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62-498: Rawtenstall ( / ˈ r ɒ t ən s t ɔː l / ) is a town in the borough of Rossendale , Lancashire , England. The town lies 15 miles (24 km) north of Manchester , 22 miles (35 km) east of Preston and 45 miles (70 km) south east of Lancaster . The town is at the centre of the Rossendale Valley . As of 2022, it had a population of 23,000. The name Rawtenstall has been given two possible interpretations. The older

124-530: A census town with a population over 30,000; this would have included the towns of Dundalk , Bray , and Navan . This would have required an amendment to the 2014 Act, promised for 2019 by minister John Paul Phelan . Historically, there were 117 parliamentary boroughs in the Irish House of Commons , of which 80 were disfranchised by the Acts of Union 1800 . All but 11 municipal boroughs were abolished under

186-414: A National Lottery Heritage Fund award of £1.7 million to convert the museum and the former barn and stables. This has doubled its size and enabled the museum to develop its displays and education work, its cafe/restaurant and bar, as well as the study spaces and a shop. It reopened at the end of July 2021, and now includes the old Rossendale Council Parks Department yard at the rear which has been converted to

248-481: A city by proclamation. Boroughs and cities were collectively known as municipalities, and were enclaves separate from their surrounding counties. Boroughs proliferated in the suburban areas of the larger cities: By the 1980s there were 19 boroughs and three cities in the area that is now the City of Auckland. In the 1980s, some boroughs and cities began to be merged with their surrounding counties to form districts with

310-597: A community based radio station which broadcast to the town on 104.7 FM The town's local newspaper is the Lancashire Telegraph . Rawtenstall is home to the North of England's largest dry ski -slope. Ski Rossendale is located five minutes from Rawtenstall town centre in the Oakenhead area, directly above Whitaker Park and Rossendale Museum. Over its 40-year existence it had seen world record attempts and

372-712: A county borough in 1985. The county boroughs in the Republic of Ireland were redesignated as "cities" under the Local Government Act 2001 . Dún Laoghaire was a borough from 1930 until merged into Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown county in 1994. There were five borough councils in place at the time of the Local Government Reform Act 2014 which abolished all second-tier local government units of borough and town councils. Each local government authority outside of Dublin, Cork City and Galway City

434-470: A degree of autonomy. After the Norman Conquest , when certain towns were granted self-governance, the concept of the burh/borough seems to have been reused to mean a self-governing settlement. The concept of the borough has been used repeatedly (and often differently) throughout the world. Often, a borough is a single town with its own local government. However, in some cities it is a subdivision of

496-518: A mixed urban and rural population. A nationwide reform of local government in 1989 completed the process. Counties and boroughs were abolished and all boundaries were redrawn. Under the new system, most territorial authorities cover both urban and rural land. The more populated councils are classified as cities, and the more rural councils are classified as districts. Only Kawerau District, an enclave within Whakatāne District , continues to follow

558-534: A multi-purpose public area. Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada . Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter and one of the two local relay transmitters (Haslingden and Bacup). Local radio stations are BBC Radio Lancashire on 95.5 FM, Heart North West on 105.4 FM, Capital Manchester and Lancashire on 107.0 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire on 96.5 FM, and Rossendale Radio ,

620-475: A new sort of borough – the county borough. These were designed to be 'counties-to-themselves'; administrative divisions to sit alongside the new administrative counties. They allowed urban areas to be administered separately from the more rural areas. They, therefore, often contained pre-existing municipal boroughs, which thereafter became part of the second tier of local government, below the administrative counties and county boroughs. The county boroughs were, like

682-476: A public park. The park itself has tennis courts , a bowling green , basketball court, an Incredible Edible area, a skateboard area and a playground as well as formal gardens and fountains. The recently refurbished museum contains exhibits of local history, gallery spaces, and a cabinet of curiosities room. There is an extensive exhibition of taxidermy , and gallery areas for displaying contemporary art and other exhinbitions. Arthur Mee considered it 'one of

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744-633: A self-governing body). Since 1974, it has been a purely ceremonial style granted by royal charter to districts which may consist of a single town or may include a number of towns or rural areas. Borough status entitles the council chairman to bear the title of mayor . Districts may apply to the British Crown for the grant of borough status upon advice of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom . In Northern Ireland , local government

806-641: A self-selecting corporation (i.e., when a member died or resigned his replacement would be by co-option ). Sometimes boroughs were governed by bailiffs . Debates on the Reform Bill (eventually the Reform Act 1832 ) lamented the diversity of polity of such town corporations, and a Royal Commission was set up to investigate this. This resulted in a regularisation of municipal government by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 . 178 of

868-764: A working hand loom. The Rossendale Valley 's local newspaper, the Rossendale Free Press was originally based in Rawtenstall, before being bought out by the Manchester Evening News in 2009 and subsequently moving to Manchester. Rawtenstall also has one of the largest indoor markets in Rossendale (a sign declaring it to be "probably the friendliest market in the world"), which suffered a serious arson attack in March 2011. The town

930-652: Is a combination of the Middle English routen ('to roar or bellow'), from the Old Norse rauta and the Old English stall 'pool in a river' (Ekwall 1922, 92). The second, more recent one, relates to Rawtenstall's identification as a cattle farm in 1324 and combines the Old English ruh 'rough' and tun-stall 'the site of a farm or cow-pasture', or possibly, 'buildings occupied when cattle were pastured on high ground' The earliest settlement at Rawtenstall

992-473: Is also frequent services such as the X43 which offers connections to the towns of Burnley and Nelson and the city of Manchester . It is operated by Burnley Bus Company . In 2007 a proposal to demolish part of the previous bus station and build a Lidl store on the site was agreed and the new store was finally completed in 2009. Lancashire County Council and Rossendale Borough Council then eventually replaced

1054-617: Is also home to the traditional herbalist and temperance bar Fitzpatrick's Herbal Health, which claims to be the oldest brewer of sarsaparilla and dandelion and burdock in the country. Fitzpatrick's gained television acclaim in April 2005 when it won the Famous Sarsaparilla Taste-off on ITV . It is the last bar of its kind in England. The acclaimed fashion boutique Sunday Best was opened in 1971 by Jan Shutt and

1116-466: Is bounded to the north by Loveclough and Whitewell Bottom, to the east by Waterfoot and Cowpe and to the south by Townsend Fold and Horncliffe. The River Irwell passes through the town on the first part of its route between Bacup and Manchester , collecting Limy Water close to the junction of Bury Road with Bocholt Way. Over recent years the area has become increasingly popular with visitors, attracted by historic buildings, dramatic landscapes and

1178-623: Is generally used as the English translation of arrondissement , referring to an administrative division of a municipality, or a district. Eight municipalities are divided into boroughs: See List of boroughs in Quebec . In Ontario , it was previously used to denote suburban municipalities in Metropolitan Toronto , including Scarborough, York, North York and Etobicoke prior to their conversions to cities. The Borough of East York

1240-561: Is less than that of Swanage on England's south coast with around 9,600 inhabitants. In Australia , a borough was once a self-governing small town, but this designation has all but vanished, except for the only remaining borough in the country, which is the Borough of Queenscliffe . Boroughs as administrative units are to be found in Ireland and the United Kingdom, more specifically in England and Northern Ireland . Boroughs also exist in

1302-633: Is situated on Bank Street. Sunday Best won The Daily Telegraph magazine's best shop in Britain award for women's fashion in 2011 whilst Roland's Florist on Bacup Road was runner up in the best florist category. The awards were judged by TV shopping guru Mary Portas . Police facilities in Rawtenstall were one of five sites used for the training of new recruits to the Lancashire Constabulary . In late 2011, due to funding cuts, Rawtenstall Police Station, along with various other stations in

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1364-546: The -bor of Maribor in Slovenian. The 'burg' element, which means "castle" or "fortress", is often confused with 'berg' meaning "hill" or "mountain" (c.f. iceberg , inselberg ). Hence the 'berg' element in Bergen or Heidelberg relates to a hill, rather than a fort. In some cases, the 'berg' element in place names has converged towards burg/borough; for instance Farnborough, from fernaberga (fern-hill). In Australia ,

1426-884: The A56 Edenfield bypass , allowing for a driving time between Manchester and Rawtenstall of around half an hour. Today, Rawtenstall's nearest rail station is in the town of Accrington and over the county border in West Yorkshire in the town of Todmorden in Calderdale . The nearest metro link is in Bury . The town has a number of primary and secondary (high) schools, including Alder Grange School , Bellmont School, St Paul's C of E Primary, Cloughfold Primary School, Leabrook School and All Saints' Catholic High School . Though located in Waterfoot , rather than Rawtenstall,

1488-602: The Borough of Rossendale . Rawtenstall is part of the Rossendale and Darwen constituency , after the constituency of Rossendale was abolished in 1983. The constituency sends one member of parliament to the House of Commons . Andy MacNae MP has been the Member of Parliament for Rossendale and Darwen since the 2024 general election . The neighbouring towns in the valley are Bacup , Haslingden and Ramsbottom . The area

1550-552: The British Empire , but shoemaking declined rapidly from the 1980s. Firms closed as production moved overseas, and the remaining companies are largely importers. The church of St Nicholas (Church of England) is at Newchurch (rebuilt 1825) as is the Roman Catholic church of St Peter (1892). Other churches are St Michael's Lumb, St James's Waterfoot, St Anne's Edgeside, St John's Cloughfold, St Mary's Oakenhead, St John

1612-935: The Canadian province of Quebec and formerly in Ontario , in some states of the United States, in Israel , formerly in New Zealand and only one left in Australia. The word borough derives from the Old English word burg, burh , meaning a fortified settlement; the word appears as modern English bury , -brough , Scots burgh , borg in Scandinavian languages, Burg in German. A number of other European languages have cognate words that were borrowed from

1674-680: The Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 . Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 , six of these became county boroughs : Dublin , Belfast , Cork , Derry , Limerick and Waterford . From 1921, Belfast and Derry were part of Northern Ireland and stayed within the United Kingdom on the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. Galway was a borough from 1937 until upgraded to

1736-727: The Regional 1 North West . Sport Borough In the Middle Ages , boroughs were settlements in England that were granted some self-government ; burghs were the Scottish equivalent. In medieval England , boroughs were also entitled to elect members of parliament . The use of the word borough probably derives from the burghal system of Alfred the Great . Alfred set up a system of defensive strong points ( Burhs ); in order to maintain these particular settlements, he granted them

1798-591: The coat of arms . From 1265 , two burgesses from each borough were summoned to the Parliament of England , alongside two knights from each county . Thus parliamentary constituencies were derived from the ancient boroughs. Representation in the House of Commons was decided by the House itself, which resulted in boroughs being established in some small settlements for the purposes of parliamentary representation, despite their possessing no actual corporation. After

1860-471: The 1832 Reform Act, which disenfranchised many of the rotten boroughs (boroughs that had declined in importance, had only a small population, and had only a handful of eligible voters), parliamentary constituencies began to diverge from the ancient boroughs. While many ancient boroughs remained as municipal boroughs, they were disenfranchised by the Reform Act. The Local Government Act 1888 established

1922-426: The 1911 census to 21,500 in the 1971 census. With the decline of the traditional manufacturing industries, shoemaking became one of the last survivors. this was usually known locally as the slipper industry, since slipper-making grew from the local processing of felt, which itself grew from the textile industry. The firm of H. W. Tricketts, in nearby Waterfoot , had been a major producer and exporter of footwear across

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1984-609: The County of London in 1965. These council areas are now referred to as "London boroughs" rather than "metropolitan boroughs". When the new metropolitan counties ( Greater Manchester , Merseyside , South Yorkshire , Tyne and Wear , West Midlands , and West Yorkshire ) were created in 1974, their sub-divisions also became metropolitan boroughs in many, but not all, cases; in many cases these metropolitan boroughs recapitulated abolished county boroughs (for example, Stockport ). The metropolitan boroughs possessed slightly more autonomy from

2046-514: The Evangelist's Crawshawbooth, St Mary and All Saints Goodshaw (rebuilt 1790). Another RC church (dedicated to St James the Less) is at Oakenhead and there are a number of Nonconformist chapels. A local board was formed for the town in 1874 and the district it governed was extended to cover parts of the townships of Lower Booths (Rawtenstall itself), Higher Booths, Newchurch and Haslingden in

2108-915: The Germanic languages during the Middle Ages , including brog in Irish , bwr or bwrc , meaning "wall, rampart" in Welsh , bourg in French , burg in Catalan (in Catalonia there is a town named Burg ), borgo in Italian , burgo in Portuguese, Galician and Castilian (hence the castilian place-name Burgos , galician place-names O Burgo and Malburgo ), the -bork of Lębork and Malbork in Polish and

2170-672: The Whispering Wall, the Gateway, the Willow Tree and the Bocholt Tree. The last, by sculptor Bernard Tindall, celebrates Rossendale's twinning links with the town of Bocholt, Germany . The Shoe Trail also passes the outskirts of the town, and goes through nearby places such as Whitaker Park. Whitaker Park is located on the outskirts of the town centre, between Haslingden Road (A681) and Haslingden Old Road. It consists of

2232-552: The ancient boroughs were re-formed as municipal boroughs , with all municipal corporations to be elected according to a standard franchise based on property ownership. The unreformed boroughs lapsed in borough status, or were reformed (or abolished) later. Several new municipal boroughs were formed in the new industrial cities after the bill enacted, per its provisions. As part of a large-scale reform of local government in England and Wales in 1974 , municipal boroughs were finally abolished (having become increasingly irrelevant). However,

2294-431: The ancient parish of Whalley and Cowpe, Lench, Newhall Hey and Hall Carr , and part of Tottington (Higher End) in the ancient parish of Bury . Rawtenstall Town Hall was completed in 1876. Subsequently, Rawtenstall was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1891 and in 1894 a civil parish was created to match the borders of the borough. Following the local government reorganisation in 1974 Rawtenstall became part of

2356-413: The area, closed down. Rawtenstall is also the location of the area's county and magistrates' courts . Rawtenstall was featured in the documentary series Who Do You Think You Are? which was aired on BBC2 at 9.00pm on 2 February 2006. The subject, actress Jane Horrocks , was born in Rawtenstall in 1964. The Irwell Sculpture Trail passes through the town, where four of the sculptures are located;

2418-519: The best small museums in the North', saying "...perhaps the most fascinating things in the museum are the Domestic Bygones, with hourglasses, toys and spinning wheels, snuff boxes and tinder boxes, the sand dredgers used before blotting-paper was known, rushlights and moulds for making candles, a grand collection of the homely things our forefathers (sic) used". In 2019 The Whitaker was awarded

2480-498: The city (for example, New York City , London , and Montreal ). In such cases, the borough will normally have either limited powers delegated to it by the city's local government, or no powers at all. In other places, such as the U.S. state of Alaska , borough designates a whole region ; Alaska's largest borough, the North Slope Borough , is comparable in area to the entire United Kingdom , although its population

2542-559: The civic traditions of many were continued by the grant of a charter to their successor district councils. As to smallest boroughs, a town council was formed for an alike zone, while charter trustees were formed for a few others. A successor body is allowed to use the regalia of the old corporation, and appoint ceremonial office holders such as sword and mace bearers as provided in their original charters. The council, or trustees, may apply for an Order in Council or Royal Licence to use

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2604-533: The completed bus station has also attracted positive comment. Since 2017 several new bars, shops, bistros and venues have opened in the centre of the town, along with a rejuvenated market under new management. Close by to the Cricket Ground is the Weavers Cottage. This is a characterful 18th century loom shop, which has been restored as a small museum containing a Victorian kitchen, a clog shop and

2666-447: The former house of the mill owner George Hardman, built in the 1840s, and originally standing in 28 acres of parkland. It is still set in extensive landscaped grounds. Donated to the township of Rawtenstall in 1902 by Richard Whitaker, who brought the house from Hardman for the purposes of civic recreation, the property is now known as The Whitaker, previously Rossendale Museum and Art Gallery. The gardens and surrounding land are laid out as

2728-490: The heritage railway, the East Lancashire Railway which offers tourists and visitors a chance for days out at Rawtenstall , Ramsbottom and Bury stations among many rural communities along the line. Like most of the United Kingdom, Rawtenstall has an oceanic climate . The town has had bus routes since the early 1930s. The town is served locally by Transdev, with a bus station in the town centre. There

2790-409: The industry, as was the town's nearby location to the rapidly developing industrial and mercantile centre at Manchester , dubbed ' Cottonopolis '. Only a few of these mills survive today, and none are operational anymore. During this period, the brothers Thomas , David and Peter Whitehead became important entrepreneurs in the town. They built a number of mills, including one of the earliest mills in

2852-463: The metropolitan county councils than the shire county districts did from their county councils. With the abolition of the metropolitan county councils in 1986, these metropolitan boroughs became independent, and continue to be so at present. Elsewhere in England a number of districts and unitary authority areas are called "borough". Until 1974, this was a status that denoted towns with a certain type of local government (a municipal corporation , or

2914-522: The municipal boroughs, abolished in 1974, being reabsorbed into their parent counties for administrative purposes. In 1899, as part of a reform of local government in the County of London , the various parishes in London were reorganised as new entities, the 'metropolitan boroughs'. These were reorganised further when Greater London was formed out of Middlesex, parts of Surrey, Kent, Essex, Hertfordshire and

2976-417: The old bus station with a modern bus interchange, which commenced service on Sunday 24 November 2019. Rawtenstall railway station also serves the town, but since the closure of the main line to Manchester, it now operates mainly as a tourist route, as part of the East Lancashire Railway , of which Rawtenstall station forms the northern terminus. The M66 motorway from Manchester is linked to Rawtenstall via

3038-465: The owners of the Rawtenstall centre, Ashcap, in February 2011, was said to "improve Rawtenstall town centre". In late 2011 the shopping centre was demolished, creating a new town square area, where local markets and other events are infrequently held. Rossendale Council funded the demolition using money set aside for a public pool in neighbouring town Haslingden. This move was controversial locally, but

3100-479: The possibility of creating a municipal borough exists. However, no borough was actually created under law until 2005–2006, when Neve Monosson and Maccabim-Re'ut , both communal settlements (Heb: yishuv kehilati ) founded in 1953 and 1984, respectively, were declared to be autonomous municipal boroughs (Heb: vaad rova ironi ), within their mergers with the towns of Yehud and Modi'in . Similar structures have been created under different types of legal status over

3162-593: The same features as the European or American cities. Those included Soacha in Bogotá , Bello , La Estrella , Sabaneta , Envigado and Itagüí on Medellín . There are four borough districts designated by the Local Government Reform Act 2014 : Clonmel , Drogheda , Sligo , and Wexford . A local boundary review reporting in 2018 proposed granting borough status to any district containing

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3224-582: The term "borough" is an occasionally used term for a local government area. Currently there is only one borough in Australia, the Borough of Queenscliffe in Victoria , although there have been more in the past. However, in some cases it can be integrated into the council's name instead of used as an official title, such as the Kingborough Council in Tasmania . In Quebec , the term borough

3286-462: The tradition of a small town council that does not include surrounding rural area. In Trinidad and Tobago , a Borough is a unit of Local Government . There are 5 boroughs in The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago: During the medieval period many towns were granted self-governance by the Crown, at which point they became referred to as boroughs. The formal status of borough came to be conferred by Royal Charter . These boroughs were generally governed by

3348-410: The traditional grammar school, Bacup and Rawtenstall Grammar School takes part of its name from the town. Rawtenstall also has a public library , built in 1906 with Carnegie funding. By 2000, Rawtenstall's 1960s shopping centre had become deserted and boarded-up, and after 2003 various proposals were put forward regarding reconstruction or refurbishment. An agreement between Rossendale Council and

3410-442: The valley, at Lower Mill, and the still existing Ilex Mill . They also built substantial houses for themselves at Holly Mount, as well as large numbers of terraced houses for their workers. Other industries active in this period included quarrying and small scale coal mining , as well as an expanding commercial sector. As with many mid-Lancashire towns, it saw a population decline in the 20th century, going from 30,000 inhabitants in

3472-399: The word borough has resulted in a delegación (delegation), referring to the 16 administrative areas within the Mexico City, now called Alcaldías . New Zealand formerly used the term borough to designate self-governing towns of more than 1,000 people, although 19th century census records show many boroughs with populations as low as 200. A borough of more than 20,000 people could become

3534-400: The years in Israel, notably Kiryat Haim in Haifa , Jaffa in Tel Aviv-Yafo and Ramot and Gilo in Jerusalem . However, Neve Monosson is the first example of a full municipal borough actually declared under law by the Minister of the Interior, under a model subsequently adopted in Maccabim-Re'ut as well. In Mexico as translations from English to Spanish applied to Mexico City ,

3596-427: Was divided into areas termed municipal districts . In four of the areas which had previously been contained borough councils, as listed above, these were instead termed Borough Districts. Kilkenny had previously had a borough council, but its district was to be called the Municipal District of Kilkenny City, in recognition of its historic city status . Under Israeli law, inherited from British Mandate municipal law,

3658-476: Was probably in the early Middle Ages , during the time when it formed part of the Rossendale Valley in the Honour of Clitheroe , and consisted of simple dwellings for forest servants and animals. More substantial buildings may have followed in the 15th and 16th centuries with corn and flour mills. The town entered a major period of growth during the Industrial Revolution , as new mills were constructed to process cotton . The climate and weather were conducive to

3720-409: Was reorganised in 1973. Under the legislation that created the 26 districts of Northern Ireland , a district council whose area included an existing municipal borough could resolve to adopt the charter of the old municipality and thus continue to enjoy borough status. Districts that do not contain a former borough can apply for a charter in a similar manner to English districts. In the United States,

3782-436: Was the last Toronto municipality to hold this status, relinquishing it upon becoming part of the City of Toronto government on January 1, 1998. The Colombian municipalities are subdivided into boroughs (English translation of the Spanish term localidades ) with a local executive and an administrative board for local government. These boroughs are divided into neighborhoods. The principal cities had localidades with

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3844-399: Was used by Olympic athletes and novice skiers. It re-opened after a period of closure in November 2011 with new funding, with a large ceremonial fireworks display on its opening day, Bonfire Night . Rawtenstall Cricket Club , who compete in the Lancashire League , have their home ground, Worswick Memorial Ground, within the town. Rawtenstall is also home to Rossendale RUFC , who compete in

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