97-396: Western Springs Reserve , also known as Western Springs Lakeside Te Wai Ōrea , consists of a sanctuary for wildlife, surrounding a lake fed by the natural springs. There are walking paths surrounding the lake with bridges going across sections of it. Auckland Zoo , Museum of Transport & Technology and Western Springs Stadium are all situated around the park. Park facilities include
194-418: A pH of 6.5–9.0 and salinity up to about 0.5%, and temperatures of 3 to 35 °C (37–95 °F). The ideal temperature is 23 to 30 °C (73–86 °F), with spawning beginning at 17 to 18 °C (63–64 °F); they easily survive winter in a frozen-over pond, as long as some free water remains below the ice. Carp are able to tolerate water with very low oxygen levels, by gulping air at
291-511: A bar, biting him. The man received only minor wounds thanks to the intervention of a keeper who happen to be passing by. The following year included a great number of new animal arrivals again. Including Indian antelope , white tailed deer and Barbary sheep from Taronga Zoo , 23 keas from the South Island (two of which went to Dallas Zoo for three armadillos), 20 Australian lizards and two black leopard cubs. In April 1968, Ma Schwe,
388-468: A cancerous intestinal sarcoma was successfully treated with massive doses of rhubarb and laxative. Much of the improvement came from attention to diet and supplements by providing food with vitamins for deficiencies. This resulted in improved fertility and reduced disease, and previously barren animals began to breed, Sawer was also a gifted marketer and pushed for greater attendance and an aquarium similar to that which had greatly increased visitor numbers at
485-495: A chief of the supernatural Patupaiarehe people, escaping a siege on Ōwairaka / Mount Albert through lava tunnels and emerging at Te Wai Ōrea. In 1830-40, during the Māori musket wars , Ngati Tahinga , Waiohua and Te Taou lived in the wider area, which was named Te Rehu . In 1877, an earth dam was constructed to create a larger artificial lake, in order to serve as the source of Auckland's drinking water. The Western Springs lake
582-473: A farmed fish dates back to Roman times. Carp are used as food in many areas but are also regarded as a pest in several regions due to their ability to out-compete native fish stocks. The original common carp was found in the inland delta of the Danube River about 2000 years ago and was torpedo-shaped and golden-yellow in colour. It had two pairs of barbels and a mesh-like scale pattern. Although this fish
679-689: A female elephant came as a replacement for Jamuna. The end of the 1960s saw a long term plan for where the zoo's administration, collection and grounds were headed. The zoo's original entrance on Old Mill Road (which had been in use since 1922) was closed with a side entrance opening on Motions Road. The early 1970s brought an improvement to the grounds, exhibits and animal husbandry . Improvement in veterinarian practices and equipment, stopping of public feeding (1979) and more naturalistic enclosures lead to healthier, happier animals and subsequently breeding success increased. Animals deemed unsuitable for Auckland were transferred or phased out (not actively bred) of
776-447: A forward-protruding mouth. Common carp can grow to very large sizes if given adequate space and nutrients. Their average growth rate by weight is about half the growth rate of domesticated carp. They do not reach the lengths and weights of domesticated carp, which (range, 3.2–4.8 times) can grow to a maximum length of 120 centimetres (47 in), a maximum weight of over 40 kilograms (88 lb). The longest-lived common carp documented
873-614: A giraffe, Lo Cecil's death. A year later the elephant, Ma Schwe died suddenly due to acute heart failure. A larger Aquarium opened in 1982. However, visitor numbers started to show a decline, partly due to the opening of the Rainbow's End theme park and Kelly Tarlton's Underwater World in the Auckland area. The aquarium was closed in December 2007. In the mid-1980s, a pair of chimpanzee, Mike and Lucy arrived from Taronga Zoo and formed
970-433: A group of mother raised chimpanzee to form a natural social group. The tea party chimps remained at the zoo until their deaths as they were unable to be introduced to the wild group in the 1980s. Charlie died in 1971, Sissy in 1980 and Little Jane in 1987. After Josie died in 1999 and Bobby in 2004, Janie, remained alone, until her death on 11 October 2013, aged 60. During 1962 and 1963 a mysterious skin ailment afflicted
1067-403: A group with Auckland's youngest chimps, Suzie and Sally. They moved into the old timber wolf exhibit, which was renovated to accommodate chimpanzees. Mike and Lucy went on to have two offspring, Lucifer in 1988 and Luka in 1993. This group of six remained at the zoo until 2004. In January 1987 the new orangutan exhibit opened (currently part of the zoo's Orangutan Trail), which now holds one of
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#17327936887041164-600: A large collection in a relatively short period of time. On 17 July 1929 the formation of the Auckland Zoological Society was announced: its main purpose was to encourage scientific study. The zoo's first male elephant arrived at the zoo in November 1930 from Hobart Zoo , Tasmania , Australia. Rajah stood eight feet three inches at the shoulder and was 13 years old. Rajah spent six years in Auckland before his keeper began to lose control of him and he
1261-450: A million eggs in a year. Eggs and fry often fall victim to bacteria, fungi, and the vast array of tiny predators in the pond environment. Carp which survive to the juvenile stage are preyed upon by other fish such as the northern pike and largemouth bass , and several birds (including cormorants , herons , goosanders , and ospreys ) and mammals (including otter and mink ). Mirror carp , regionally known as Israeli carp , are
1358-521: A now rare ecosystem consisting of plants growing in a minimal soil environment, growing amongst rock and leaf humus . Historically, Western Springs was one of two major wetlands in the central Auckland area and was a significant site for Tāmaki Māori who valued it for its clean, clear water and for the harvesting of ōrea or New Zealand long fin eels . The aquifer and wetland have the traditional Māori name Te Wai Ōrea to, which means 'the waters of eels'. A traditional Māori story involves Ruarangi,
1455-400: A pair of Bengal tigers , two young polar bears, a giant anteater , two capuchin monkeys, and four spider monkeys. The giraffe herd and spider monkey troop at the zoo today are descended from these imports. Improvement of the buildings, exhibits and processes of the zoo were showing results, with old cages and aviaries demolished and new gardens planted. However, the most important undertaking
1552-533: A playground, picnic tables, barbecue facilities, public toilets, drinking fountains, public artwork, the Circle of Friends Memorial Garden and the Fukuoka Garden. The park is the site of a natural freshwater aquifer , where water comes through the surface through cracks in basalt lava flow from Te Tātua a Riukiuta . Prior to European settlement, the land was primarily a pūriri lava rock forest ecosystem,
1649-453: A position in Kenya . During his time as Director the enclosures in the zoo had been advanced and basic hospital facilities, a quarantine area, better equipment, and service areas had been created. Roach made many recommendations for the zoo, most notably the expansion into Western Springs Park. The next two years saw the opening of a children's zoo. In August 1960, Derek Wood from Chester Zoo
1746-412: A potentially overlooked dispersal mechanism of invasive cyprinid fish. If proven under natural circumstances, endozoochorous dispersal of invasive fish could be a strong conservation concern for freshwater biodiversity. Carp were introduced to Australia over 150 years ago but were not seen as a recognised pest species until the "Boolarra" strain appeared in the 1960s. After spreading massively through
1843-464: A process of regularly opening new exhibits and postcards to the zoo. The next five years saw a commitment to increased expenditure by the Council with improvements to existing or new enclosures for sun bears , wombats , echidnas , monkeys, tigers and birds. Tragedy stuck the zoo twice in 1954, first with the death of Albert Barnett the zoo foreman. Barnett died after a finger became infected in what
1940-427: A robust build, with a dark gold sheen that is most prominent on its head. Its body is adorned with large conspicuous scales that are very shiny. It has large pectoral fins and a tapering dorsal fin running down the last two thirds of its body, getting progressively higher as it nears the carp's head. Its caudal and anal fins may either be a dark bronze or washed with a rubbery orange hue. There are two or three spines on
2037-731: A row of large scales that run along the lateral line ; originating in Germany ), the leather carp (virtually unscaled except near dorsal fin), and the fully scaled carp. Koi carp (錦鯉 ( nishikigoi ) in Japanese, 鯉魚 ( pinyin : lĭ yú ) in Chinese) is a domesticated ornamental variety that originated in the Niigata region of Japan in the 1820s, but its parent species are likely the East Asian carp, possibly C. rubrofuscus . The carp has
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#17327936887042134-498: A single spawn . Although carp typically spawn in the spring, in response to rising water temperatures and rainfall, carp can spawn multiple times in a season. In commercial operations, spawning is often stimulated using a process called hypophysation, where lyophilized pituitary extract is injected into the fish. The pituitary extract contains gonadotropic hormones which stimulate gonad maturation and sex steroid production, ultimately promoting reproduction. A single carp can lay over
2231-516: A small colony from Lake Crescent in Tasmania , without using chemicals, have been successful, but the long-term, expensive and intensive undertaking is an example of both the possibility and difficulty of safely removing the species once it is established. One proposal, regarded as environmentally questionable, is to control common carp numbers by deliberately exposing them to the carp-specific koi herpes virus with its high mortality rate. In 2016,
2328-421: A small proportion of fertilized common carp eggs ingested by waterfowl survive passing through the digestive tract and hatch after being retrieved from the feces. Birds exhibit strong preference for fish eggs, while cyprinids produce hundreds of thousands of eggs at a single spawning event. These data indicate that despite the low proportion of eggs surviving the digestive tract of birds, endozoochory might provide
2425-477: A type of domesticated fish commonly found in Europe but widely introduced or cultivated elsewhere. They are a variety of the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) developed through selective breeding . The name "mirror carp" originates from their scales' resemblance to mirrors. The most striking difference between mirror and common carp is the presence of large mirror-like scales on the former. The mirror-scale phenotype
2522-626: Is a thick soup of carp's head and offal, fried carp meat (sometimes the meat is skinned and baked instead) with potato salad or boiled carp in black sauce. A Slovak Christmas Eve dinner is quite similar, with soup varying according to the region and fried carp as the main dish. Also in Austria , parts of Germany , and Poland , a fried carp is one of the traditional dishes on Christmas Eve. Carp are mixed with other common fish to make gefilte fish , popular in Jewish cuisine . In Western Europe ,
2619-496: Is by far the largest commercial producer, accounting for about 70% of carp production. Carp is eaten in many parts of the world both when caught from the wild and raised in aquaculture . Common carp are extremely popular with anglers in many parts of Europe, and their popularity as quarry is slowly increasing among anglers in the United States (though they are still generally considered pests and destroyed in most areas of
2716-409: Is caused by a genetic mutation present at one of two scale trait loci , denoted by their S and N alleles , respectively. The genotype that produces a mirror scale phenotype is "ssnn" (all recessive), while wild-type carp may have either SSnn or Ssnn genotype. The "S" locus has been identified as containing the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor Fgfr1A1, which was duplicated during
2813-760: Is loosely separated into areas defined by the region of origin of the species exhibited, its taxonomy , or by biome . The zoo plays a part in conservation (mainly of New Zealand species), research and education. It has many modern features such as the New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine (NZCCM). Auckland Zoo is a full institutional member of the Zoo and Aquarium Association (ZAA), and received ISO 14001 accreditation for its Environmental Management System in 2007. In February 1911 businessman J.J. Boyd purchased 6 acres in Symonds Street, Onehunga for
2910-553: Is on display at the Auckland War Memorial Museum . In 1931, the mortality rate dropped significantly due to improvements in accommodation and handling. L.T. Griffin, the original director, died in 1935 and his last report was an optimistic one. On the top of the list for a new director was Lt. Col. E. R. Sawer, one-time Director of Agriculture in Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ). Already in his mid-fifties, Col. Sawer
3007-542: Is run by Auckland Council with the Zoological Society of Auckland as a supporting organisation. Auckland Zoo opened in 1922, experincing early difficulties mainly due to animal health issues. By 1930 a sizeable collection of animals had been assembled and a zoological society formed. The zoo consolidated during the Second World War and was at that time under the leadership of Lt. Col. Sawer. After
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3104-531: Is still a Boyd Avenue in Royal Oak today. On the afternoon of Saturday 16 December 1922, the zoo was opened by the Governor-General, Lord Jellicoe, with the mayor of Auckland James Gunson in attendance to a sizeable crowd. At this time Western Springs was 4 mi (6.4 km) from the town hall in what was then a semi-rural area. The story of Boyd's zoo was well publicised and the public warmed to
3201-475: Is still seen today in the naming of Jamuna plaza in the rear of the modern zoo. The zoo originally had two keepers who worked seven-day weeks. The early mortality rate of animals in the zoo was terrible especially considering modern standards. However, this was normal for the time. In 1927 the zoo was still expanding rapidly. By December there were 250 mammals of 80 species , more than 1000 birds of 130 species and 24 reptiles of 6 species. Total expenditure on
3298-588: The Black Sea , Caspian Sea , and Aral Sea . Both European and Asian subspecies have been domesticated . In Europe, domestication of carp as food fish was spread by monks between the 13th and 16th centuries. The wild forms of carp had already reached the delta of the Rhine in the 12th century, probably with some human help. Variants that have arisen with domestication include the mirror carp , with large, mirror-like scales (linear mirror – scaleless except for
3395-504: The Danube and Volga rivers). The subspecies Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Amur carp), native to eastern Asia, was recognized in the past, but recent authorities treat it as a separate species under the name Cyprinus rubrofuscus . The common carp and various Asian relatives in their pure forms can be separated by meristics and also differ in genetics , but they are able to interbreed . Common carp can also interbreed with
3492-635: The Depression in the early 1930s, the area adjacent to Motions Road was developed as a camping ground. During World War II , the camping ground was used as a military camp for the United States Armed Forces . Afterwards, Western Springs was proposed as a site for an amusement park in 1953, however this did not eventuate due to a lack of funding. In 1961, the Auckland City Council parks department began administering
3589-590: The Murray–Darling basin , aided by massive flooding in 1974, they have established themselves in every Australian territory except for the Northern Territory . In Victoria , the common carp has been declared a noxious fish species, and the quantity a fisherman can take is unlimited. In South Australia , it is an offence for this species to be released back to the wild. An Australian company produces plant fertilizer from carp. Efforts to eradicate
3686-467: The New York Zoo . In February 1938, the first keeper to suffer an injury was W.A. (Bill) Hawke who was attacked by a bear and suffered a serious leg injury. After five weeks in the hospital he could not continue his keeping duties but stayed at the zoo for a further 30 years as a gatekeeper. This point is where Sawer is first seen to be at odds with the Council. He called for a clear objective for
3783-764: The United States in 1831. In the late 19th century, they were distributed widely throughout the country by the government as a food fish , but they are now rarely eaten in the United States, where they are generally considered pests. As in Australia, their introduction has been shown to have negative environmental consequences. In Utah , the common carp's population in Utah Lake is expected to be reduced by 75 percent by using nets to catch millions of them, and either giving them to people who will eat them or processing them into fertilizer . This, in turn, will give
3880-403: The apes , sea lions and camels had disappeared completely. The polar bears and South African animals were senile and aged. Sawer's report called for animals to be paired or the sharing of enclosures of animals in "mournful solitude". Sawer made sweeping changes, with the overwhelming feeling being that of order and co-ordination. Sawer was appointed curator on 1 April 1936. The mortality rate
3977-474: The goldfish ( Carassius auratus ); the result is called Kollar carp . Another artificial hybrid is Ghost Carp, which is bred between common carp and Japanese Purachina Koi. The large variation of colours produced makes ghost carp a popular commercial species. The common carp is native to Europe and Asia and has been introduced to every part of the world except the poles. They are the third most frequently introduced fish species worldwide, and their history as
Western Springs Reserve - Misplaced Pages Continue
4074-422: The polar bears and would not respond to treatment. Two adult males, Natuk and Brunus and an adult female Natasha had to be euthanised. Natasha was the mother of the only cub to survive to adulthood in the seventy years Auckland Zoo exhibited polar bears. His name was Chimo and he was born in the early sixties. This period also saw the arrival of many new animals, including a pregnant zebra , a female giraffe Anita,
4171-521: The "S" locus, but unlike mirror carp, true leather carp are heterozygous for a dominant mutant allele at the "N" locus (ssNn genotype). Leather carp also have reduced numbers of red blood cells and slower growth rates than scaled carp. Mirror carp from Hungarian and Asian stocks have been observed to have fewer pharyngeal teeth than scaled carp, while nude carp had fewer still. A population of mirror carp in Madagascar (there an invasive species )
4268-483: The Auckland Technical Institute. The late 1970s included more developments at the zoo than any previous time. A new souvenir shop, cafeteria and enclosures for the giraffe, zebra and antelope were completed. Animal diets were being refined to today's standard when quality and varied ingredients are purchased and meals detailed to individual species. White rhinoceros and tamarins arrived for
4365-618: The Australian Government announced plans to release this virus into the Murray–Darling basin in an attempt to reduce the number of invasive common carp in the water system. However, in 2020, this plan was found to be unlikely to work. The CSIRO has also developed a technique for genetically modifying carp so that they only produce male offspring. This daughterless carp method shows promise for totally eradicating carp from Australia's waterways. Common carp were brought to
4462-630: The Canadian province of British Columbia from the neighboring Washington state . They were first noted in the Okanagan Valley in 1912, as was their rapid growth in population. Carp are currently distributed in the lower Columbia ( Arrow Lakes ), lower Kootenay , Kettle ( Christina Lake ), and throughout the Okanagan system. Common carp contributed around 4.67 million tons on a global scale during 2015–2016, roughly accounting for 7.4% of
4559-615: The Central Eastern European Region (CEER). There has been some debate between environmentalists and carp farmers concerning eutrophication of water bodies, manifested into lobbying at ministry levels surrounding fishpond legislations. European carp aquaculture in fish ponds most likely has the least nutrient burden to the environment than most food production sectors in the European Union . The Romans farmed carp and this pond culture continued through
4656-515: The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ), but the species has also been domesticated and introduced (see aquaculture ) into environments worldwide, and is often considered a destructive invasive species , being included in the list of the world's 100 worst invasive species . It gives its name to the carp family, Cyprinidae . The type subspecies is Cyprinus carpio carpio , native to much of Europe (notably
4753-500: The U.S.), and southern Canada. Carp are also popular with spear, bow, and fly fishermen. In Central Europe , it is a traditional part of a Christmas Eve dinner. Hungarian fisherman's soup , a specially prepared fish soup of carp alone or mixed with other freshwater fish, is part of the traditional meal for Christmas Eve in Hungary along with stuffed cabbage and poppy seed roll and walnut roll. A traditional Czech Christmas Eve dinner
4850-553: The US the same year (was still at the zoo in the Animal Planet Elephant Clearing until her death in 2009). Two years later the first full-time teacher at the zoo was employed. A proposal for a rural or open range zoo was put forward for the housing and breeding of larger mammals . The proposal has been brought up periodically but never realised. Also in 1976 the first comprehensive course for keepers started at
4947-402: The anal fin, the first being serrated, and the dorsal fin has three or four anterior spines, the first of which is also serrated. The mouth of the carp is downward-turned, with two pairs of barbels , one pair at the corners of the upper lip, and the other on the lower. Wild common carp are typically slimmer than domesticated forms, with body length about four times body height, red flesh, and
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#17327936887045044-493: The area, and in 1977 it was officially opened as a public park. In 2001, The New Zealand Circle of Friends Memorial Garden, was established in the park's Kānuka Grove , including a stone memorial engraved with the names of 50 people who have died from HIV/AIDS in New Zealand. The Fukuoka Gardens was developed in the park in 1989, gifted to Auckland by Fukuoka in recognition of their sister city relationship. This garden
5141-408: The carp is cultivated more commonly as a sport fish, although there is a small market for it as a food fish. In the United States , carp is mostly ignored as a food fish. Almost all U.S. shoppers bypass carp, due to a preference for filleted fish as opposed to cooking whole. Carp have smaller intramuscular bones called y-bones, which makes them a whole fish species for cooking. When Eurasian Carp
5238-440: The council had other priorities". The change of curators plunged the zoo into pursuit of the animal entertainments Sawer had so strenuously resisted. Robert W. Roach, 36, an English veterinarian , took over as curator of the zoo in November 1949, with Sawer staying on as assistant curator until July 1950. Sawer died only nine months later aged 71, having lived in or around the zoo for the last 15 years of his life. Roach introduced
5335-413: The course of carp evolution and consequently does not typically produce lethal phenotypes when only one locus is mutated. The "N" locus has not been identified, but is hypothesized to have bearing on the development of embryonic mesenchyme . Contrary to popular belief, a leather carp is not always a mirror carp without scales. Similar to mirror carp, leather, or "nude" carp, are homozygous recessive at
5432-468: The declining population of the native June sucker a chance to recover. Another method of control is to trap them with seine nets in tributaries they use to spawn, and exposing them to the piscicide rotenone . This method has been shown to reduce their impact within 24 hours and greatly increase native vegetation and desirable fish species. It also allows native fish to prey more easily on young carp. Common carp are thought to have been introduced into
5529-407: The environment. The park is home to significant numbers of native eels, Anguilla australis and Anguilla dieffenbachii , in addition to a number of pest species such as koi carp . Grass carp were introduced into the lake in 2005, in order to control invasive plant species. The park has a mix of exotic and native plant species. A number of threatened and rare New Zealand species are found in
5626-441: The first time. A new hippo enclosure, the availability of animal "adoption" and transfer of zoo marketing to a professional organisation marked 1980. The following year the zoo's entrance was moved to its current location (since renovated) in a carpark off Motions Road and the construction began on an improved animal hospital (completed in 1986 and since replaced by NZCCM). Fireworks in nearby Western Springs park were banned due to
5723-413: The following years. This prompted a successful run for mayor of Onehunga by Boyd. Finally a change Onehunga Borough Council's by-laws forced Boyd to close the zoo in 1922. Auckland City Council used £ 800 to purchase the remaining animals that Boyd had not already sold to other individuals, as the basis for a group that would form the nucleus of the permanent zoo at Auckland's Western Springs. There
5820-463: The land‐locked central European countries rely heavily on common carp aquaculture in fishponds. The average productivity of carp culture systems in central European countries ranges between 0.3 and 1 ton ha−1. The European common carp production, in terms of volume, reached its peak (0.18 Mt) during 2009–2010 and has been declining since. Carp farming is often criticized as an anthropogenic driver of eutrophication of inland freshwater bodies - especially in
5917-564: The monasteries of Europe and to this day. In China, Korea, and Japan, carp farming took place as early as the Yayoi period (c. 300 BC – AD 300). The annual tonnage of common carp produced in China alone, not to mention the other cyprinids, exceeds the weight of all other fish, such as trout and salmon, produced by aquaculture worldwide. Roughly three million tonnes are produced annually, accounting for 14% of all farmed freshwater fish in 2002. China
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#17327936887046014-417: The mouth and pharynx repeatedly as food is found. The carp may end up spitting out sediment, which contributes to water turbidity. While common carp have no oral teeth, ten pharyngeal teeth are used for crushing or grinding food. The carp has no stomach, and the intestinal length can vary based partially on dietary composition in early life. An egg-layer, a typical adult female can lay 300,000 eggs in
6111-510: The park, including the haplolepideous moss Fissidens berteroi , short-hair plume grass ( Dichelachne inaequiglumis ), and the parasitic vine Cassytha paniculata (mawhai). Auckland Zoo Auckland Zoo ( Māori : Rawhi Whakaaturanga o Tāmaki Makaurau ) is a 16.35-hectare (40-acre) zoological garden in Auckland , New Zealand , situated next to Western Springs Park not far from Auckland 's central business district . It
6208-409: The purpose of establishing Auckland's first zoological facility. Boyd had established an earlier zoo in 1910 at Upper Aramoho near Wanganui (in the southern part of New Zealand's North Island ). Boyd's Onehunga Zoo was a constant source of aggravation for the local council. Local residents would complain regularly about the sounds and smells, and the Council made regular attempts to close it during
6305-405: The rest of their lives. Nick died in 1961, followed by Minnie in 1964. The following month, Josie gave birth to an infant which died a few weeks later. Sissy also gave birth that year to a female named Suzie, who was hand-raised by keepers. Sissy gave birth to Suzie's younger sister, Sally, in 1970. Suzie and Sally did not participate in the tea-parties and were later successfully introduced into
6402-404: The sediment, like plant tubers or annelids. Carp pick up sediment by generating suction and mouth the content to identify and select food items by taste and size. Gill rakers form a branchial sieve that may aid in food separation, but the carp is also able to clamp down on food items it detects using a muscular palatal pad and inferior postlingual organ. The sediment is passed back and forth between
6499-514: The surface. Common carp are omnivorous . They can eat a herbivorous diet of aquatic plants, plant tubers, and seeds, but prefer to scavenge the bottom for insects , crustaceans (including zooplankton and crawfish ), molluscs , benthic worms , fish eggs , and fish remains. Common carp feed throughout the day with the most intensive feeding at night and around sunrise. Common carp are benthic feeders and root in sediment for food items. Their barbels may help to feel for food embedded in
6596-621: The tea parties had become unsafe to continue. However, they had become established, popular, and profitable, and Wood was instructed by the council to investigate importing additional chimpanzees. Change in British legislation and the New Zealand Customs Department blocking of an import permit finally ending the parties with the final one taking place in May 1964. These chimpanzee displayed abnormal, anti social behaviour for
6693-554: The total global inland fisheries production. In Europe, common carp contributed 1.8% (0.17 Mt) of the total inland fisheries production (9.42 Mt) during 2015–2016. It is a major farmed species in European freshwater aquaculture with production localized in central and eastern European countries. The Russian Federation (0.06 Mt) followed by Poland (0.02 Mt), Czech Republic (0.02 Mt), Hungary (0.01 Mt) and Ukraine (0.01 Mt) represents about 70% of carp production in Europe during 2016. In fact,
6790-421: The war found the zoo in a state of slight disrepair and depletion of stock, but in good condition considering the conflict of the previous six years. This period also saw the retirement and movement away of many of the early or original members of the zoo staff. Auckland Zoo's problems did not evaporate with the end of the war. Zoos all over the world were looking to improve collections, and New Zealand's isolation
6887-468: The war the collection was expanded. In the 1950s, chimpanzees were acquired to provide tea parties for the public's entertainment, but this practice ceased in 1964. In 1973 the zoo expanded into the adjacent Western Springs Park . From the late 1980s to the present day, many old exhibits were phased out and replaced by modern enclosures. In 2011 the zoo opened its largest development, Te Wao Nui, which exhibits native New Zealand flora and fauna . The zoo
6984-407: The zoo amounted to £53,818. Mortality rates were still high and staff were struggling with a plague of rats but there was positive news as well. Some of the zoo's most popular enclosures were completed and people were still keen to donate animals. Perhaps most encouraging was that 25 mammals and 62 birds were born at the zoo in 1928. By the end of the 1920s the zoo was well established and had assembled
7081-413: The zoo found itself on the verge of a special event with the birth of twin polar bear cubs. Although one of the cubs died shortly after birth, the surviving cub, Piwi, was in good health. However, the cub was drowned at eleven weeks old when its mother was giving it swimming lessons. It is believed she held her cub too low on her chest. A stunned crowd watched as Piwi died. Roach resigned in 1958, taking up
7178-432: The zoo immediately. The early zoo was a bleak and uninspiring place, founded with an initial fund of £10,000. However, in 1923, the staff quickly set about planting 5,000 trees and developing the grounds into a pleasant setting. The council had a meeting on 26 July 1923 with the purpose of arranging the location of a flying aviary, a monkey house and accommodation for the polar bears , bison and birds of prey . Money
7275-487: The zoo's collection. Behavioural enrichments were first provided during this time. The NZI Kiwi Nocturnal House was opened in May 1971 and was the first of its kind in New Zealand. It still exists today as BNZ Kiwi and Tuatara House. Expansion finally was approved in August with an extra 12 acres (4.9 ha) into Western Springs to be developed, work began in 1973. Kashin , a female Indian elephant arrived from Como Zoo in
7372-616: The zoo's two present Bornean orangutan groups, and zoo visitors began to rise again. At the time, it was the zoo's most impressive and costly ever exhibit designed to be moated and barless. However, a much more spectacular short term exhibit was being investigated. Eurasian carp The common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), also known as European carp or Eurasian carp , is a widespread freshwater fish of eutrophic waters in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia . The native wild populations are considered vulnerable to extinction by
7469-402: The zoo, attention to education, relaxation of restrictions on importing animals, and an increased ability to exhibit native New Zealand birds. The end of the Depression and the subsequent economic recovery helped Sawer in the transformation of a group of emptying cages to a "full house of exhibits". With the advent of World War 2, the period 1939 – 1945 saw the zoo trying to survive. Attendance
7566-663: The zoo. 1955 saw the council call for the zoo to obtain chimpanzees for performing shows. The zoo was adding new attractions, a miniature train, and in September two popular orangutans , Topsy and Turvey arrived. Four young performing chimpanzees arrived from Regent's Park Zoo in October and work was speedily completed on the construction of a chimpanzee performing area. The four chimpanzees were named Jane, Josie, Minnie and Bobby. They were joined by four more chimpanzees, Nick, Sissy, Charlie and Little Jane, in 1959. In June 1957,
7663-419: Was a deterrent to animal exporters. Additionally, Wellington Zoo was getting favouritism from politicians, and Auckland was still not allowed to exhibit native fauna. 1948 was a turnaround point for the zoo, with new capital works being approved. In Sawer's March 1949 report, the details of the animals were given as 165 mammals in 51 species, 329 birds in 98 species and 19 reptiles in eight species. An aquarium
7760-411: Was a long-awaited companion for Jamuna. Public feeding continued at the zoo and the perennial problems with rats, eels and flooding was still ongoing, there was pressure on the facilities and ablutions, many were still the originals from opening and the first serious calls for expansion began. A second group of four tea party chimpanzees had arrived in 1959 and by February 1963 the council conceded that
7857-447: Was also spent developing a bandstand , hippopotamus pools, elephant house and walk, refreshment kiosk and a tiger arena. L.T. Griffin was the zoo's first supervisor, and in effect its first director. He went to Africa in 1923 to acquire species for the newly formed zoo. What followed was an aggressive policy of expansion over the next few years, including the zoo's first animal star, the female Indian elephant , Jamuna, whose influence
7954-477: Was an advocate for the newish notion that zoological parks were fundamentally about education, science and conservation . He was initially approached to report on the zoo, and the council was suitably impressed with his submission of six pages of closely typed analysis on where the zoo should be headed. This report not only showed his general approach but gave the fullest report on the zoo at the time. Stock numbers were heavily reduced in 1935 and some species such as
8051-427: Was appointed as zoo supervisor. Wood brought with him a male giraffe named John from England's Regent's Park Zoo to establish a new herd. Wood's first report in 1961 was positive and called for pairing of animals, improvements to accommodations, and a nocturnal house for New Zealand's national icon the kiwi . 310,500 people visited the zoo in this year. Also in 1961 a female elephant, Malini, arrived from Singapore, she
8148-447: Was built, on a smaller scale than Sawer had anticipated, but successful nevertheless. The zoo had also finally won the right to exhibit kiwi , partly due to New Zealand soldiers becoming known as Kiwis during the war. A curator's house, offices and laboratory were constructed in 1949. In late 1948 the council called for the first animal entertainments. Sawer strongly opposed this, but he was now approaching 70 years of age and his career
8245-579: Was down, and animal importation and supplying zoo animals with food were low on the New Zealand Government's list of priorities. Due to these pressures, exhibits changed to more localised and rural representatives. The arrival of United States military personnel in June 1942 helped the zoo, especially because the personnel were quartered close to Western Springs. It was not unusual for the majority of weekend visitors to be in uniform. The end of
8342-500: Was drawing to an end. Sawer recommended a full-time on-site curator and veterinarian and started to look for a successor. "Sawer's retirement marked the end of a remarkable era. Despite considerable adversity, the Colonel had managed to keep the zoo operational and in better condition than anyone could reasonably have expected. But if Sawer had seemed ahead of his time in wanting the zoo to be seen primarily as an educational institution,
8439-702: Was due to compensation by quantitative trait loci as a result of a selective disadvantage for partial scaling in the wild, perhaps related to an impairment in parasite resistance. Common carp have been introduced to most continents and some 59 countries. In absence of natural predators or commercial fishing , they may extensively alter their environments due to their reproductive rate and their feeding habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food. In feeding, they may destroy, uproot, disturb and eat submerged vegetation, causing serious damage to food sources and habitats of native duck (such as canvasbacks ) and fish populations. In 2020, scientists demonstrated that
8536-419: Was found to have reverted to full scale cover after being introduced from France in the early twentieth century. The feral Malagasy carp still possessed large scales due to their mirror phenotype, but had increased scale coverage approaching that of wild-type carp. Hubert et al. (2016) found that the recessive allele at the "S" locus was still fixed in the population. They believe that the phenotypic reversion
8633-556: Was initially kept as an exploited captive, it was later maintained in large, specially built ponds by the Romans in south-central Europe (verified by the discovery of common carp remains in excavated settlements in the Danube delta area). As aquaculture became a profitable branch of agriculture, efforts were made to farm the animals, and the culture systems soon included spawning and growing ponds. The common carp's native range also extends to
8730-431: Was initially thought to be a minor injury sustained at work. In August, 65-year-old Frank Lane, who like Barnett had worked at the zoo since its opening, was killed in a much publicised accident. Lane had just fed a young elephant, Kassala, and was climbing back through the rails between the stalls when Jamuna swung her trunk, knocking him into the wall and killing him instantly. Barnett had been Jamuna's regular keeper and it
8827-423: Was now 10 percent compared with 29.5 percent for mammals and 40 percent for birds at London Zoo in 1934. The mortality rate was further demonstrated by the figures in 1937, when only 9% of animals died, compared to a full 35 percent of the animals in 1930. For the first time, in 1939 natural increase had overtaken mortality in mammals. Sometimes the Colonel's remedies were miraculously effective. A tiger suffering from
8924-688: Was of wild-origin (in non-native habitat of North America), and was 64 years of age. The largest recorded carp, caught by British angler, Colin Smith, in 2013 at Etang La Saussaie Fishery, France, weighed 45.59 kilograms (100.5 lb). The average size of the common carp is around 40–80 cm (16–31 inches) and 2–14 kg (4.4–30.9 lb). Although tolerant of most conditions, common carp prefer large bodies of slow or standing water and soft, vegetative sediments. As schooling fish, they prefer to be in groups of five or more. They naturally live in temperate climates in fresh or slightly brackish water with
9021-419: Was officially added to the park in 2017, and includes a pavilion, waterfall, pond and over 1800 native Japanese and New Zealand species. Waterfowl, such as swans, pūkeko and ducks make up a significant proportion of the visible wildlife of the park. While birdfeeding has historically been a large draw for the public to come to the park, this behaviour is being discouraged due to the negative effects this has on
9118-466: Was put down by the future director of the zoo, Lt. Col. Sawer. This was considered more humane than chaining up the elephant for the rest of his life. It transpired that Rajah's unpredictable nature was due to a lit cigarette being put up his trunk by a patron while still in Hobart , however there are no contemporary reports in the newspapers of the time to support this as sound evidence. Rajah's amazing bulk
9215-473: Was reported that she was upset after his death. It is believed Lane's death was the result of a tragic accident rather than a deliberate attack. Jamuna spent the rest of her life without incident. Aucklanders were now enjoying increased disposable income and free time; however, pubs, the cinema, and other attractions were still closed on Sundays and public holidays. Also a huge number of Aucklanders were in their 30s and 40s and had strong fond childhood memories of
9312-432: Was the formulation of a 25-year plan by the Council including an expansion into Western Springs park and a move to natural, moated, barless enclosures. In September 1965 the zoo's star elephant Jamuna died. She was believed to be approximately 50 years old and had carried over 750,000 guests. Less than a year later in May 1966 a visitor to the zoo decided to climb a safety barrier and the orangutan, Turvey grabbed him through
9409-685: Was the source for Auckland's drinking water for the next 30 years. The English name was chosen to differentiate the springs from those at Auckland Domain , which was the previous major water source for Auckland. The springs were used until 1928, when they were superseded by damming projects in the Waitākere Ranges . In 1922, the Auckland Zoo was opened adjacent to the lake, followed by the Western Springs Stadium in 1929 and Museum of Transport & Technology in 1964. During
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