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72-607: The White Panthers were an anti-racist political collective founded in November 1968 by Pun Plamondon , Leni Sinclair , and John Sinclair . It was started in response to an interview where Huey P. Newton , co-founder of the Black Panther Party , was asked what white people could do to support the Black Panthers. Newton replied that they could form a White Panther Party. The counterculture era group took

144-536: A Yippie as well. The group emerged from the Detroit Artists Workshop, a radical arts collective founded in 1964 near Wayne State University . Among its concerns was the legalization of marijuana ; John Sinclair had several arrests for possession. It aligned itself with radical politics, claiming the 12th Street Riot was justifiable under political and economic conditions in Detroit. Plamondon

216-734: A bifurcated disciplinary system comprising an investigation and prosecution agency – the Attorney Grievance Commission – and a separate adjudicative agency – the Attorney Discipline Board), judicial misconduct (through the Judicial Tenure Commission), as well as a small number of matters over which the Court has original jurisdiction. The Court issues a decision by order or opinion in all cases filed with it. Opinions and orders of

288-477: A discussion about how the intention of a comment or action can have a damaging impact. For example, phrases such as "I know you meant that joke to be funny, but that stereotype really hurt me" can educate a person on the difference between what was intended and how it is harmful to a person of color. Anti-racist microintervention strategies give the tools for people of color, white allies, and bystanders to combat against microaggressions and acts of discrimination. It

360-468: A large "Free John" benefit concert, with performances from John Lennon , Yoko Ono , Bob Seger , and Stevie Wonder , was held at the University of Michigan 's Crisler Arena . The group had a direct role in two important legal decisions. A landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1972 quashed Plamondon's conviction and destroyed the case against John Sinclair. The court ruled warrantless wiretapping

432-783: A measure of moral authority to help begin the American abolitionist movement. Woolman died of smallpox in England in 1775, shortly after crossing the Atlantic to spread his anti-slavery message to the Quakers of the British Isles . During and after the American Revolution, Quaker ministrations and preachings against slavery began to spread beyond their denomination. In 1783, 300 Quakers, chiefly from London , presented

504-419: A multitude of points.’ German ethnographer Adolf Bastian promoted the idea known as "psychic unity of mankind", the belief in a universal mental framework present in all humans regardless of race. Rudolf Virchow , an early biological anthropologist criticized Ernst Haeckel 's classification of humanity into "higher and lower races". The two authors influenced American anthropologist Franz Boas who promoted

576-519: A nonpartisan ballot. Supreme Court candidates must be qualified electors, licensed to practice law in Michigan for at least five years, and under 70 years of age at the time of election. Vacancies are filled by appointment of the Governor until the next general election. Every two years, the justices elect a member of the Court to serve as Chief Justice. The Michigan Constitution allows vacancies on

648-532: A number of anti-racist organizations such as Love Music Hate Racism , Stand Up to Racism, Anti-Nazi League and Unite Against Fascism . Friedrich Tiedemann was one of the first people to scientifically contest racism. In 1836, using craniometric and brain measurements (taken by him from Europeans and black people from different parts of the world), he refuted the belief of many contemporary naturalists and anatomists that black people have smaller brains and are thus intellectually inferior to white people, saying it

720-400: A quorum of two to operate and members were appointed to seven-year terms by the governor with the consent of the senate. In 1838, Justice William A. Fletcher proposed a new plan for the court that the legislature approved. This increased the number of circuits to four and thus expanded the bench to four justices, but left the quorum at two. In 1848, the court was expanded to five justices and

792-421: A tool used to act against racial discrimination. Microintervention strategies aim to provide the tools needed to confront and educate racial oppressors. Specific tactics include: revealing the hidden biases or agendas behind acts of discrimination, interrupting and challenging oppressive language, educating offenders, and connecting with other allies and community members to act against discrimination. The theory

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864-565: A trade unionist and, like most others in the working class, was very strongly opposed to Asian immigration to Australia. (The exclusion of Asian immigration was a popular cause with unions in Canada, the US, Australia, and New Zealand in the early 20th century.) The Chinese delegation, which was otherwise at daggers drawn with the Japanese over the question of the former German colony of Qingdao and

936-461: A treaty before that did not mention God, which caused Cecil to remark perhaps this time, they would all just have to a take a chance of avoiding the wrath of the Almighty by not mentioning Him. Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes clarified his opposition and announced at a meeting that "ninety-five out of one hundred Australians rejected the very idea of equality. Hughes had entered politics as

1008-582: Is Michigan's court of last resort and consists of seven justices. The Court is located in the Michigan Hall of Justice at 925 Ottawa Street in Lansing , the state capital. Each year, the Court receives approximately 2,000 new case filings. In most cases, the litigants seek review of Michigan Court of Appeals decisions, but the Supreme Court also hears cases of attorney misconduct (through

1080-402: Is claimed that white racial justice activists can cause activism burnout for activists of color. According to Gorski and Erakat (2019), of the 22 racial justice activists in the sample, 82% of the participants identified behaviors and attitudes of the white racial justice activists as a major source of the burnout that they feel. The same study also found that 72.2% of the participants said that

1152-409: Is commonly associated with the topic of white genocide , a white nationalist conspiracy theory which states that mass immigration , integration , miscegenation , low fertility rates and abortion are being promoted in predominantly white countries in order to deliberately turn them minority-white and hence cause white people to become extinct through forced assimilation . The phrase

1224-453: Is that these microinterventions allow the oppressor to see the impact of their words, and provide a space for an educational dialogue about how their actions can oppress people marginalized groups. Microaggressions can be conscious acts where the perpetrator is aware of the offense they are causing, or hidden and metacommunicated without the perpetrator's awareness. Regardless of whether microaggressions are conscious or unconscious behaviors,

1296-765: The Laws of Burgos and Valladolid in response. Enforcement was lax, and the New Laws of 1542 have to be made to take a stronger line. Because some people like Fray Bartolomé de las Casas questioned not only the Crown but the Papacy at the Valladolid Controversy whether the Indigenous were truly men who deserved baptism, Pope Paul III in the papal bull Veritas Ipsa or Sublimis Deus (1537) confirmed that

1368-670: The British Parliament with a petition against the Britain's involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. In 1785, English abolitionist Thomas Clarkson , studying at Cambridge , and in the course of writing an essay in Latin ( Anne liceat invitos in servitutem dare (Is it lawful to enslave the unconsenting?), read the works of Benezet, and began a lifelong effort to abolish the British slave trade. In 1787, British abolitionists formed

1440-1033: The Civil Rights Movement , Jim Crow laws were repealed in the South and blacks finally re-won the right to vote in Southern states. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was an influential force, and his " I Have a Dream " speech is a condensation of his egalitarian ideology. Mass mobilization around the Black Lives Matter movement have sparked a renewed interest in anti-racism in the U.S. Mass movement organizing has also been accompanied by academic efforts to foreground research regarding anti-racism in politics, criminal justice reform , inclusion in higher education, and workplace anti-racism. Anti-racism has taken various forms such as consciousness-raising activities aimed at educating people about

1512-665: The Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade , a small nondenominational group that could lobby more successfully by incorporating Anglicans, who, unlike the Quakers, could lawfully sit in Parliament. The twelve founding members included nine Quakers and three pioneering Anglicans: Granville Sharp , Thomas Clarkson , and William Wilberforce – all evangelical Christians. Later successes in opposing racism were won by

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1584-537: The White Australia policy . Opposition to racism revived in the 1920s and 1930s. At that time, anthropologists such as Franz Boas , Ruth Benedict , Margaret Mead , and Ashley Montagu argued for the equality of humans across races and cultures. Eleanor Roosevelt was a very visible advocate for minority rights during this period. Anti-capitalist organizations like the Industrial Workers of

1656-590: The abolitionist movement in England and in the United States . Though many Abolitionists did not regard blacks or mulattos as equal to whites, they did, in general, believe in freedom and often even equality of treatment for all people . A few, like John Brown , went further. Brown was willing to die on behalf of, as he said, "millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments ..." Many black Abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglass , explicitly argued for

1728-655: The 1850 Michigan constitution provided that they be elected for six-year terms. In 1858, the Circuit Courts were split from the Supreme Court, so justices now only served on the Michigan Supreme Court and reduced its size to only four justices, one of whom was the Chief Justice. In 1887, the court was expanded to five justices each serving for ten years. The court was again expanded in 1903 to eight justices serving terms of eight years. In 1964,

1800-686: The Court are reported in an official publication, Michigan Reports , as well as in Thomson West's privately published North Western Reporter . The Court's other duties include overseeing the operations of all state trial courts. It is assisted in this endeavor by the State Court Administrative Office, one of its agencies. The Court's responsibilities also include a public comment process for changes to court rules, rules of evidence and other administrative matters. The court has broad superintending control power over all

1872-654: The Indigenous and other races are fully rational human beings who have rights to freedom and private property, even if they are heathen. Afterward, their Christian conversion effort gained momentum along social rights, while leaving the same status recognition unanswered for Africans of Black Race, and legal social racism prevailed towards the Indians or Asians. By then, the last schism of the Reformation had taken place in Europe in those few decades along political lines, and

1944-429: The Japanese proposal was a very controversial one and he suggested that perhaps the matter was so controversial that it should not be discussed at all. Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos also suggested that a clause banning religious discrimination should also be removed since that was also a very controversial matter. That led to objections from a Portuguese diplomat, who stated that his country had never signed

2016-743: The Keith Case, held that the Fourth Amendment shielded private speech from surveillance unless a warrant had been granted, and that the "warrant procedure would not frustrate the legitimate purposes of domestic security searches." The judgment freed Plamondon, yet John Sinclair was free only on bond fighting his possession conviction. In 1972, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled in the People v. Sinclair , 387 Mich. 91, 194 N.W.2d 878 (1972) that Michigan's classification of marijuana

2088-686: The Park concerts in Golden Gate Park. In 1983, angry because then- Mayor of San Francisco Dianne Feinstein proposed to ban handguns in the city, the San Francisco White Panthers mounted a successful petition drive that forced Feinstein into a recall election , which she won with about 82% of the vote. Author and anarchist Mick Farren , a leader of the United Kingdom Underground , later founded

2160-427: The Supreme Court of Michigan Territory, established in 1805 with three justices. These justices served for indefinite terms. In 1823, the terms of justices were limited to four years. The Michigan Supreme Court was the only court created by the first Michigan constitution in 1835. It had three members and each also oversaw one of the three judicial circuits, located in Detroit, Ann Arbor and Kalamazoo. The court needed

2232-533: The U.S. was using the war as an excuse to expand slavery into new territories. Thoreau's response was chronicled in his famous essay " Civil Disobedience ", which in turn helped ignite Mahatma Gandhi 's successful leadership of the Indian independence movement . Gandhi's example in turn inspired the American civil rights movement. As James Loewen writes in Lies My Teacher Told Me : "Throughout

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2304-528: The Vatican, began to criticize Spain's as well as their own Church's treatment and views of indigenous peoples and slaves. In December 1511, Antonio de Montesinos , a Dominican friar, was the first European to rebuke openly the Spanish authorities and administrators of Hispaniola for their "cruelty and tyranny" in dealing with the American natives and those forced to labor as slaves. King Ferdinand enacted

2376-543: The White Panthers UK, which was one of the organizations involved in the tearing down of the outer walls surrounding Isle of Wight Festival 1970 . In November 1968, Fifth Estate published the "White Panther State/meant". This manifesto , emulating the Black Panthers, ended with a ten-point program: The ten-point program and "White Panther State/meant" were also published in the Ann Arbor Sun, which

2448-761: The White Panthers in Portland, Oregon were raided by the FBI on December 5, 1970. Two members of the group were arrested and accused of throwing a molotov cocktail through the window of a local Selective Service office. White Panther Party chapters in San Francisco, Marin and Berkeley remained active into the 1980s. The WPP ran a successful ' Food Conspiracy ' that provided groceries to about 5,000 Bay Area residents at low cost, due to bulk buying and minimum markup. The White Panthers held People's Ballroom in

2520-665: The World , which gained popularity during 1905–1926, were explicitly egalitarian. In the 1940s Springfield, Massachusetts , invoked The Springfield Plan to include all persons in the community. Beginning with the Harlem Renaissance and continuing into the 1960s, many African-American writers argued forcefully against racism. The struggles against racial segregation in the United States and South African apartheid including Sharpeville massacre saw increased articulation of ideas opposed to racism of all kinds. During

2592-422: The cause of their burnout was attributed to the white activists having unevolved or racist views. 44.4% of the activists also said that their burnout was due to white activists invalidating their perspectives as activists of color. 50% of the participants said that their burnout was caused by white activists not willing to "step up" to achieve the goals of the movement. 44.4% of participants said that their burnout

2664-751: The clause in the Covenant of the League of Nations . The first draft was presented to the League of Nations Commission by Makino Nobuaki on 13 February as an amendment to Article 21: The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord, as soon as possible, to all alien nationals of States Members of the League equal and just treatment in every respect, making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality. After Makino's speech, Lord Cecil stated that

2736-700: The complete and unconditional right of the blacks to independence. Only on the basis of a mutual struggle against the domination of the white exploiters can the solidarity of black and white toilers be cultivated and strengthened". Through the 1930s, the first viable black trade unions in Transvaal , South Africa were established by Trotskyists . Modern left-wing commentators have argued that capitalism promotes racism alongside culture wars over issues such as immigration and representation of ethnic minorities whilst refusing to address economic inequalities . Socialist groups have also been closely aligned with

2808-708: The complete equality of all nations and "give effect to the right of oppressed nations to self-determination ". Lenin would make anti-imperialism a tenet of Marxist ideology and coordinate revolutions through the Comintern . Marxist theorist Leon Trotsky had advocated for national self-determination for the black population in South Africa . In response to the programmatic document of the South African Left Opposition, he wrote in 1935: "We must accept decisively and without any reservation

2880-429: The country, and on his way to a safe house in northern Michigan, he was arrested in a routine traffic stop, joining John Sinclair, who had been sentenced to nine and a half years in jail for violating Michigan's marijuana possession laws, in prison. Plamondon was convicted and was in prison when Sinclair was released on bond in 1971 while appeals were being heard on his case. Sinclair's unexpected release came two days after

2952-641: The different views on the value of human lives of different races were not corrected in the lands of Northern Europe, which would join the Colonial race at the end of the century and over the next, as the Portuguese and Spanish Empires waned. It would take another century, with the influence of the French Empire at its height, and its consequent Enlightenment developed at the highest circles of its Court, to return these previously inconclusive issues to

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3024-548: The federal government. The Ku Klux Klan grew to its greatest peak of popularity and strength; the success of D. W. Griffith 's The Birth of a Nation played a major part in this member increase. In 1911 the First Universal Races Congress met in London, at which distinguished speakers from many countries for four days discussed race problems and ways to improve interracial relations. Karl Marx

3096-419: The first anti-racist intervention is to name the ways it is harmful for a person of color. Calling out an act of discrimination can be empowering because it provides language for people of color to bring awareness to their lived experiences and justifies internal feelings of discrimination. Anti-racist strategies also include confronting the racial microaggression by outwardly challenging and disagreeing against

3168-539: The forefront of the political discourse championed by many intellectual men since Rousseau . These issues gradually permeated to the lower social levels, where they were a reality lived by men and women of different races from the European racial majority. In 1688, German immigrants to the Province of Pennsylvania issued a anti-slavery petition opposing slavery in the colony. After being set aside and forgotten, it

3240-537: The humanity of blacks and mulattoes, and the equality of all people. Due to resistance in the Southern United Statesand a general collapse of idealism in the North, Reconstruction ended, giving way to the nadir of American race relations . The period from about 1890 to 1920 saw the re-establishment of Jim Crow laws . President Woodrow Wilson , who regarded Reconstruction as a disaster, segregated

3312-543: The idea of "races" is based on racism rather than any scientific factuality. After the end of seclusion in the 1850s, Japan signed unequal treaties , the so-called Ansei Treaties , but soon came to demand equal status with the Western powers. Correcting that inequality became the most urgent international issue of the Meiji government. In that context, the Japanese delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference proposed

3384-445: The idea of human " races " and distances itself from the racial theories of Ernst Haeckel and other 20th century scientists. It claims that genetic variation between human populations is smaller than within them, demonstrating that the biological concept of "races" is invalid. The statement highlights that there are no specific genes or genetic markers that match with conventional racial categorizations . It also indicates that

3456-493: The idea that differences in behavior between human populations are purely cultural rather than determined by biological differences. Later anthropologists like Marcel Mauss , Bronisław Malinowski , Pierre Clastres , and Claude Lévi-Strauss continued to focus on culture and reject racial models of differences in human behavior. The Jena Declaration , published by the German Zoological Society , rejects

3528-548: The members of the group. On July 28, 1969, the Ann Arbor Sun printed a revised copy of the White Panther's ten-point program. The newspaper was considered to be the mouthpiece for the White Panther Party for quite some time before the newspaper transitioned to an independent publication spreading views on local issues, left-wing politics, music, and arts. Finally in 1976, the publication of the Ann Arbor Sun

3600-404: The microaggression that harms a person of color. Microinterventions such as a verbal expression of "I don't want to hear that talk" and physical movements of disapproval are ways to confront microaggressions. Microinterventions are not used to attack others about their biases, but instead they are used to allow the space for an educational dialogue. Educating a perpetrator on their biases can open up

3672-547: The name and dedicated its energies to "cultural revolution.” John Sinclair made every effort to ensure that the White Panthers were not mistaken for a white supremacist group, responding to such claims with "quite the contrary." The party worked with many ethnic minority rights groups in the Rainbow Coalition . The group was most active in Detroit and Ann Arbor, Michigan , and included the proto-punk band MC5 , which John Sinclair managed for several years before he

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3744-436: The new state constitution provided that the next justice to leave the court would not be replaced to reduce the court to seven members, which was achieved when Justice Theodore Souris declined to run for re-election in 1968, leaving the court with seven members since January 1, 1969. The Supreme Court consists of seven justices who are elected to eight-year terms. Candidates are nominated by political parties and are elected on

3816-570: The proposal received a majority (11 out of 16) of votes, the proposal was still problematic for the segregationist US President Woodrow Wilson , who needed the votes of segregationist Southern Democrats to succeed in getting the votes needed for the US Senate to ratify the treaty. Strong opposition from the British Empire delegation gave him a pretext to reject the proposal. Hughes and Joseph Cook vigorously opposed it as it undermined

3888-681: The rest of the German concessions in Shandong Province , also said that it would support the clause. One contemporary Chinese diplomat said the Shandong question was far more important to his government than the clause. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George found himself in an awkward situation since Britain had signed an alliance with Japan in 1902, but he also wanted to hold the British Empire 's delegation together. Although

3960-457: The state Supreme Court to be initially filled by the Governor, with that appointee serving until the next general election, at which time the elected winner is seated to fill the remaining portion of the vacated term. Following the 2012 election, the court had a 4–3 conservative Republican majority, with Robert P. Young Jr. serving as Chief Justice. After the resignation of Justice Diane Hathaway and appointment of David Viviano in 2013, there

4032-488: The state courts in Michigan. Article 6, Section 30 of the Michigan Constitution creates the Michigan Judicial Tenure Commission . This is an agency within the judiciary, having jurisdiction over allegations of judicial misconduct, misbehavior, and infirmity. The Supreme Court is given original, superintending control power, and appellate jurisdiction over the issue of penalty (up to and including removal of judges from office). The Michigan Supreme Court can be dated back to

4104-732: The ways they may perpetuate racism, enhancing cross-cultural understanding between racial groups, countering "everyday" racism in institutional settings, and combating extremist right-wing neo-Nazi and neo-Fascist groups. Proponents of anti-racism claim that microaggressions can lead to many negative consequences in a work environment, learning environment, and to their overall sense of self-worth. Anti-racism work aims to combat microaggressions and help to break systemic racism by focusing on actions against discrimination and oppression . Standing up against discrimination can be an overwhelming task for people of color who have been previously targeted. Anti-racists claim that microinterventions can be

4176-404: The world, from Africa to Northern Ireland , movements of oppressed people continue to use tactics and words borrowed from our abolitionist and civil rights movements." Some of these uses have been controversial. Critics in the United Kingdom , such as Peter Hain , stated that in Zimbabwe , Robert Mugabe had used anti-racist rhetoric to promote land distribution , whereby privately held land

4248-454: Was a 5–2 Republican majority. After the 2018 election, the court reverted to a 4–3 conservative Republican majority with the election of Megan Cavanagh. In 2020, Bridget Mary McCormack was re-elected as Chief Justice and Elizabeth M. Welch was elected as Justice, giving the Democrats a 4–3 majority on the court starting January 1, 2021. This also made the court majority female for the fourth time in state history. The current justices of

4320-419: Was a newspaper founded by John Sinclair in November 1968. The newspaper was originally called the Detroit Warren-Forrest Sun before it was changed to the Ann Arbor Sun when Trans-Love Energies moved to Ann Arbor in 1968. The organization, founded by John Sinclair, his wife Leni Arndt Sinclair and artist Gary Grimshaw in 1967, set up shop at 1510 and 1520 Hill St, where the Ann Arbor Sun was produced and edited by

4392-405: Was due to white fragility . 50% of the participants said that their burnout was caused by white activists taking credit for the work of activists of color or exploiting them in other ways. Egalitarianism has been a catalyst for feminist , anti-war , and anti-imperialist movements. Henry David Thoreau 's opposition to the Mexican–American War , for example, was based in part on his fear that

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4464-462: Was incarcerated. From a general ideological perspective, Plamondon and Sinclair defined the White Panthers as "fighting for a clean planet and the freeing of political prisoners." The White Panthers added other elements such as advocating "rock 'n roll, dope, sex in the streets and the abolishing of capitalism." Yippie co-founder Abbie Hoffman praised the WPP in Steal This Book and Woodstock Nation , and John Sinclair often referred to himself as

4536-410: Was indicted with John Sinclair in connection to the bombing of a Central Intelligence Agency office in Ann Arbor on September 29, 1968, a year after the founding of the group. Upon hearing on the left-wing alternative radio station WABX that he had been indicted, he fled the U.S. for Europe and Africa, spending time in Algeria with exiled Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver . After secretly re-entering

4608-471: Was perceived as a rupture with imperialism for various civil rights and decolonization struggles and providing a space for oppressed groups across the world. This was given further credence with the Soviet Union supporting many anti-colonial third world movements with financial funds against European colonial powers. In his work, The Socialist Revolution and the Rights of Nation to Self-Determinism , Vladimir Lenin wrote that socialism would enforce

4680-425: Was rediscovered by American abolitionists in 1844, misplaced around the 1940s, and once more rediscovered in March 2005. Prior to the American Revolution , a small group of Quakers , including John Woolman and Anthony Benezet , persuaded many fellow Quakers to emancipate their slaves, divest from the Atlantic slave trade and create unified Quaker policies against slavery. This afforded the religious denomination

4752-516: Was scientifically unfounded and based merely on the prejudiced opinions of travelers and explorers. The evolutionary biologist Charles Darwin wrote in 1871 that ‘[i]t may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant’ and that ‘[a]lthough the existing races of man differ in many respects, as in colour, hair, shape of skull, proportions of the body, &c., yet if their whole structure be taken into consideration they are found to resemble each other closely in

4824-404: Was spotted on billboards near Birmingham, Alabama in 2014, and it was also spotted on billboards in Harrison, Arkansas in 2013. [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of Anti-racism at Wiktionary [REDACTED] Media related to Anti-racism at Wikimedia Commons Michigan Supreme Court The Michigan Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Michigan . It

4896-414: Was supportive of the Union during the American Civil War and advocated more radical abolitionist measures with his Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Lincoln would in return commend the International Working Men's Association for their support and declared that the defeat of the South would be a victory for all of humanity. The Russian Revolution

4968-415: Was suspended indefinitely. Anti-racism European racism was spread to the Americas by the Europeans , but establishment views were questioned when they were applied to indigenous peoples . After the discovery of the New World , many of the members of the clergy who were sent to the New World who were educated in the new humane values of the Renaissance , still new in Europe and not ratified by

5040-459: Was taken from white farmers and distributed to black Africans (see: Land reform in Zimbabwe ). Roman Catholic bishops stated that Mugabe framed the land distribution as a way to liberate Zimbabwe from colonialism, but that "the white settlers who once exploited what was Rhodesia have been supplanted by a black elite that is just as abusive." The phrase "Anti-racist is a code word for anti-white", coined by white nationalist Robert Whitaker,

5112-474: Was unconstitutional, in effect decriminalizing possession until a new law conforming to the ruling was passed by the Michigan Legislature a week later. Sinclair was freed but the cumulative effects of the imprisonment had marked the end of the White Panther Party in Michigan, which renamed itself the Rainbow People's Party while John Sinclair and Plamondon were in prison. The Rainbow People's Party, headquartered in Ann Arbor, disbanded in 1973. The headquarters of

5184-420: Was unlawful under the U.S. Constitution , even in the case where national security, as defined by the executive branch, was in danger. The White Panthers had been charged with conspiring to destroy government property and evidence used to convict Plamondon was acquired through wiretaps not submitted to judicial approval. The case U.S. vs. U.S. District Court (Plamondon et al.) , 407 U.S. 297 , commonly known as

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