43-867: The West End Riots were disorders in the West End of London on 8 February 1886 following a counter-demonstration by the Social Democratic Federation in Trafalgar Square against a meeting of the Fair Trade League . They were also known as the Trafalgar Square Riots or Pall Mall Riots . Windows were smashed at the Carlton Club and the offices of the Pall Mall Gazette soon after
86-559: A mile, roughly as far as Southampton Row and Holborn tube station . The station was originally named Holborn (Kingsway) as it was on the junction of those two roads. Most of the area lies north of the eponymous road, rather than to the south. The nearest London Underground stations are Chancery Lane and Holborn . The closest mainline railway station is City Thameslink . Holborn is served by bus routes 1, 8, 19, 25, 38, 55, 59, 68, 76, 91, 98, 133, 168, 171, 188, 243, 341, X68 and night routes N1, N8, N19, N38, N41, N55, N68 and N171. In
129-531: A number of extra-parochial areas, parts of the ecclesiastical parish of Holborn but formed their own (usually tiny) civil parish areas: The St George the Martyr Queen Square area became a separate parish, for both civil and ecclesiastical matters, in 1723; but for civil matters was reunited with the part of St Andrew outside the city ( Above the Bars ) of London in 1767, to form St Andrew Holborn Above
172-458: Is nicknamed the Devil's Own , a name given by George III , not due to ferocity in battle, but rather to his dislike of lawyers. In the 18th century, Holborn was the location of the infamous Mother Clap 's molly house (meeting place for homosexual men). There were 22 inns or taverns recorded in the 1860s. The Holborn Empire , originally Weston's Music Hall , stood between 1857 and 1960, when it
215-694: Is notionally in the very middle of London, being situated between the Westminster and the City , but this Americanisation has been widely criticised and not accepted or used by Londoners. The MPs for the area are: The three ward councillors for Holborn and Covent Garden , representing the London Borough of Camden part of the district are: Holborn is represented in the London Assembly as part of Barnet and Camden by: The following
258-486: The City of London in the east, and the City of Westminster in the west. Over time they came to form the centre of modern London, although each kept its own distinct character and its separate legal identity (for example, the City of London has its own police force and is a distinct county ). The City of London became a centre for the banking, financial, legal and professional sectors, while Westminster became associated with
301-724: The City of Westminster wards is called " West End ". This electoral unit includes some of the most prosperous areas of the borough, including Soho , Mayfair and parts of southern Marylebone . The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 10,575. The West End is laid out with many notable public squares and circuses. London Underground stations in the West End include: 51°30′48″N 0°07′43″W / 51.51333°N 0.12861°W / 51.51333; -0.12861 Holborn Holborn ( / ˈ h oʊ b ər n / HOH -bərn or / ˈ h oʊ l b ər n / ), an area in central London , covers
344-533: The West End of London or of the wider West London area. The River Fleet also gave its name to the streets Holborn and High Holborn which extend west from the site of the former Newgate in the London Wall , over the Fleet, through Holborn and towards Westminster . The district benefits from a central location which helps provide a strong mixed economy. The area is particularly noted for its links to
387-594: The 11th century, before the Norman Conquest. The civil division of the parish is very ancient and predates the establishment of the parish in its settled form. In 1394 the Ward of Farringdon was subdivided into Farringdon Within and Farringdon Without , with south-east Holborn part of the latter. The City Bars mark the boundary of the City of London within Holborn. In 1994 the City boundary shifted slightly to
430-495: The 12th century St Andrew's was noted in local title deeds as lying on "Holburnestrate"—Holborn Street, but as the street leads from Roman Newgate , and the church was sited on it by the 10th century, it is probably considerably older. In 1394 the population had grown so large that the Ward of Farringdon had grown too large for effective governance and was formally divided into the separate Wards, (rather than separate named areas within
473-567: The Bars with St George the Martyr . The Holborn District was created in 1855, consisting of the civil parishes and extra-parochial places of Holborn outside the city; St Andrew Holborn Above the Bars with St George the Martyr, Saffron Hill, Hatton Garden, Ely Rents and Ely Place , as well as two tiny units that were added from the Finsbury Division : Glasshouse Yard and St Sepulchre, Middlesex . The Metropolitan Borough of Holborn
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#1732798322825516-485: The City around Holborn , Seven Dials , and Covent Garden contained poorer communities that were cleared and redeveloped in the 19th century. As the West End is a term used colloquially by Londoners and is not an official geographical or municipal definition, its exact constituent parts are up for debate. Westminster City Council 's 2005 report Vision for the West End included the following areas in its definition: Covent Garden , Soho , Chinatown , Leicester Square ,
559-552: The Farringdon Without ward of the City of London (later known as St Andrew Holborn Below the Bars ) – which includes the parish church and the part within the Ossulstone Hundred of Middlesex (later known as St Andrew Above the Bars ). It is not known when the parish of Holborn took on its settled form, but it is likely to have been by the time of the introduction of Canon Law around 1180, with records from
602-502: The West End ) is a district of Central London , London, England, west of the City of London and north of the River Thames , in which many of the city's major tourist attractions, shops, businesses, government buildings and entertainment venues, including West End theatres , are concentrated. The term was first used in the early 19th century to describe fashionable areas to the west of Charing Cross . The West End covers parts of
645-446: The ancient parish of Holborn, a course now marked by Farringdon Street , Farringdon Road and other streets. The northern boundary with St Pancras was formed by a tributary of the Fleet later known as Lamb's Conduit . The curving alignment of Roger Street follows part of the course of that lost brook, and marked the northern boundary of the parish and later borough. The area extends west from Farringdon Street, for three-quarters of
688-476: The area is not an administrative unit so contemporary perceptions of its extent can be vague and highly variable. In particular there are overlapping perceptions of the extent of the districts of Holborn, Bloomsbury and St Giles . One of the many factors in this, is a tendency to conflate the Holborn and High Holborn roads with the district. The now buried River Fleet formed the historic eastern boundary of
731-632: The area occurs in a charter of AD 959, in which King Edgar the Peaceful granted Westminster Abbey an area of land (much larger than the later parish of Holborn) stretching from the Abbey, on Thorney Island , to the River Fleet . The charter mentions "the old wooden church of St Andrew" ( St Andrew, Holborn ). The name Holborn is used in the charter, but it refers to the River Fleet rather than
774-530: The boroughs of Westminster and Camden . While the City of London is the main financial district in London, the West End is the main commercial and entertainment centre of the city. It is the largest central business district in the United Kingdom. It is one of the most expensive locations in the world in which to rent commercial and office space. Medieval London comprised two adjacent cities –
817-674: The corner of Hatton Garden was the old family department store of Gamages . Until 1992, the London Weather Centre was located in the street. The Prudential insurance company relocated in 2002. The Daily Mirror offices used to be directly opposite it, but the site is now occupied by Sainsbury's head office. Behind the Prudential Building lies the Anglo-Catholic church of St Alban the Martyr. Originally built in 1863 by architect William Butterfield , it
860-646: The counter-demonstration broke up, with its participants (estimated in some newspapers around 100,000) then marching along Piccadilly , Regent Street and Oxford Street , also damaging the Devonshire Club and several shops before forming up for a further meeting in Hyde Park . It also made an attempt on the War Office , but were dissuaded by its sentry charging his bayonet. Feelings were further enflamed when Metropolitan Police officers pushed through
903-670: The crowd to remove John Burns from the pedestal of Nelson's Column , from which he was trying to make a speech. Questions were asked in the House of Lords on 18 and 25 February as to the police's handling of the events and on the afternoon of 22 February the Home Secretary Hugh Childers accepted the resignation of Edmund Henderson , Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. West End of London The West End of London (commonly referred to as
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#1732798322825946-844: The diamond trade, was leased to a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I , Sir Christopher Hatton, at the insistence of the Queen to provide him with an income. The area was not damaged by the Great Fire of London in 1666, though the area of destruction reached its south-eastern boundary. Charles Dickens took up residence in Furnival's Inn (later the site of " Holborn Bars ", the former Prudential building designed by Alfred Waterhouse ). Dickens put his character "Pip", in Great Expectations , in residence at Barnard's Inn opposite, now occupied by Gresham College . Staple Inn , notable as
989-539: The district. The name "Holborn" may derive from the Middle English hol for "hollow", and bourne , a "brook", referring to the River Fleet as it ran through a steep valley (hollow) in places. However, the 16th-century historian John Stow attributes the name to a different watercourse: the Old Bourne ("old brook"), a small stream which he believed ran into the Fleet at Holborn Bridge. This structure
1032-407: The districts falling within the West End are Mayfair , Soho , Covent Garden , Fitzrovia and Marylebone . By this definition, the West End borders Temple , Holborn and Bloomsbury to the east, Regent's Park to the north, Paddington , Hyde Park and Knightsbridge to the west, and Victoria and Westminster to the south. Other definitions include Bloomsbury within the West End. One of
1075-441: The early 21st century, Holborn has become the site of new offices and hotels. For example, the old neoclassical Pearl Assurance building near the junction with Kingsway was converted into a hotel in 1999. There has been attempts by some commercial organisations to rebrand the southern parts of the London Borough of Camden (Holborn, Bloomsbury and St Giles ; the former Metropolitan Borough of Holborn ) as "Midtown". This area,
1118-462: The era of Edward I . Henry VII paid for the road to be paved in 1494 because the thoroughfare "was so deep and miry that many perils and hazards were thereby occasioned, as well to the king's carriages passing that way, as to those of his subjects". Criminals from the Tower and Newgate passed up Holborn on their way to be hanged at Tyburn or St Giles . Hatton Garden , the centre of
1161-504: The first time, this started with relief of the poor . The two parts became, for civil but not ecclesiastical purposes, two separate parishes known as St Andrew Holborn Below the Bars and St Andrew Holborn Above the Bars , the Bars being the City boundary markers. The area "above Bars" (outside the city's jurisdiction) was organised by the vestry board of the parish of St Andrew . As well as Holborn's two main civil parishes, there were
1204-551: The junction of Chancery Lane and the Bars were moved accordingly. It has been described how the two parts of the parish came under separate civil governance (though without any civil governance at parish level) according to whether the part was in the city or outside. From the Tudor period onwards new local government were introduced in England, and parish areas were obliged to take on civil as well as ecclesiastical responsibilities for
1247-440: The legal profession, for the diamond centre at Hatton Garden and for Great Ormond Street Hospital . Holborn emerged from the ancient parish of St Andrew Holborn and its later sub-divisions. The parish church is first mentioned, and described as old , in a charter of 959, but this is before the parish or the landholdings on which it was based took on anything like their settled form. The earliest surviving written record of
1290-420: The leisure, shopping, commerce, and entertainment sectors, the government, and home to universities and embassies . The modern West End is closely associated with this area of central London. Lying to the west of the historic Roman and medieval City of London, the West End was long favoured by the rich elite as a place of residence because it was usually upwind of the smoke drifting from the crowded City. It
1333-464: The promotional image for Old Holborn tobacco, is nearby. The three of these were Inns of Chancery . The most northerly of the Inns of Court , Gray's Inn , is off Holborn, as is Lincoln's Inn : the area has been associated with the legal professions since mediaeval times, and the name of the local militia (now Territorial Army unit, the Inns of Court & City Yeomanry ) still reflects that. The unit
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1376-433: The same Ward) in 1394. The westward growth towards Westminster accelerated in the Tudor period. The westerly ribbon development through the parish was complete before the Great Fire of 1666, with the displacement of people accelerating the development of the rest of the area. The northern fringe the last area to be developed, with this process finalised in the 18th century. St Etheldreda's Church , in gated Ely Place ,
1419-439: The seat of government in Westminster , took place along the banks of the River Thames and along the roads leading from Ludgate ( Fleet Street and The Strand ) and Newgate ( Holborn and High Holborn ). This growth, initially limited to Farringdon Without (which includes a part of Holborn) was well underway in the 12th century, leading to the Ward being retrospectively described as the capital's original West End . In
1462-539: The shopping streets of Oxford Street , Regent Street and Bond Street , the area encompassing Trafalgar Square , the Strand and Aldwych , and the district known as Theatreland . The Edgware Road to the north-west and the Victoria Embankment to the south-east were also covered by the document but were treated as "adjacent areas" to the West End. According to Ed Glinert's West End Chronicles (2006)
1505-487: The south-eastern part of the London Borough of Camden and a part ( St Andrew Holborn Below the Bars ) of the Ward of Farringdon Without in the City of London . The area has its roots in the ancient parish of Holborn, which lay on the west bank of the now buried River Fleet ; the district takes its name from an alternative name for the river: the Holbourne (or Oldbourne). The area is sometimes described as part of
1548-441: The time the hospital of St Giles was established in 1120 indicating that the parish extended further west at that time, presumably to encompass what would become the combined parish of St Giles and Bloomsbury . A charter of around 1000 shows the boundaries of the city being pushed west to their settled historic extent in around 1000, though this extramural area would have been very sparsely settled. The city's wards take shape in
1591-437: The west of the circus, but originally sited in the middle, is a large equestrian statue of Prince Albert by Charles Bacon, erected in 1874 as the city's official monument to him. It was presented by Charles Oppenheim, of the diamond trading company De Beers , whose headquarters is in nearby Charterhouse Street. The district can best be described in reference to the ancient parish and the sub-divisions that succeeded it, however
1634-500: Was close to the royal seat of power at the Palace of Westminster (now home to parliament ), and is largely contained within the City of Westminster (one of the 32 London boroughs ). Following initial development by Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans in the 1660s, during the late 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, it was built as a series of palaces, expensive town houses, fashionable shops and places of entertainment. The areas closest to
1677-681: Was created in 1900, consisting of the former area of the Holborn District and the St Giles District , but the small units previously part of the Finsbury Division were instead included in the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury . The Metropolitan Borough of Holborn was abolished in 1965 and its area now forms part of the London Borough of Camden . The westward growth of London beyond the City Wall , and towards
1720-514: Was gutted during the Blitz but later reconstructed, retaining Butterfield's west front. On Holborn Circus lies the Church of St Andrew , an ancient Guild Church that survived the Great Fire of London . However, the parochial authority decided to commission Sir Christopher Wren to rebuild it. Although the nave was destroyed in the Blitz, the reconstruction was faithful to Wren's original. Just to
1763-414: Was lost when the river was culverted in 1732. The exact course of the stream is uncertain, but according to Stow it started in one of the many small springs near Holborn Bar, the old City toll gate on the summit of Holborn Hill. Other historians, however, find the theory implausible, in view of the slope of the land. The Parish of St Andrew, Holborn , was divided by a civil boundary, with part within
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1806-765: Was originally the chapel of the Bishop of Ely 's London palace. This ecclesiastical connection allowed the street to remain part of the county of Cambridgeshire until the mid-1930s. This meant that Ye Olde Mitre , a pub located in a court hidden behind the buildings of the Place and the Garden, was licensed by the Cambridgeshire Magistrates. St Etheldreda's is the oldest Roman Catholic church in Britain, and one of two extant buildings in London dating back to
1849-674: Was pulled down after structural damage sustained in the Blitz . The theatre premièred one of the first full-length feature films in 1914, The World, the Flesh and the Devil , a 50-minute melodrama filmed in Kinemacolor . Subsequently, the area diversified and become recognisable as the modern street. A plaque stands at number 120 commemorating Thomas Earnshaw 's invention of the Marine chronometer , which facilitated long-distance travel. At
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