Misplaced Pages

#174825

28-712: The culture is related to the Hilversum culture of the southern Netherlands, Belgium and northern France, and linked to the Armorican Tumulus culture in northern France and the Unetice culture in central Germany. It is prototyped with the Middle Rhine group of the Bell Beaker culture and commonly subdivided in the consecutive phases of Wessex I (2000–1650 BC) and Wessex II (1650–1400). Piggott attributes

56-555: A combination of these materials. It has been speculated that river transport allowed Wessex to be the main link to the Severn estuary . The wealth from such trade probably permitted the Wessex people to construct the second and third ( megalithic ) phases of Stonehenge and also indicates a powerful form of social organisation. When the term 'Wessex Culture' was first coined, investigations into British prehistory were in their infancy and

84-806: A former Celtic presence in the Low Countries is almost completely absent. Kuhn noted that since, in Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the phoneme * /b/ was very rare, and since PIE * /b/ , via Grimm's law , is the main source of regularly inherited /p/ in words in Germanic languages (except after fricatives, e.g. initial *sp- from PIE *(s)p- ), the many words in which /p/ occurs must have some other language as their source. Similarly, in Celtic, PIE * /p/ disappeared and in regularly-inherited words did not reappear in p-Celtic languages except as

112-573: A northern and a southern region, roughly divided by the course of the Rhine . To the north emerged the Elp culture (1800-800 BCE), featuring an initial tumulus phase showing a close relationship to other Northern European tumulus groups (sharing pottery of low quality: Kümmerkeramik ) and a subsequent smooth local transformation to the Urnfield culture (1200–800 BCE). The southern region became dominated by

140-483: A result of Proto-Celtic *kʷ becoming *p . All that taken together means that any word starting with a /p/ in a Germanic language that is not evidently borrowed from either Latin or a p-Celtic language, such as Gaulish, must be a loan from another language. Kuhn ascribes those words to the Nordwestblock language. Linguist Peter Schrijver assumes the pre-existence of pre-Indo-European languages linked to

168-455: A return to virtually-unchanged local Iron Age production methods. To the north, people continued to live in the same three-aisled farmhouse, and to the east, completely-new types of buildings arose. More to the south, in Belgium, archaeological results of the period point to immigration from the north. With the onset of historical records ( Tacitus , 1st century), the area was generally called

196-439: A salutary reminder that some anonymous linguistic groups that do not fully obey the current classification may have survived to the beginning of historical records. The following prehistoric cultures have been attributed to the region and are compatible with but do not necessarily prove the Nordwestblock hypothesis. The Bell Beaker culture (2700–2100 BCE) is thought to originate from the same geographic area, as early stages of

224-503: Is a hypothetical Northwestern European cultural region that some scholars propose as a prehistoric culture in the present-day Netherlands , Belgium , far-northern France , and northwestern Germany , in an area approximately bounded by the Somme , Oise , Meuse and Elbe rivers, possibly extending to the eastern part of what is now England , during the Bronze and Iron Ages from

252-506: Is a prehistoric material culture found in middle Bronze Age in the region of the southern Netherlands and northern Belgium . It has been associated with the Wessex culture from the same period in southern England, and is one of the material cultures of this part of northwestern continental Europe which has been proposed to have had a " Nordwestblock " language which was Indo-European , but neither Germanic nor Celtic . The culture

280-461: Is characterised by rich depositions in the graves of chieftains, including gold artifacts, and crouched inhumations under barrows (e.g. the Bush Barrow ). This period is closely associated with the construction and use of the later phases of Stonehenge . The second phase, Wessex II, is characterised by less rich grave goods without gold and a resurgence of cremations, believed to be a return to

308-578: The Hilversum culture (1800–800 BCE), which apparently inherited the previous Barbed Wire Beaker cultural ties with Britain. From 800 BCE onward, the southern area was influenced by the Celtic or proto-Celtic Hallstatt culture . The current view in the Netherlands holds that subsequent Iron Age innovations did not involve substantial Celtic intrusions but featured a local development from Bronze Age culture. From 750-600 BCE, areas formerly occupied by

SECTION 10

#1732772555175

336-573: The Venetic language , while other hypotheses connect the Northwestblock with the Rhaetic (" Tyrsenian ") or generic Indo-European languages of the centum type ( Illyrian , " Old European "). Gysseling suspected an intermediate Belgian language between Germanic and Celtic , that might have been affiliated to Italic . According to Luc van Durme , a Belgian linguist, toponymic evidence of

364-486: The 3rd to the 1st millennia BCE, up to the onset of historical sources, in the 1st century BCE. The theory was first proposed by two authors working independently: Hans Kuhn and Maurits Gysseling , whose proposal included research indicating that another language may have existed somewhere in between Germanic and Celtic in the Belgian region . The term Nordwestblock itself was coined by Hans Kuhn, who considered

392-690: The Elp culture emerged as the probably-Germanic Harpstedt culture west of the Germanic Jastorf culture , and the southern parts became assimilated to the Celtic La Tène culture , as is consistent with Julius Caesar 's account of the Rhine forming the boundary between Celtic and Germanic tribes. Later, the Roman retreat resulted in the disappearance of imported products like ceramics and coins and

420-698: The Rhineland. It is uncertain when Germanic began to gain a foothold in the area. The Nordwestblock region north of the Rhine is traditionally conceived as belonging to the realms of the Northern Bronze Age, with the Harpstedt Iron Age generally assumed to represent the Germanic precedents west of the Jastorf culture . The general development converged with the emergence of Germanic within other previously Northern Bronze Age regions to

448-547: The archeological Linear Pottery culture and to a family of languages featuring complex verbs, of which the Northwest Caucasian languages might have been the sole survivors. Although assumed to have left traces within all other Indo-European languages as well, the influence of an unknown substrate would have been especially strong on Celtic languages originating north of the Alps and on the region including Belgium and

476-510: The border region between Celtic (Gaulish) and Germanic influence. Tribes located in the area include the Batavians , Belgae , Chatti , Hermunduri , Cheruscii , Salii , Sicambri , Tencteri and Usipetes or Usipii . Caesar took the course of the Rhine to be the boundary between Gauls and Germans (Germanic people) but also mentioned that a large part of the Belgae had ancestry from east of

504-637: The culture apparently derived from early Corded Ware culture elements, with the Netherlands/ Rhineland region as probably the most widely accepted site of origin ( J. P. Mallory , EIEC p. 53). The Bell Beaker culture locally developed into the Bronze Age Barbed Wire Beaker culture (2100–1800 BCE). In the 2nd millennium BCE, the region was at the boundary between the Atlantic and Nordic horizons, split up in

532-401: The east, maybe also involving a certain degree of Germanic cultural diffusion. From about the 1st century CE, that region saw the development of the " Weser–Rhine " group of West Germanic dialects which gave rise to Old Frankish from the 4th century. The issue still remains unresolved and so far no conclusive evidence has been forwarded to support any alternative. Mallory considers the issue

560-663: The hundred or so particularly richly furnished graves in and around Wiltshire . The culture group, however, is named as one of the intrusive Beaker groups that appear in Ireland. Aegean ( Cycladic , Minoan , Mycenaean ) Bronze Age Balkans , Bell Beaker culture , Únětice culture , Nordic Bronze Age , Tumulus culture , Urnfield culture Bronze Age Britain , Atlantic Bronze Age , Argaric culture Nuragic culture , Terramare culture , Apennine culture , Proto-Villanovan culture , Canegrate culture , Golasecca culture Hilversum culture The Hilversum culture

588-594: The inhabitants of the area neither Germanic nor Celtic and so attributed to the people a distinct ethnicity or culture up to the Iron Age . So far, this has not been proven or disproven. The hypothetical language or languages spoken by the Iron Age Nordwestblock population are a matter of speculation, as there are no written records of such languages as is the case with the Germanic language, but can be inferred based on analysis of substrate features in

SECTION 20

#1732772555175

616-405: The origin of this culture to an "actual ethnic movement" from Northern France. Piggott describes the culture as composed of an underlying substratum, similar to the contemporary food vessel culture found further north, and an intrusive ruling class who opened trading networks with France and central and northern Europe, and imported bronze tools and probably also artisans. The first phase, Wessex I,

644-520: The previous funerary practices of the British Neolithic. They appear to have had wide ranging trade links with continental Europe, importing amber from the Baltic , jewellery from modern day Germany, gold from Brittany as well as daggers and beads from Mycenaean Greece and vice versa. They produced characteristic pendants in the shape of halberds, with handles made from gold or amber, or

672-535: The primarily West Germanic languages that later came to be spoken in the region (for example, areal loanwords of unknown origin, and the presence of certain geminate consonants that cannot be explained by inheritance from Proto-Indo-European ), or by analysis of place-names ( toponymy and hydronymy ). Broadly, this substrate area is sometimes called the North-West European substratum . Kuhn speculated on linguistic affinity of this substratum to

700-500: The unusually rich and well documented burials in the Wessex area loomed large in literature on the Bronze Age. During the twentieth century many more Bronze Age burials were uncovered and opinions about the nature of the early-mid Bronze Age shifted considerably. Since the late 20th century it has become customary to consider 'Wessex Culture' as a limited social stratum rather than a distinct cultural grouping, specifically referring to

728-532: Was bordered to its northeast by the Elp culture , to which it may have been related, and to its north by the Hoogkarspel culture . The concept of a distinct Hilversum culture started to develop in 1950, with the excavation of grave mounds near the hamlet of Toterfout  [ nl ] and the nearby forest of Halve Mijl . An urn found there, initially classified as being of the Deverel–Rimbury type,

756-511: Was dated to 1421-1216 cal BCE, his Y-chromosome DNA was R1b-S497 (a derivation from R1b-U106). [REDACTED] Media related to Hilversum culture at Wikimedia Commons This Dutch-history -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article relating to archaeology in Europe is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Nordwestblock The Nordwestblock ( German , "Northwest Block")

784-506: Was found to be older than was expected: radiocarbon dating pointed to 3450 BP (1770 +/-250 cal BC). This led archeologist Willem Glasbergen  [ nl ] to propose a new classification, the Hilversum type, and the conclusion that later continental Deverel pottery would have "devolved" from this type. An individual without funerary context was found in the Krabbeplas artificial lake (Vlaardingen, Zuid-Holland province), he

#174825