policy, " Open Access Policy for University of Kansas Scholarship " on April 30, 2009, in order to provide
15255-712: The oldest self-archiving mandates, the averaged percentage of green open-access self-archiving has been compared to the percentage for control articles from other institutions published in the same journals (for years 2002–2009, measured in 2011). Open-access mandates triple the percent Green OA (see figure below). Respective totals are derived from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science . As of May 2015, open-access mandates have been adopted by over 550 universities and research institutions, and over 140 research funders worldwide. Examples of universities which have open-access mandates are Harvard University and MIT in
15390-422: The original landscape character of the campus that had been partially lost as the campus evolved through the 20th century. In 2011, Wellesley was listed by Travel+Leisure magazine as one of the most beautiful college campuses in the United States. Wellesley is home to Green Hall, completed in 1931, the only building bearing the name of famed miser Hetty Green ; the building was funded by her children. Part of
15525-715: The partners may include a Chinese university and a non-Chinese institution. English is often the only language of instruction at such universities and many focus on providing a comprehensive liberal arts education modeled after research universities in the United States and Europe. Universities in India are recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which draws its power from the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 . Private universities in India are regulated under
15660-479: The pilot for research data. In 2012, via a Recommendation, the European Commission encouraged all EU Member States to put publicly funded research results in the public sphere in order to strengthen science and the knowledge-based economy. In 2017 it emerged that the European Commission are looking to create its own open access publishing platform for papers that emerge from the Horizon 2020 programme. The platform
15795-429: The president of Duke University from 1993 to 2004), Diana Chapman Walsh , H. Kim Bottomly , and current president Paula Johnson . The original architecture of the college consisted of one very large building, College Hall, which was approximately 150 metres (490 ft) in length and five stories in height. It was completed in 1875. The architect was Hammatt Billings . College Hall was both an academic building and
15930-430: The privately owned Hunnewell Estates Historic District , the gardens of which can be viewed from the lake's edge on campus. The original master plan for Wellesley's campus landscape was developed by Olmsted, Arthur Shurcliff , and Ralph Adams Cram in 1921. This landscape-based concept represented a break from the architecturally-defined courtyard and quadrangle campus arrangement that was typical of American campuses at
16065-652: The recent discovery of oil and gas in commercial quantities has influenced the development of oil and gas management courses within the private universities' curricula. Libya has several recognized private education institutions and universities that have been approved by the Ministry of Higher Education. They are ranked and qualified to specialize in academic programs in Business Administration, Computer Science, Law, Medicine, and Humanitarianism. The National Universities Commission of Nigeria holds
16200-770: The responsibility to approve private universities and accredit their courses. This ensures a minimum standard in curriculum and teaching. There are currently 60 approved private universities in Nigeria and many applications are being processed. In South Africa , there are many distinctions between public universities and what are officially termed private higher education institutions. Recognized private higher education institutions include Akademia ( af ), Eduvos , Varsity College , Vega School , Milpark , Midrand Graduate Institute , and Regenesys Business School . Numerous private universities were established in Bangladesh after
16335-428: The same privileges including social security, foreign law, and state scholarships as students at state universities. Educational services of private universities are not subject to value added tax , and donations are tax-deductible. Accreditations must be renewed regularly and can be withdrawn, e.g., in the case of repeated academic misconduct as happened in 2003 when the accreditation of International University Vienna
16470-684: The student-teacher ratio is typically lower and there are more opportunities for hands-on learning. Additionally, private universities in Oman often have more flexible curriculums and can respond quickly to changing labor markets and global trends. All private universities in Oman must be recognized by the Omani Ministry of Higher Education to offer degree programs and receive approval for new degrees. The Ministry has procedures and standards that all universities must meet to receive accreditation and recognition as an institution of higher education. The Higher Education Commission (HEC), formerly
16605-403: The study (some of these institutes are state-funded institutions of their home countries) and these charges are often a fraction of the cost of studying in the home countries of these institutions. Efforts to establish private universities have been blocked due to protests from state universities' undergraduates and leftist political parties. Many private colleges have sprung up since, including
16740-721: The term "university" as opposed to "private university" in their advertisements in all languages except German while still complying with Austrian law. While the legal definition of "private university" prohibits funding by the federal government of Austria, funding by other public bodies is not prohibited. Consequently, some of Austria's private universities are partly or wholly funded by provincial governments, while others are fully privately funded. Accreditation of private universities began in 2001. As of 2020 , Austria has 16 private universities. Most are small (fewer than 1000 students) and specialize in only one or two fields of study. Four former private universities are not accredited anymore:
16875-510: The time when access to the deposit must be made open access rather than to the time when it must be deposited. Immediate deposit is required so that individual users can then request an immediate individual copy of any deposited eprint during the embargo period by clicking on a "RequestCopy" Button provided by the Institutional Repository software (e.g., DSPACE , EPrints ). The Button automatically sends an email message to
17010-464: The time. The 720-acre (2.9 km) site's glaciated topography, a series of meadows, and native plant communities shaped the original layout of the campus, resulting in a campus architecture that is integrated into its landscape. The campus offers multiple housing options, including Tower Court, which was built after College Hall burnt down, the Quad (Quint, including Munger), the "New Dorms", referring to
17145-440: The type of mandating organization (employing institution or research funder), by the locus (institutional or institution-external) and timing of deposit itself (immediate, delayed), by the time (immediate, delayed) at which the deposit is made open access, and by whether or not there is a default copyright-retention contract (and whether it can be waived). Mandate types can also be compared for strength and effectiveness (in terms of
17280-540: The use of the author's own institutional repository . In 2012, the NIH announced it would enforce its Public Access Policy by blocking the renewal of grant funds to authors who don't follow the policy. In February 2013, the Fair Access to Science and Technology Research bill was introduced into both houses of Congress. It was described as a "strengthened version of FRPAA". Also in 2013, the White House issued
17415-1001: The wife of former President Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China , graduated from Wellesley. Other notable Wellesley graduates who have received the college's Alumnae Achievement Award include: Anna Medora Baetjer , class of 1920, public health expert, physiologist, toxicologist; Marian Burros '54, journalist, food writer; Sally Carrighar , class of 1922, writer, naturalist; Elyse Cherry '75, an entrepreneur, financial, and social equity activist; Suzanne Ciani '68, electronic music composer, recording artist; Phyllis Curtin '43, opera singer; Jocelyn Gill '38, astronomer; Marjory Stoneman Douglas , class of 1912, environmental activist, author; Persis Drell '77, particle physicist; Nora Ephron '62, writer and director; Helen Hays '53, ornithologist; Dorothea Jameson '42, psychologist; Jean Kilbourne '64, media educator; Judith Martin '59, (pen name Miss Manners ) author; Nergis Mavalvala '90,
17550-427: The world, different countries have different regulations regarding accreditation for private universities and as such, private universities are more common in some countries than in others. Some countries do not have any private universities at all. Egypt currently has 21 public universities with about two million students and 23 private universities with 60,000 students. Egypt has many private universities including
17685-514: Was announced. Peer-reviewed journal publications arising from Agency-supported research must be made freely available within 12 months of publication, whether by depositing in an online repository or by publishing in a journal that offers immediate or delayed open access. The policy is effective for grants awarded from 1 May 2015 onward. On 1 May 2015 the International Development Research Centre adopted
17820-491: Was last revised in January 2012. On June 26, 2008, the Stanford University Graduate School of Education (GSE) were the first in that school to grant permission to the University to make their scholarly articles publicly accessible and to exercise the copyright in a "nonexclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license ... provided that the articles are properly attributed to the authors not sold for
17955-614: Was passed to allow the accreditation of private universities. The Akkreditierungsrat (Accreditation Council) evaluates applicants and issues recommendations to the responsible Austrian accreditation authority (the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science & Research). Accreditation by the council yields a couple of privileges: degrees issued by accredited private universities have the same legal status as those issued by state-run universities. Private universities can appoint or promote professors . Their students enjoy
18090-668: Was signed on March 17, 1870, by Massachusetts Governor William Claflin . The original name of the college was the Wellesley Female Seminary ; its renaming to Wellesley College was approved by the Massachusetts legislature on March 7, 1873. Wellesley first opened its doors to students on September 8, 1875. At the time of its founding, Wellesley College's campus was actually situated in Needham ; however, in 1880 residents of West Needham voted to secede and in 1881
18225-541: Was withdrawn. In 2006, when the accreditation of Imadec University expired, the Accreditation Council rejected any renewal requests. Austrian law provides that private universities in Austria must use the term Privatuniversität ("private university") in their German names, although their formal names in other languages are not regulated. Thus, there is the possibility of private institutions employing
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