49-571: White Cliffs may refer to: The White Cliffs of Dover in the southeast of the United Kingdom " (There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover ", a popular World War II song The White Cliffs of Dover (film) , a 1944 American film White Cliffs, New South Wales , an opal-mining town in Australia White Cliffs Solar Power Station ,
98-521: A continent and subcontinent . The continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire was one of the many old cultural concepts used for mainland Europe . This was consciously invoked in the 1950s as one of the basis for the prospective European integration (see also multi-speed Europe ) The most common definition of mainland Europe excludes these continental islands : the Greek islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica ,
147-508: A campaign for donations to buy 170 acres (0.7 km ) of land atop Dover's cliffs when it was feared that they might be sold to developers; the campaign met its target after only three weeks. The National Trust, which owns the surrounding areas, plans to return the land to a natural state of chalk grassland and preserve existing military structures from the Second World War. In June 2021, a wildflower meadow on White Cliffs of Dover
196-443: A classroom and exhibition area. Staff and volunteers are available to answer questions and provide information about the wildlife in the reserve. The building's design incorporates eco-construction criteria. The nature reserve is named after the edible plant rock samphire , which grows on the cliffs and used to be gathered by hanging ropes over the cliff's edge. Shakespeare mentions rock samphire in his play King Lear and includes
245-541: A great sea. The sea bottom was covered with white mud formed from fragments of coccoliths , the skeletons of tiny algae that floated in the surface waters and sank to the bottom and, together with the remains of bottom-living creatures, formed muddy sediments. It is thought that the sediments were deposited very slowly, probably half a millimetre a year, equivalent to about 180 coccoliths piled one on top of another. Up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) of sediments were deposited in some areas. The weight of overlying sediments caused
294-492: A host plant. It has yellow, white, or blue snapdragon-like flowers and about 90 per cent of the UK's population is found on the cliffs. Viper's-bugloss , a showy plant in vivid shades of blue and purple with red stamens, also grows along the cliffs. The abundance of wildflowers provides homes for about thirty species of butterfly. The rare Adonis blue can be seen in spring and again in autumn. Males have vibrant blue wings lined with
343-455: A pair at Dover which helped shipping navigate the port. It is likely the area around the surviving lighthouse was inhabited in the early medieval period as archaeologists have found a Saxon cemetery here, and the church of St Mary in Castro was built next to the lighthouse in the 10th or 11th century. It is thought that the name Albion , an ancient or poetic term referring to Great Britain ,
392-400: A reference to this trade with the lines "Half-way down / Hangs one that gathers samphire; dreadful trade!" (Act IV, Scene VI Lines 14–15). This refers to the dangers involved in collecting rock samphire on sea cliffs. Shakespeare Cliff was named after the reference to this "dreadful trade". Fan Bay Deep Shelter is a series of tunnels constructed during World War II. The tunnels were opened to
441-554: A ridge that acted as a natural dam to hold back a large freshwater pro-glacial lake , now submerged under the North Sea . The land masses remained connected until between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago when at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached the anticline and destroyed the ridge that connected Britain to Europe. A land connection across the southern North Sea existed intermittently at later times when periods of glaciation resulted in lower sea levels. At
490-611: A small town in the Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title White Cliffs . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Cliffs&oldid=1033882631 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
539-545: A sustainable National Trust visitor centre was built in the area. The Gateway building, designed by van Heyningen and Haward Architects , houses a restaurant, an information centre on the work of the National Trust, and details of local archaeology, history and landscape. During the Late Cretaceous , between 100 million and 66 million years ago, Great Britain and much of Europe were submerged under
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#1732765055431588-466: A white margin, whereas the females are a rich chocolate brown. This species' sole larval food plant is the horseshoe vetch and it has a symbiotic relationship with red or black ants. The eggs are laid singly on very small foodplants growing in short turf. This provides a warm microclimate, suitable for larval development, which is also favoured by ants. The caterpillar has green and yellow stripes to provide camouflage while it feeds on vetch. The ants milk
637-539: A year, and that the erosion is caused by the loss of beach underneath the cliffs exacerbated by stronger storms and human activity such as gravel extraction. Despite this, the cliffs are expected to survive for tens of thousands of years more. In 2001, a large chunk of the cliff edge, as large as a football pitch , fell into the Channel. Further large sections collapsed on 15 March 2012, 4 February 2020, and on 3 February 2021. The chalk grassland environment above
686-605: Is a 10-mile-long (16 km) sandbank at the southern end of the North Sea lying six miles (10 km) off the Deal coast. The area consists of a layer of fine sand approximately 82 ft (25 m) deep resting on a chalk platform belonging to the same geological feature that incorporates the White Cliffs of Dover. More than 2,000 ships are believed to have been wrecked on the Goodwin Sands because they lie close to
735-717: Is closest to continental Europe , on a clear day the cliffs are visible from France, approximately 20 miles (32 km) away. A celebrated UK landmark, the cliffs have featured on commemorative postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail , including in their British coastline series in 2002 and UK A-Z series in 2012. The cliffs are part of the coastline of Kent in England between approximately 51°06′N 1°14′E / 51.100°N 1.233°E / 51.100; 1.233 and 51°12′N 1°24′E / 51.200°N 1.400°E / 51.200; 1.400 , at
784-470: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages White Cliffs of Dover The White Cliffs of Dover are the region of English coastline facing the Strait of Dover and France. The cliff face, which reaches a height of 350 feet (110 m), owes its striking appearance to its composition of chalk accented by streaks of black flint , deposited during
833-610: Is that although the Scandinavian peninsula is attached to continental Europe, and accessible via a land route along the 66th parallel north , it is usually reached by sea. Kontinenten ("the Continent") is a vernacular Swedish expression that refers to an area excluding Sweden , Norway , and Finland but including Denmark (even the Danish Archipelago which is technically not a part of continental Europe) and
882-701: The Balearic Islands , Great Britain and Ireland and surrounding islands, Novaya Zemlya and the Nordic archipelago, as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard . The Scandinavian Peninsula is sometimes also excluded even though it is a part of "mainland Europe", as the de facto connections to
931-470: The European Union ). The term mainland Europe is also sometimes used. Usage of these terms may reflect political or cultural allegiances, for example it has been observed that there is a correlation between whether a British citizen considers themselves "British" or "European" and whether they live in an area which primarily supported Brexit . Derivatively, the adjective continental refers to
980-660: The Late Cretaceous . The cliffs, on both sides of the town of Dover in Kent , stretch for eight miles (13 km). The White Cliffs of Dover form part of the North Downs . A section of coastline encompassing the cliffs was purchased by the National Trust in 2016. The cliffs are part of the Dover to Kingsdown Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest and Special Area of Conservation . The point where Great Britain
1029-487: The National Trust , Natural England , and County Wildlife Trusts to maintain vegetation on nature reserves. The cliffs are the first landing point for many migratory birds flying inland from across the English Channel. After a 120-year absence, in 2009 it was reported that ravens had returned to the cliffs. Similar in appearance but smaller, the jackdaw is abundant. The rarest of the birds that live along
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#17327650554311078-542: The continental part of Greece (excluding the Aegean Islands , Crete , and the Ionian Islands ), the continental part of Italy (excluding Sardinia , Sicily , etc.), the continental part of Portugal (excluding the Azores and Madeira ), and the continental part of Spain (excluding the Balearic Islands , the Canary Islands , the plazas de soberanía , etc.). The term is used from the perspective of
1127-549: The little ships in the Dunkirk evacuation saw the welcoming sight of the cliffs. In the summer of 1940, reporters gathered at Shakespeare Cliff to watch aerial dogfights between German and British aircraft during the Battle of Britain . Vera Lynn , known as "The Forces' Sweetheart" for her 1942 wartime classic " (There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover " celebrated her 100th birthday in 2017. That year she led
1176-516: The metric units which have long since displaced customary units in continental Europe. Britain is physically connected to continental Europe through the undersea Channel Tunnel (the longest undersea tunnel in the world), which accommodates both the Eurotunnel Shuttle (passenger and vehicle use – vehicle required) and Eurostar (passenger use only) services. These services were established to transport passengers and vehicles through
1225-492: The silver-spotted skipper and straw belle . The well-known red admiral can be seen from February until November. The marbled white , black and white with a white wing border, can be seen from June to August. A possible Iron Age hillfort has been discovered at Dover, on the site of the later castle. The area was also inhabited during the Roman period when Dover was used as a port. A lighthouse survives from this era, one of
1274-411: The English Channel at least twice a year. Among the wildflowers are several varieties of orchids, the rarest of which is the early spider orchid , which has yellow-green to brownish green petals and looks like the body of a large spider. Rock samphire is an edible, salt tolerant succulent plant that grows on the cliff's slopes. The oxtongue broomrape is an unusual plant that lives on the roots of
1323-660: The Napoleonic Wars, in particular, the defences were remodelled and a series of tunnels were dug into the cliff to act as barracks, adding space for an extra 2,000 soldiers. The tunnels mostly lay abandoned until the Second World War. South Foreland Lighthouse is a Victorian-era lighthouse on the South Foreland in St. Margaret's Bay , which was once used to warn ships approaching the nearby Goodwin Sands . Goodwin Sands
1372-608: The castle to its current size, taking its curtain walls to the edge of the cliffs. During the First Barons' War the castle was held by King John's soldiers and besieged by the French between May 1216 and May 1217. The castle was also besieged in 1265 during the Second Barons' War . In the 16th century, cannons were installed at the castle, but it became less important militarily as Henry VIII had built artillery forts along
1421-405: The cliffs form a symbolic guard. The National Trust calls the cliffs "an icon of Britain", with "the white chalk face a symbol of home and wartime defence." Because crossing at Dover was the primary route to the continent before the advent of air travel, the white line of cliffs also formed the first or last sight of Britain for travellers. During the Second World War, thousands of allied troops on
1470-463: The cliffs is excellent for many species of wild flowers, butterflies and birds, and has been designated a Special Area of Conservation and a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Rangers and volunteers work to clear invasive plants that threaten the native flora. A grazing programme involving Exmoor ponies has been established to help to clear faster-growing invasive plants, allowing smaller, less robust native plants to survive. The ponies are managed by
1519-554: The cliffs is the peregrine falcon . In recent decline, the skylark also makes its home on the cliffs. The cliffs are home to fulmars and to colonies of black-legged kittiwake , a species of gull. Since bluebirds are not indigenous to the UK, some believe that bluebirds, as mentioned in the classic World War II song " (There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover ", composed by American artists, may actually refer to swallows and/or to house martins , which make an annual migration to continental Europe, many of them crossing
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1568-473: The coast. Dover Castle was captured in 1642 during the Civil War when the townspeople climbed the cliffs and surprised the royalist garrison, giving a symbolic victory against royal control. Towards the end of the war many castles were slighted , but Dover was spared. The castle had renewed importance in the 1740s as the development of heavy artillery made capturing ports an important part of warfare. During
1617-651: The deposits to become consolidated into chalk . British chalk deposits are considered stratigraphically to belong in the Chalk Group . Due to the Alpine orogeny , a major mountain building event during the Cenozoic , the sea-floor deposits were raised above sea level. Until the end of the last glacial period , the British Isles were part of continental Europe, linked by the unbroken Weald-Artois Anticline ,
1666-443: The end of the last glacial period, around 10,000 years ago, rising sea levels finally severed the last land connection. The cliffs' chalk face shows horizontal bands of dark-coloured flint which is composed of the remains of sea sponges and siliceous planktonic micro-organisms that hardened into the microscopic quartz crystals. Quartz silica filled cavities left by dead marine creatures which are found as flint fossils, especially
1715-411: The internal moulds of Micraster echinoids. Several different ocean floor species such as brachiopods , bivalves , crinoids , and sponges can be found in the chalk deposits, as can sharks' teeth. In some areas, layers of soft, grey chalk known as a hardground complex can be seen. Hardgrounds are thought to reflect disruptions in the steady accumulation of sediment when sedimentation ceased and/or
1764-461: The loose surface sediments were stripped away by currents or slumping, exposing the older hardened chalk sediment. A single hardground may have been exhumed 16 or more times before the sediments were compacted and hardened ( lithified ) to form chalk. Thousands of years ago, the cliffs were eroding at 20–60 mm (0.75–2.3 in) a year. Research shows that the erosion rate over the last 150 years has increased to 220–320 mm (8.7–12.6 in)
1813-508: The mainland of Europe. An amusing British newspaper headline supposedly once read, "Fog in Channel ; Continent Cut Off". It has also been claimed that this was a regular weather forecast in Britain in the 1930s. In addition, the word Europe itself is also regularly used to mean Europe excluding the islands of Great Britain, Iceland, and Ireland (although the term is often used to refer to
1862-562: The major shipping lanes through the Straits of Dover . It went out of service in 1988 and is now owned by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty . The cliffs have great symbolic value in Britain because they face towards continental Europe across the narrowest part of the English Channel (approximately 20 miles (32 km) between coasts), where invasions have historically threatened and against which
1911-590: The point where Great Britain is closest to continental Europe – the Strait of Dover is approximately 20 miles (32 km) across. On a clear day the cliffs are visible from the French coast. The chalk cliffs of the Alabaster Coast of Normandy in France are part of the same geological system. The White Cliffs are at one end of the Kent Downs designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . In 1999
1960-470: The public on 20 July 2015. Continental Europe Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous mainland of Europe , excluding its surrounding islands. It can also be referred to ambiguously as the European continent , – which can conversely mean the whole of Europe – and, by some, simply as the Continent . When Eurasia is regarded as a single continent, Europe is treated both as
2009-568: The rest of continental Europe. In Norway, similarly, one speaks about Kontinentet as a separate entity. In Denmark, Jutland is referred to as the mainland and thereby a part of continental Europe. The Scandinavian Peninsula is now connected to the Danish mainland (the Jutland Peninsula ) by several bridges and tunnels. The Continent may sometimes refer to the continental part of France (excluding Corsica and overseas France ),
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2058-497: The rest of the continent were historically across the Baltic Sea or North Sea (rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland, and then south through northeast Europe). The Øresund Bridge now links the Scandinavian road and rail networks to those of Western Europe. In both Great Britain and Ireland, the Continent is widely and generally used to refer to
2107-406: The social practices or fashion of continental Europe. Examples include breakfast , topless sunbathing and, historically, long-range driving (before Britain had motorways ) often known as Grand Touring . Differences include electrical plugs, time zones for the most part, the use of left-hand traffic , and for the United Kingdom, currency and the continued use of certain imperial units alongside
2156-530: The sugary secretions from the larval "honey glands" and, in return, protect the larvae from predators and parasitoids, even going so far as to bury them at night. The larvae pupate in the upper soil, and continue to be protected by the ants, often in their nests, until the adults emerge in the spring or autumn. Similar in appearance, but more abundant, is the chalkhill blue , a chalk grassland specialist that can be seen in July and August. Threatened species include
2205-677: The town's main source of electricity between 1982 and 2004 White Cliffs, New Mexico , a census-designated place in the United States White Cliffs, a series of cliffs in southern Utah formed from the Navajo Sandstone formation White Cliffs, the former summer house of Daniel B. Wesson in Northborough, Massachusetts See also Whitecliff , an area in Poole, Dorset, England Whitecliffs ,
2254-597: The tunnel on a 24/7 basis between England and continental Europe, while still maintaining passport and immigration control measures on both sides of the tunnel. This route is popular with refugees and migrants seeking to enter the UK. Especially in Germanic studies , continental refers to the European continent excluding the Scandinavian Peninsula , Britain, Ireland, and Iceland. The reason for this
2303-516: Was derived from the Latin albus (meaning 'white') as an allusion to the white cliffs. Dover Castle , the largest castle in England, was founded in the 11th century. It has been described as the "Key to England" owing to its defensive significance throughout history. The castle was founded by William the Conqueror in 1066 and rebuilt for Henry II , King John , and Henry III . This expanded
2352-446: Was named in honour of Dame Vera Lynn. Dover Museum was founded in 1836. Shelled from France in 1942 during the Second World War, the museum lost much of its collections, including nearly all its natural history collections. Much of the surviving material was left neglected in caves and other stores until 1946. In 1948 a temporary museum was opened and in 1991 a new museum of three storeys, built behind its original Victorian façade,
2401-539: Was opened. In 1999, a new gallery on the second floor centred on the Dover Bronze Age Boat was opened. Samphire Hoe Country Park is a nature reserve on a new piece of land created from the rock excavated during the construction of the Channel Tunnel . It covers a 74-acre (30 ha) site at the foot of Shakespeare Cliff , between Dover and Folkestone . There is an education shelter with
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