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92-559: The White Shirts Society ( Korean :  백의사 ; RR :  Baeguisa ) was a secret far-right terrorist organization that operated between World War II and the Korean War . It was mostly composed of young North Korean defectors to South Korea. It was militantly anti-communist and also opposed the trusteeship of Korea  [ ko ] , especially by the Soviet Civil Administration in

184-612: A system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from

276-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with

368-475: A controlling role in the political administration of the new state as well as in its defense. With the Kwantung Army, administering all aspects of the politics and economic development of the new state, this made the Kwantung Army's commanding officer equivalent to a Governor-General with the authority to approve or countermand any command from Puyi , the nominal Emperor of Manchukuo . As a testament to

460-480: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this

552-623: A department by the Kwantung Government-general, and the governor-general served concurrently as its commander. In 1919 the Kwantung Government general was replaced by separate civilian and military administration, the Kwantung Agency for Civilian Operations, and the Kwantung Army command. In the highly politicized Imperial Japanese Army of the 1920s and 1930s, the Kwantung Army was a stronghold of

644-463: A few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to

736-535: A guerrilla. It is during this period when Yeom came into close contact with Kim Ku , one of the administrators of the course. After a scandal emerged in which Kim was accused of embezzling funds, Yeom became a prominent critic of Kim. All sources agree that, after graduating from the Academy, Yeom became associated with the Blue Shirts Society , a secret militant Chinese ultranationalist group within

828-574: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding

920-585: A presence in both North Jeolla Province and South Jeolla Province via three armed trucks. A politician from Jeonju also claimed on February 8 that the WSS was a right-wing terrorist group. Shortly after the establishment of the Soviet-backed Provisional People's Committee of North Korea , the WSS made a number of assassination attempts on North Korean politicians within a span of two weeks. According to interviews with former members of

1012-497: A right-leaning group be created to counter the left-leaning Korean Independence League  [ ko ] , which was created by Lyuh Woon-hyung in August 1944. Yeom and Park Go-bong led the group together. Early members of the group included Paek Kwan-ok  [ ko ] and Seonu Bong ( 선우봉 ). According to the scholar Ahn Gi-seok, Yeom recruited most of the other members, among whom were some middle school students. There

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1104-497: Is also a reference to the Korean expression "white-clothed people" ( 백의민족 ; 白衣民族 ), which refers to everyday Korean people, as Korean commoners historically wore white clothing. For leadership, it is widely agreed that Yeom served as the commander-in-chief. According to several sources, Park Jin-goo ( 박진구 ) was the Deputy Commander. In 2021, Jung Byung Joon described the leadership as follows: Cilley claimed

1196-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to

1288-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean

1380-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be

1472-594: Is no evidence, including from later testimonies, that the group participated in any pro-Korean independence activities. On September 3, 1945, the general consensus is that Daedongdan members Paek, Seonu, and Park Jin-yang assassinated Hyŏn Chunhyŏk , the head of committee of the Communist Party of Korea for South Pyongan Province . For the assassination, Paek was wearing the uniform of a left-wing militant group run by Hyŏn. Paek ran up to Hyŏn, shot him, and slipped away. The assassins were never caught and fled to

1564-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with

1656-645: Is that Yeom was then captured by the military police of the Japanese Kwantung Army and tortured. Under duress from the torture, Yeom then agreed to become a spy on behalf of the Japanese. However, according to U.S. military intelligence, Yeom was captured and tortured by the Chinese Communist Party and not the Japanese. Despite this disagreement, all sources agree that the torture caused Yeom to lose his eyesight. Eventually, Yeom

1748-581: Is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has

1840-747: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on

1932-566: The fait accompli , Imperial General Headquarters had little choice but to follow up on the actions of the Kwantung Army with reinforcements in the subsequent Pacification of Manchukuo . The success of the campaign meant that the insubordination of the Kwantung Army was rewarded rather than punished. In 1932, the Kwantung Army was the main force responsible for the foundation of Manchukuo , the puppet state of Japan located in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia . The Kwantung Army played

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2024-693: The Chinese Civil War . Most sources also believe the group assassinated Chang Deok-soo on December 2, 1947. On June 26, 1949, Ahn Doo-hee assassinated Kim Ku . According to Cilley, Ahn had been an informant and then an agent of the CIC, and may have been ordered by Yeom to assassinate Kim. Cilley also alleged that the Yeom and Kim had been plotting a military coup d'état against incumbent President Syngman Rhee before Kim's death. However, Ahn Gi-seok casts doubt on whether Yeom ordered Kim's killing, citing

2116-524: The Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations , was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to

2208-752: The Kwantung Leased Territory , a valuable concession territory on the Liaodong Peninsula , to the Empire of Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki after their victory in the First Sino-Japanese War . The term "Kwantung" ( traditional Chinese : 關東 ; simplified Chinese : 关东 ; pinyin : Guāndōng ; Wade–Giles : Kwan -tung ) means "east of Shanhaiguan ", a guarded pass west of Manchuria , which

2300-460: The North–South Korean border . However, the CIC continued to collaborate with the WSS on other activities until the latter's dissolution. An alleged member of the group, Han Ji-geun  [ ko ] , assassinated Lyuh Woon-hyung on July 19, 1947. According to most sources, the WSS was behind the murder. However, the scholar Ahn Gi-seok contradicted this narrative in 2005 by claiming Han

2392-652: The Republic of Korea Army Headquarters  [ ko ] recruited many WSS members for his department. In February 1949, General Charles Willoughby , the chief of intelligence for General Douglas MacArthur , sent an envoy to Yeom and requested they work together to acquire information on the North. As a result of this interaction, on June 1, 1949, the Korea Liaison Office was established. The remaining WSS agents ended up working there. On June 25, 1950,

2484-735: The South Korean Army Headquarters  [ ko ] or the Korea Liaison Office , the South Korean military's intelligence unit. Yeom disappeared and was likely killed in the early days of the Korean War. From 1910 to the end of World War II, Korea was under Japanese rule . Some Koreans went into exile, especially in China, where they fought against the Japanese. The ideological gap between left and right-leaning Koreans intensified while they were abroad. Many of

2576-568: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,

2668-528: The Tokyo tribunal of 1948, in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation . On May 6, 1947, General Douglas MacArthur wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence". The deal was concluded in 1948. However, twelve members of Unit 731 and some members of

2760-629: The junior officer corps of the Kwantung Army plotted and carried out the assassination of Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin in the Huanggutun Incident of 1928. Afterward, the Kwantung Army leadership engineered the Mukden Incident and the subsequent invasion of Manchuria in 1931, in a massive act of insubordination ( gekokujo ) against the express orders of the political and military leadership based in Tokyo. Presented with

2852-482: The "Nomonhan incident", the Kwantung Army was purged of its more insubordinate elements, as well as proponents of the Hokushin-ron ("Northward Advance") doctrine who urged that Japan concentrate its expansionist efforts on Siberia rather southward towards China and Southeast Asia . The Kwantung Army was heavily augmented over the next few years, up to a strength of 700,000 troops by 1941, and its headquarters

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2944-968: The 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea

3036-542: The 1930s, and very few of the soldiers had sufficient training or any real experience. The Kwantung Army was outclassed and swiftly defeated in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria which began on 9 August 1945. The final commanding officer of the Kwantung Army, General Otozō Yamada , ordered a surrender on August 16, 1945, one day after Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of Japan in a radio announcement. Some Japanese divisions refused to surrender, and combat continued for

3128-787: The 1937–1945 Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937. In August 1945 Soviet troops engaged the Kwantung Army during the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . The Kwantung Army surrendered to the Soviets on 16 August 1945 – the day after the Surrender of Japan – and was subsequently dissolved. The Kwantung Army perpetrated several war crimes during World War II , sponsoring Unit 731 , which both carried out acts of biological warfare and performed unethical human experimentation on civilians and Allied prisoners of war . In 1895, Qing China granted

3220-744: The 1940s. As combat spread south into Central China and Southern China in the Second Sino-Japanese War , and with the outbreak of the Pacific War , Manchukuo was largely a backwater to the conflict. However, as the war situation began to deteriorate for the Imperial Japanese Army on all fronts, the large, well-trained, and well-equipped Kwantung Army could no longer be held in strategic reserve . Many of its front-line units were systematically stripped of their best units and equipment, which were sent south to fight in

3312-426: The CIC since January 1946. The declassified Cilley report confirmed that Cilley had known Yeom since approximately October 1947. The report also confirmed WSS agents were used for in CIC initiatives between 1947 and 1948. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It

3404-552: The KMT. According to the later testimonies of former White Shirts Society agents, after the 1937 outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War , Yeom worked in the statistical survey department for the National Revolutionary Army ( Chinese : 國民政府軍事委員會調查統計局 , aka. "Jungtong"). The group performed espionage, assassination and information-gathering activities for the KMT. The general consensus among Korean scholars

3496-689: The Korean War began with the First Battle of Seoul . Yeom did not evacuate the city and disappeared, with most scholars speculating that he was captured and killed. After the war, the group's headquarters passed into the ownership of the Attorney General Lee In  [ ko ] . After the May 16 coup in 1961, the Korean Central Intelligence Agency took ownership of the property. It later served as

3588-653: The Koryo Hotel. But Cho reportedly refused to escape, and said "If I go south, who will our comrades in the North have to rely on for survival?" According to a written statement by Yeom, from January to September 1946, the WSS collaborated with the U.S. Counterintelligence Corps (CIC) and the military intelligence of the United States Forces Korea (USFK) in training and sending spies to North Korea. About 20 men were dispatched each month. Ahn also noted that in early May 1946, WSS agents infiltrated

3680-461: The Kwantung Army was also responsible for some of the most infamous Japanese war crimes , including the operation of several human experimentation programs using live Chinese, American, and Russian civilians, and POWs, directed by Dr. Shirō Ishii . Arrested by the American occupation authorities , Ishii and the 20,000 members of Unit 731 received immunity from prosecution of war crimes before

3772-737: The Kwantung Army were active in numerous coup attempts against the civilian government, culminating with the February 26 Incident of 1936, where the Kōdōha faction was dissolved. Although the Kwantung Army was nominally subordinate to the Imperial General Headquarters and the senior staff at the Army General Staff located in Tokyo , its leadership often acted in direct violation of the orders from mainland Japan without suffering any consequence. Conspirators within

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3864-778: The Kwantung Army were either dead or on their way to Soviet prisoner-of-war camps . Over 500,000 Japanese prisoners of war were sent to work in Soviet labor camps in Siberia, Russian Far East , and Mongolia . They were largely repatriated, in stages, over the next five years, though some continued to be held well into the 1950s. After the surrender of Japan, the Soviet Red Army discovered secret installations for experimenting with and producing chemical weapons and biological weapons of mass destruction centered around Secret Army Unit 731 and its subsidiaries. At these locations,

3956-694: The Kwantung Army's control over the government of Manchukuo, the Commander-in-Chief of the Kwantung Army also served as the Japanese Ambassador of Manchukuo. After the campaign to secure Manchukuo, the Kwantung Army continued to fight in numerous border skirmishes with China as part of its efforts to create a Japanese-dominated buffer zone in Northern China . The Kwantung Army also fought in Operation Nekka during

4048-419: The North to gather intelligence on Northern troop deployments. Of particular interest was learning what equipment had been sent by the Soviets. Historian James Jongsoo Lee believed it was unlikely that the U.S. supported the WSS's terrorist attacks on North Korea which occurred within the same timeframe. Lee wrote: An aspect of the popular resistance against the Soviet rule that made such resistance difficult

4140-485: The North. Because the group operated in secret, much of the information on it is derived from interviews and limited documents, and is still subject to uncertainty and debate. According to most scholars, the group was founded by Yeom Dong-jin in November 1945. It was the successor to Daedongdan, which was also founded by Yeom in 1944. A number of prominent assassinations and assassination attempts have been attributed to

4232-582: The November founding date. The group was founded in Nagwon-dong , Seoul , and headquartered in a Gungjeong-dong house that the wealthy Oh Dong-jin purchased from a Japanese man for the group. Shortly after the WSS's establishment, on November 23, 1945, the Sinuiju Incident occurred. Over a hundred anti-communist students eventually defected to the South in the aftermath, and many joined either

4324-703: The Pacific War against the forces of the United States in the Pacific Islands or the Philippines . Other units were sent south into China for Operation Ichi-Go . By 1945, the Kwantung Army consisted of 713,000 personnel, divided into 31 infantry divisions, nine infantry brigades, two tank brigades, and one special purpose brigade. It possessed 1,155 light tanks, 5,360 guns, and 1,800 aircraft. The quality of troops had fallen drastically, as all

4416-408: The South. Yeom was briefly arrested in suspicion of being connected to the murder, but was soon released. He then fled south along with other members. While it is now the general consensus that Daedongdan was behind the assassination, until the 1990s, it was widely believed that left-wing forces were behind the attack, particularly due to the confusion over the uniform. However, consensus shifted after

4508-570: The U.S. military intelligence and, later, the CIA sent agents into northern Korea as early as 1946... As for the American intelligence and counter-intelligence activities in northern Korea, these seemed to have been mainly for purposes of gathering information and most likely did not give support to oppositional elements in northern Korea. These cross-border espionage activities stopped due to financial difficulties, training issues, and tightened security at

4600-463: The WSS to the U.S. Counterintelligence Corps . According to multiple interviews from former members of the group, the group trained and sent spies to the North to both gather military information for the U.S. and South Korea as well as stir local discontent. Its activities slowed after the establishment of the First Republic of Korea in August 1948. Many of its members went on to join either

4692-485: The WSS, these assassination attempts were done in collaboration with the CPTF and KPG. All of the WSS's assassination attempts in early 1946 failed. They attempted to assassinate Kim Il Sung on March 1, 1946, Choe Yong-gon on March 5 or March 7, Kim Chaek on March 9, and Kang Ryang-uk on March 12. Choe and Kang would later become key allies for Kim Il Sung. However, the attacks made the WSS infamous and brought them to

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4784-620: The attention of both the U.S. and USSR. According to a March 22, 1946, Soviet report about the WSS: [The WSS] is under the direct leadership of Kim Ku. It includes Koreans who returned from China and members of some youth groups. Their goal is to kill members of the Communist Party of Korea , the People's Party of Korea , and the leaders of the [Provisional North Korean government]. In addition, Bae alleged that around this time, several WSS agents attempted to help Cho Man-sik escape his house arrest at

4876-469: The basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since

4968-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,

5060-415: The best men and materiel were siphoned off for use in other theaters. These forces were replaced by militia, draft levies, reservists, and cannibalized smaller units, all equipped with woefully outdated equipment. The Kwantung Army was also equipped with bacteriological weapons, prepared for use against Soviet troops (see Unit 731 ). The bulk of military equipment (artillery, tanks, aircraft) was developed in

5152-403: The commands of the White Shirts Society even at the risk of death. One, no matter the circumstance, I will never betray the fatherland or the White Shirts Society. The initiate would then make a cut on their finger and sign a contract with blood . According to interviews with group members, the WSS and CIC collaborated on training and sending spies to the North. According to Ahn, the training

5244-480: The end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from the Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that

5336-400: The exact site of the 1979 assassination of President Park Chung Hee . The group's name was inspired by the names of other ultranationalist organizations, but especially by the name of the Blue Shirts Society . The Blue Shirts were in turn inspired by other fascist groups with similar names, including the Italian Blackshirts , the Romanian Greenshirts , and the Spanish Blueshirts . The name

5428-440: The fact that Yeom's feelings towards Kim were mixed and that many WSS members highly respected Kim Ku. According to Ahn and Jung, after the establishment of the First Republic of South Korea in August 1948, the role of the WSS and other private militant organizations began to decrease. While most agents had other jobs to return to, around 100 agents had no other place to go. A former WSS member who became an intelligence officer at

5520-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in

5612-404: The fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it

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5704-510: The group had a secret initiation ritual. The initiation would be held in a secret room inside the headquarters that had two locks on the door. The initiate would meet Yeom first, kneel, and raise their right hand. They'd then make the following pledge: As an initiate of the White Shirts Society, I pledge the following. One, for the sake of the establishment of an independent government in the fatherland, I will risk my life to complete any mission given to me. One [ sic ], I will obey

5796-401: The group, including an assassination attempt on Kim Il Sung in 1946, the killing of Lyuh Woon-hyung in 1947, and the killing of Kim Ku in 1949. But there is disagreement on whether the group was responsible for many of its attributed attacks. In 2001, South Korean researchers discovered a declassified document published by the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration that linked

5888-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains

5980-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it

6072-412: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or

6164-405: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to

6256-420: The late 1930s, the Kwantung Army's vaunted reputation was severely challenged during the Soviet–Japanese border conflicts that Japan had fought against the Soviet Union in northern Manchukuo since 1932. The Japanese force stalemated with the Soviet Union's Red Army in the Battle of Lake Khasan in 1938, and lost the decisive Battle of Nomonhan in 1939, during which time it sustained heavy casualties. After

6348-403: The militant Central Political Task Force ( 정치공작대 ; 政治工作隊 ) in the KPG and/or the WSS. Jung speculated that part of this was because they gravitated towards other North Korean escapees and respected Yeom's reputation. On February 19, 1946, the WSS appeared in a U.S. military intelligence report. The head of the Gunsan police department claimed the WSS was headquartered in Jeonju , and had

6440-447: The mission. Afterwards, Yeom worked with a pro-Japanese police officer Roh Deok-sul ( 노덕술 ) to cover up the case. Between 1946 and 1948, the WSS created the "Manchuria Plan" ( 만주계획 ), in which they would build a right-wing guerrilla army north of the China–North Korea border . Yeom enlisted the help of Kim Ku, who in turn reached out to his long-time ally Chiang Kai-shek. However, this plan never came to pass due to Chiang's 1949 loss in

6532-402: The most prestigious command in the Imperial Japanese Army, and many of its personnel won promotions to high positions in the Japanese military and civil government, including Hideki Tōjō and Seishirō Itagaki . The Kwantung Army was largely responsible for the establishment of the Japanese puppet-state of Manchukuo in Manchuria and functioned as one of the main Japanese fighting forces during

6624-524: The next few days. Marshal Hata received the "ultimatum to surrender" from Soviet General Georgii Shelakhov in Harbin on August 18, 1945. He was one of the senior generals who agreed with the decision to surrender, and on August 19, 1945, Hata met with Marshal Aleksandr Vasilevsky , but asked that he be stripped of his rank of Field Marshal in atonement for the Army's failures in the war. The remnants of

6716-515: The organization had a "Revolutionary Group" or "Special Attack Corps". The Corps' commandoes were divided into five groups, with each group containing four members. When an assassination order came through, commandoes would swear a blood oath to give their lives to the cause if needed. He claimed Kim Ku's assassin Ahn Doo-hee was a member of the first group of the Corps. According to Ahn Gi-seok,

6808-488: The organization led by Hyŏn. Jung thus speculated that the motive was two-fold: firstly it was an opportunity to portray Hyŏn's group in a negative light, and secondly it was an opportunity for Yeom and the group to eliminate a communist leader. Defunct The general consensus is that Yeom founded and became leader of the White Shirts Society (WSS) in either October or November 1945, with most sources citing

6900-743: The preceding phase of the Second Sino-Japanese War, and various actions in Inner Mongolia to extend Japanese domination over portions of northern China and Inner Mongolia. When full-scale war broke out in the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937, its forces participated in the Battle of Beiping-Tianjin and Operation Chahar . Later, Kwantung forces supported the war in China from time to time. However, by

6992-638: The proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of

7084-467: The publication of Lee Yeong-shin's 1994 book Secret Organization White Shirts Society and the 2002 release of a 1986 audio recording of a Daedongdan member confessing to plotting the murder. In 2021, Jung theorized that the murder occurred primarily due to the factional conflicts in Pyongyang security shortly after the war. Paek's older brother was the head of a police faction that was in conflict with

7176-526: The radical " Imperial Way Faction " ( Kōdōha ), and many of its senior leaders overtly advocated political change in Japan through the violent overthrow of the civilian government to bring about a Shōwa Restoration , with a reorganization of society and the economy along state fascist lines. They also advocated a more aggressive, expansionist foreign policy regarding the Asian mainland. Members or former members of

7268-681: The right-leaning Koreans became associated with the Provisional Government of Korea (KPG), the self-proclaimed government-in-exile that aligned itself with the Kuomintang (KMT). Yeom Dong-jin was among the Koreans who went into exile in China and aligned themselves with the KPG and KMT. In 1934, he enrolled in a joint KPG–KMT course for Korean independence fighters at the Luoyang Military Academy, and trained as

7360-669: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting

7452-579: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Kwantung Army The Kwantung Army was formed in 1906 as a security force for the Kwantung Leased Territory and South Manchurian Railway Zone after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and expanded into an army group during the Interwar period to support Japanese interests in China , Manchuria , and Mongolia . The Kwantung Army became

7544-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at

7636-637: The territory into a thriving trade port. The Russo-Japanese War was fought between Russia and Japan from 1904 to 1905 over their rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea . Japanese victory led to the Republic of China returning the lease of Russian Dalian (re-establishing the Kwantung Leased Territory) and Japan gaining influence in the areas adjacent to the South Manchurian Railway . The Kwantung Garrison

7728-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ

7820-585: Was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as

7912-599: Was established in 1906 to defend this territory and originally was composed of an infantry division and a heavy siege artillery battalion, supplemented with six independent garrison battalions as railway guards deployed along the South Manchurian Railway Zone , for a total troop strength of 14,000 men. It was headquartered in Port Arthur (known as Ryojun in Japanese) and was administered as

8004-473: Was held at a WSS stronghold in Jeongneung-dong . The selection criteria were strict; all selectees were required to be able to fluently speak in the local dialect of the region they were being sent to. For each province, two native-born agents would be selected. According to Ahn, Park Hyeon-yeong served as the administrator for the training. According to a written statement by Yeom, the WSS worked with

8096-486: Was not a member of the WSS. In 2021, Jung Byung Joon noted that Park Gyeong-gu, the WSS's Deputy Commander, had said in an undated interview that Lyuh was assassinated by order of the WSS. Yeom was first introduced to the men who would assassinate Lyuh via an advisor of the group, Kim Yeong-cheol. The assassins, including Shin Dong-un ( 신동운 ) and Kim Heung-seong ( 김흥성 ), were given American-made .45 caliber pistols for

8188-684: Was rendered in Japanese as " Kantō ". The Russian Empire had a particular interest in Kwantung, being one of the few areas in the region with the potential to develop ice-free ports for its expansion in the Far East , and Qing authorities withdrew the lease from the Japanese following the Triple Intervention , only weeks after it had been granted. Kwantung was leased to Russia in 1898, becoming Russian Dalian (Дальний) and developing

8280-498: Was somehow able to secure his release and return to his hometown of Pyongyang. In Pyongyang in August 1944, Yeom founded the anti-communist group Daedongdan, which was the direct predecessor to the White Shirts Society. The group was first conceptualized at the Buddhist Yongmyong Temple , which was then a hotbed for both left- and right-wing nationalist gatherings. The monk Park Go-bong ( 박고봉 ) suggested that

8372-503: Was the fact that it received very little or almost no support—either financial or in terms of personnel—from nationalists in southern Korea or from the U.S. military government. This needs to be qualified by the fact that sporadic acts of violence against the Soviet occupation and the communists in northern Korea were staged by [the White Shirts Society] and other right-wing elements from southern Korea in spring 1946 and that

8464-554: Was transferred to the new Manchukuo capital of Xinjing . The Kwantung Army also oversaw the creation, training, and equipping of an auxiliary force, the Manchukuo Imperial Army . During this time, Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda worked as a liaison officer between the Imperial House and the Kwantung Army. Although a source of constant unrest during the 1930s, the Kwantung Army remained remarkably obedient during

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