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104-539: Widevine is a proprietary digital rights management (DRM) system developed by Google . It provides content protection for media. Widevine is divided into three security levels with differing levels of protection depending on the hardware present on the device. Widevine is included in most major web browsers and in Android and iOS . Widevine was originally developed by Internet Direct Media, who later rebranded as Widevine Technologies. Following several rounds of funding,

208-401: A Hindi entertainment channel and a Hindi movie channel would be housed in this joint venture. On December 19, 2007, Viacom signed a five-year, $ 500 million contract with Microsoft that included content sharing and advertisement. The deal allowed Microsoft to license many shows from Viacom owned cable television and film studios for use on Xbox Live and MSN . The deal also made Viacom

312-483: A Kickstarter project – "ebook stravaganza 3000" – to fund the conversion of 3,000 comics, written over 12 years, into a single "humongous" e-book to be released both for free and through the iBookstore; launched 8 February 2012, with the goal of raising $ 3,000 in 30 days. The "payment optional" DRM-free model in this case was adopted on Stevens' view that "there is a class of webcomics reader who would prefer to read in large chunks and, even better, would be willing to spend

416-715: A "verifiable" framework, otherwise known as Verified Media Path (VMP). Notably, browsers running on Linux are not included in VMP. Similarly, the High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) version used on the client device may be enforced by the proxy server. In Widevine L1 devices, certificate provisioning is usually performed once. During provisioning, the CDM creates a nonce and derives keys for certificate decryption and integrity checks, as well as dynamically generated buffers. The device key

520-631: A 30% ownership stake in the Rainbow S.p.A. animation studio. CBS Corporation retained the over-the-air broadcasting, television production, pay television subscription service, and publishing assets, which were previously owned by the first Viacom. The second Viacom was the world's ninth-largest media company in terms of revenue and headquartered at One Astor Plaza in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Viacom would announce its second merger with CBS Corporation on August 13, 2019. The merger

624-445: A CSS-encrypted DVD to play on a computer running Linux , at a time when no compliant DVD player for Linux had yet been created. The legality of DeCSS is questionable: one of its authors was sued, and reproduction of the keys themselves is subject to restrictions as illegal numbers . More modern examples include ADEPT , FairPlay , Advanced Access Content System . The World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty (WCT)

728-540: A DRM-free version. Websites – such as library.nu (shut down by court order on 15 February 2012), BookFi, BookFinder , Library Genesis , and Sci-Hub  – allowed e-book downloading by violating copyright. As of 2013, other developers, such as Blizzard Entertainment put most of the game logic is on the "side" or taken care of by the servers of the game maker. Blizzard uses this strategy for its game Diablo III and Electronic Arts used this same strategy with their reboot of SimCity ,

832-511: A Ubisoft server for the game. Later that month, a real crack was released that was able to remove the connection requirement altogether. In March 2010, Uplay servers suffered a period of inaccessibility due to a large-scale DDoS attack , causing around 5% of game owners to become locked out of playing their game. The company later credited owners of the affected games with a free download, and there has been no further downtime. In 2011, comedian Louis C.K. released his concert film Live at

936-472: A cash payout or album downloads free of DRM. Microsoft's media player Zune released in 2006 did not support content that used Microsoft's PlaysForSure DRM scheme. Windows Media DRM , reads instructions from media files in a rights management language that states what the user may do with the media. Later versions of Windows Media DRM implemented music subscription services that make downloaded files unplayable after subscriptions are cancelled, along with

1040-672: A co-owner of Rainbow S.p.A. , an Italian television studio best known for the Winx Club franchise. Since the purchase, Viacom's Nickelodeon networks have broadcast Rainbow's shows worldwide. Nickelodeon's American studios have also collaborated with Rainbow on multiple productions, including Winx Club and Club 57 . Later, in October 2011, Viacom purchased a majority stake in Bellator Fighting Championships . Spike TV started to air Bellator in 2013, after

1144-428: A dividend. The second Viacom was created by Redstone and headed by Freston. It consisted of BET Networks , MTV Networks, and Paramount Pictures . It started trading on January 3, 2006. In June 2005, Viacom announced its purchase of Neopets , a virtual pet website, along with GameTrailers , GoCityKids, and iFilm . That December, Paramount announced it would acquire DreamWorks Pictures . All indications were that

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1248-658: A funding round led by VantagePoint Venture Partners, netting the company $ 13 million. Widevine Technologies branched out into digital watermarking in 2005, partnering with content processing company TVN Entertainment (now Vubiquity) for its Mensor system. Widevine Mensor inserts a 64-bit payload into the signal, a computationally inexpensive operation. In April 2006, Constellation Ventures, Pacesetter Capital, Phoenix Capital Partners, and VantagePoint Venture Partners joined digital communications company Cisco Systems and Canadian telecommunications company Telus to invest $ 16 million into Widevine Technologies. Cisco's involvement in

1352-422: A hit in revenue for Viacom and a gain in advertisement revenue for YouTube. The complaint contended that almost 160,000 unauthorized clips of Viacom's programming were made available on YouTube and that these clips had collectively been viewed more than 1.5 billion times. In July 2008, the case generated controversy when District Judge Louis Stanton ruled that YouTube was required to hand over data detailing

1456-531: A letter to Viacom and CBS Corporation , encouraging the two companies to merge back into one company. On December 12, the deal was called off. On January 12, 2018, CNBC reported that Viacom had re-entered talks to merge back into CBS Corporation after the AT&;T - Time Warner merger was planned, as well as Disney 's proposed acquisition of most 21st Century Fox assets and heavy competition from companies such as Netflix and Amazon . Shortly afterward, it

1560-545: A license agreement, effectively blocking DRM usage in the project. He later got the reply: I'm sorry but we're not supporting an open source solution like this The same happened to other Electron projects. Widevine does support Electron and Electron projects through a third-party integrator. Digital rights management Digital rights management ( DRM ) is the management of legal access to digital content . Various tools or technological protection measures ( TPM ), such as access control technologies, can restrict

1664-466: A little money on it." In February 2012, Double Fine asked for crowdfunding for an upcoming video game, Double Fine Adventure , on Kickstarter and offered the game DRM-free for backers. This project exceeded its original goal of $ 400,000 in 45 days, raising in excess of $ 2 million. Crowdfunding acted as a pre-order or alternatively as a subscription . After the success of Double Fine Adventure , many games were crowd-funded and many offered

1768-497: A marketing division, Viacom Velocity. On April 1, 2014, Cable One removed 15 channels owned by Viacom (MTV, VH1, Nickelodeon, and TV Land ) off after the two companies failed to reach an agreement. Channels were replaced with other networks, including BBC America , Sprout , Sundance TV , IFC , Investigation Discovery , TV One , CMP/TV, National Geographic Channel , and TheBlaze . The change has been deemed permanent. On May 1, 2014, Viacom announced it had agreed to take over

1872-647: A motion for summary judgment , holding that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act , notwithstanding evidence of intentional copyright infringement. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling. On April 5, 2012, the ruling was overturned by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . Writing for a two-judge panel (because Judge Roger Miner had died while

1976-489: A new proposal and a request to continue broadcasting 17 of Viacom's television networks (including Nickelodeon, MTV, Logo , and Comedy Central ) during talks, but received no response and thus Viacom ceased transmission to DirecTV's 20 million subscribers. On July 11, in a counter response to DirecTV advising its subscribers to view original programming from the affected networks online, Viacom scaled back access to recent episodes of Viacom-owned program content available to

2080-595: A physical, analog or broadcast form into a digital form for portability or later use. Combined with the Internet and file-sharing tools, made unauthorized distribution of copyrighted content ( digital piracy ) much easier. DRM became a major concern with the growth of the Internet in the 1990s, as piracy crushed CD sales and online video became popular. It peaked in the early 2000s as various countries attempted to respond with legislation and regulations and dissipated in

2184-612: A preferred publisher partner for casual game development and distribution through MSN and Windows . On the advertisement side of the deal, Microsoft's Atlas ad-serving division became the exclusive provider of previously unsold advertising inventory on Viacom owned websites. Also, Microsoft purchased a large amount of advertising on Viacom owned broadcasts and online networks. Finally, Microsoft would also collaborate on promotions and sponsorships for MTV and BET award shows, two Viacom-owned cable networks. On December 4, 2008, Viacom announced layoffs of 850 personnel, or 7% of their workforce. At

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2288-475: A presentation at DEF CON . The DMCA has been cited as chilling to legitimate users; such as security consultants including Niels Ferguson , who declined to publish vulnerabilities he discovered in Intel 's secure-computing scheme due to fear of arrest under DMCA; and blind or visually impaired users of screen readers or other assistive technologies . In 1999, Jon Lech Johansen released DeCSS , which allowed

2392-472: A process key was published by hackers, which enabled unrestricted access to AACS-protected content. In January 2007, EMI stopped publishing audio CDs with DRM, stating that "the costs of DRM do not measure up to the results." In March, Musicload.de, one of Europe's largest internet music retailers, announced their position strongly against DRM. In an open letter, Musicload stated that three out of every four calls to their customer support phone service are as

2496-512: A provisioning token (72 bytes). Each content key is associated with a 128-bit key control block, specifying security constraints. The key control block ensures data path security requirements on clients such as Android, where video and audio are encrypted separately, and to provide a timeout value to the TEE. The block is AES-128-CBC encrypted with a random initialization vector (IV), and the fields are defined in big-endian byte order. The values of

2600-521: A proxy for the TEE, while in L3, the library contains the obfuscated CDM. Additionally, the library liboemcrypto.so marshals and unmarshals requests to the Widevine trustlet for Widevine L1 through a specialized TEE driver, such as QSEEComAPI.so for Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment (QSEE). iOS does not natively support DASH or CENC. To work around this limitation, Widevine transmuxes DASH to HLS;

2704-477: A result of consumer frustration with DRM. Apple Inc. made music DRM-free after April 2007 and labeled all music as "DRM-Free" after 2008. Other works sold on iTunes such as apps, audiobooks, movies, and TV shows are protected by DRM. A notable DRM failure happened in November 2007, when videos purchased from Major League Baseball prior to 2006 became unplayable due to a change to the servers that validate

2808-549: A stream specification determining whether a stream can be recorded. This could block instances of fair use, such as time-shifting . It achieved more success elsewhere when it was adopted by the Digital Video Broadcasting Project (DVB), a consortium of about 250 broadcasters, manufacturers, network operators, software developers, and regulatory bodies from about 35 countries involved in attempting to develop new digital TV standards. In January 2001,

2912-554: A strict non-DRM policy. Baen Books and O'Reilly Media , dropped DRM prior to 2012, when Tor Books , a major publisher of science fiction and fantasy books, first sold DRM-free e-books . The Axmedis project completed in 2008. It was a European Commission Integrated Project of the FP6, has as its main goal automating content production, copy protection , and distribution, to reduce the related costs, and to support DRM at both B2B and B2C areas, harmonizing them. The INDICARE project

3016-465: Is available in a fixed resolution. In Android , Widevine L1 can be implemented into Stagefright, Android's media playback engine. This is implemented in Qualcomm chips, where an OpenMAX (OMX) component communicates with the video driver at the kernel level. Multimedia memory is carved out through the memory management unit driver for ION, a memory manager introduced in Android 4.0 to address

3120-499: Is controversial. There is an absence of evidence about the DRM capability in preventing copyright infringement , some complaints by legitimate customers for caused inconveniences, and a suspicion of stifling innovation and competition. Furthermore, works can become permanently inaccessible if the DRM scheme changes or if a required service is discontinued. DRM technologies have been criticized for restricting individuals from copying or using

3224-560: Is treated as the Root of Trust (RoT). The RoT-derived client key protects the request using HMAC . The RoT is established through a factory-provisioned component called the "keybox". The keybox is 128 bytes long with two special fields. The integrity of the keybox is checked by verifying the last eight bytes match a magic number ("kbox") followed by a cyclic redundancy check (CRC-32). The other 120 bytes comprise an internal device ID (32 bytes), an Advanced Encryption Standard key (16 bytes), and

Widevine - Misplaced Pages Continue

3328-565: The HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) protocol, developed by Apple Inc. in 2009. In one implementation of Widevine, a browser receives encrypted content from a content delivery network (CDN). The content is then sent to the Content Decryption Module (CDM), which creates a license request to send to the license server. The player then receives a license from the license server and passes it to the CDM. To decrypt

3432-618: The Nintendo Wii , disc players from LG and Samsung , and the iPhone and iPod . To implement DRM into Microsoft Silverlight for browsers not using Microsoft Windows , Microsoft worked with Widevine Technologies. Widevine was also implemented into several streaming services using Adobe Flash , including content from Sony and Warner Bros. distributed in the virtual social network Gaia Online . In December 2009, Widevine received an additional $ 15 million in funding from telecommunications company Liberty Global and Samsung Ventures,

3536-422: The public domain and that the company that published and sold on Amazon's service had no right to do so. Ubisoft formally announced a return to online authentication on 9 February 2010, through its Uplay online game platform, starting with Silent Hunter 5 , The Settlers 7 , and Assassin's Creed II . Silent Hunter 5 was first reported to have been compromised within 24 hours of release, but users of

3640-452: The public domain . The rise of digital media and analog-to-digital conversion technologies has increased the concerns of copyright-owners, particularly within the music and video industries. While analog media inevitably lose quality with each copy generation and during normal use, digital media files may be duplicated without limit with no degradation. Digital devices make it convenient for consumers to convert ( rip ) media originally in

3744-593: The 2010s as social media and streaming services largely replaced piracy and content providers elaborated next-generation business models. In 1983, the Software Service System (SSS) devised by the Japanese engineer Ryuichi Moriya was the first example of DRM technology. It was subsequently refined under the name superdistribution . The SSS was based on encryption, with specialized hardware that controlled decryption and enabled payments to be sent to

3848-489: The Beacon Theater as an inexpensive (US$ 5), DRM-free download. The only attempt to deter unlicensed copies was a letter emphasizing the lack of corporate involvement and direct relationship between artist and viewer. The film was a commercial success, turning a profit within 12 hours of its release. The artist suggested that piracy rates were lower than normal as a result, making the release an important case study for

3952-459: The British broadcaster Channel 5 from Northern & Shell , the media group owned by the British newspaper publisher Richard Desmond . Viacom becomes the first American media company to take over a British broadcaster with a public service remit. The purchase of Channel 5 closed on September 10, 2014. On October 1, 2014, Suddenlink Communications , removed channels owned by Viacom off after

4056-552: The CBS-branded assets. However, on August 7, 2019, both CBS and Viacom delayed their merger announcement as the two companies reported the quarterly earnings, though the talks about the re-merger continues. On August 13, 2019, CBS and Viacom officially announced their merger; CBS would purchase Viacom and change its name to ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global ). Bakish would become president and CEO of ViacomCBS with Ianniello serving as chairman and CEO of CBS, where he would oversee

4160-450: The CBS-branded assets. Shari Redstone would also serve as chairwoman of the new company. On October 29, 2019, National Amusements approved the re-merger deal and expected to close the deal in early December with the recombined company trading its shares on Nasdaq under the symbols "VIAC" and "VIACA". On December 4, the deal was completed. In February 2007, Viacom sent upwards of 100,000 Digital Millennium Copyright Act takedown notices to

4264-738: The DG Internal Market, on the Communication COM(2004)261 by the European Commission on "Management of Copyright and Related Rights" closed. In 2005, DRM Workshops of Directorate-General for Information Society and Media (European Commission) , and the work of the High Level Group on DRM were held. In 2005, Sony BMG installed DRM software on users' computers without clearly notifying the user or requiring confirmation. Among other things,

Widevine - Misplaced Pages Continue

4368-572: The DVB Steering Board, and formalized by ETSI as a formal European Standard (TS 102 825-X) where X refers to the Part number. Nobody has yet stepped forward to provide a Compliance and Robustness regime for the standard, so it is not presently possible to fully implement a system, as no supplier of device certificates has emerged. In December 2006, the industrial-grade Advanced Access Content System (AACS) for HD DVD and Blu-ray Discs ,

4472-476: The DVD content is played, including what outputs are permitted and how such permitted outputs are made available. This keeps the encryption intact as the content is displayed. In May 1998, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) passed as an amendment to US copyright law . It had controversial (possibly unintended) implications. Russian programmer Dmitry Sklyarov was arrested for alleged DMCA infringement after

4576-412: The TEE. In Widevine L1, media decryption and processing occurs entirely in a TEE, and content is available in its original resolution. In Widevine L2, media decryption and processing occurs in software or dedicated video hardware, despite the presence of a TEE, and content is available in a fixed resolution. In Widevine L3, media decryption and processing occurs in software and no TEE is present, and content

4680-642: The Universal DASH Transmuxer (UDT) parses the DASH manifest using an XML parser, such as libxml2 . The UDT then creates an HLS playlist. On May 31, 2021, support for 32-bit Linux was stopped, and DRM-protected content cannot be played on this platform. Widevine has been exploited multiple times. Researchers at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev discovered a vulnerability in Widevine in June 2016;

4784-496: The Viacom board appointed Bob Bakish as acting CEO. His appointment as president and CEO was made permanent on December 12, 2016. In November 2017, Viacom announced the opening of a new digital content division named Viacom Digital Studios. The company has hired former AwesomenessTV chief business officer Kelly Day to lead the studio. Day began her duties on November 20. In February 2018, Viacom announced their plans to acquire

4888-410: The Viacom deal, such as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), Lionsgate or Sony Pictures . Moonves also considered Bakish a threat because he did not want an ally of Redstone as a board member of the combined company. On September 9, 2018, Moonves left CBS after being accused by twelve women of sexual assault. National Amusements agreed to not propose a CBS-Viacom merger for at least two years after the date of

4992-810: The Workshop on Digital Rights Management of the World Wide Web Consortium was held. On 22 May 2001, the European Union passed the Information Society Directive, with copyright protections. In 2003, the European Committee for Standardization /Information Society Standardization System (CEN/ISSS) DRM Report was published. In 2004, the Consultation process of the European Commission, and

5096-480: The ability for a regional lockout. Tools like FairUse4WM strip Windows Media of DRM restrictions. The Gowers Review of Intellectual Property by the British Government from Andrew Gowers was published in 2006 with recommendations regarding copyright terms, exceptions, orphaned works, and copyright enforcement. DVB ( DVB-CPCM ) is an updated variant of the broadcast flag. The technical specification

5200-475: The activation limit led Spore to become the most pirated game in 2008, topping the top 10 list compiled by TorrentFreak . However, Tweakguides concluded that DRM does not appear to increase video game piracy, noting that other games on the list, such as Call of Duty 4 and Assassin's Creed , use DRM without limits or online activation. Additionally, other video games that use DRM, such as BioShock , Crysis Warhead , and Mass Effect , do not appear on

5304-535: The block comprise a verification field, a duration field (expressed in seconds), a nonce, and control bits, all 32 bits each. The control bits are a series of bit fields controlling the HDCP version that can be used, the data path type, whether or not a nonce should be used, and the Copy General Management System (CGMS) used. Despite this, vendors may still choose to encrypt audio and video with

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5408-445: The claim that DRM was inciting people to use illegal copies. Although Ubisoft has not commented on the results of the "experiment", Tweakguides noted that two torrents on Mininova had over 23,000 people downloading the game within 24 hours of its release. In 2009, Amazon remotely deleted purchased copies of George Orwell 's Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) from customers' Amazon Kindles after refunding

5512-447: The company and forcing a merger that was not supported by CBS or Viacom . CBS also accused Redstone of discouraging Verizon Communications from acquiring it, which could have been beneficial to its shareholders. On May 23, 2018, Les Moonves explained that he considered the Viacom channels to be an "albatross," and while he favored more content for CBS All Access (now Paramount+), he believed that there were better deals for CBS than

5616-428: The company being between $ 30 million and $ 40 million, making it the company's ninth largest acquisition until that point. Widevine is divided into three security levels. The security level used is dependent on the usage of a trusted execution environment (TEE) in the client device. For example, ARM Cortex-A processors implement TrustZone technology, allowing cryptography and video processing to occur entirely within

5720-615: The company in 2001, leading it through a restructuring process; the process involved recapitalizing the company and firing many of its employees. In June 2003, Widevine Technologies secured US$ 7.8 million in funding from venture capital firms Constellation Ventures and Pacesetter Capital. That same year, Widevine Technologies partnered with Taiwanese telecommunications company Chunghwa Telecom in an effort to secure their video-on-demand service. Widevine Technologies would receive further funding in 2004 from Constellation Ventures and Pacesetter Capital, along with Phoenix Capital Partners, in

5824-714: The company was acquired by Google in 2010 for an undisclosed amount. Widevine was created by Seattle -based Internet Direct Media in 1999 as Widevine Cypher. The company, founded by executive Brian Baker and cryptography researcher Jeremy Horwitz, changed its name to Widevine Technologies. In February 2001, Widevine Technologies released Widevine Cypher Enterprise; at the time, techniques such as screen recording and network request monitoring were common. Widevine Cypher used DES-X encryption to prevent these techniques. Widevine Technologies partnered with Bellevue -based streaming company Midstream Technologies in April. Baker returned to

5928-649: The complete blocking of any possibilities of making private copies was an impermissible behaviour under French copyright law. The broadcast flag concept was developed by Fox Broadcasting in 2001, and was supported by the MPAA and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). A ruling in May 2005 by a United States courts of appeals held that the FCC lacked authority to impose it on the US TV industry. It required that all HDTVs obey

6032-412: The content legally, such as by fair use or by making backup copies. DRM is in common use by the entertainment industry ( e.g. , audio and video publishers). Many online stores such as OverDrive use DRM technologies, as do cable and satellite service operators. Apple removed DRM technology from iTunes around 2009. Typical DRM also prevents lending materials out through a library, or accessing works in

6136-413: The copyright holder. The underlying principle was that the physical distribution of encrypted digital products should be completely unrestricted and that users of those products would be encouraged to do so. An early DRM protection method for computer and Nintendo Entertainment System games was when the game would pause and prompt the player to look up a certain page in a booklet or manual that came with

6240-448: The copyright holders for maintaining artistic controls , and supporting licenses' modalities such as rentals. Industrial users (i.e. industries) have expanded the use of DRM technologies to various hardware products, such as Keurig 's coffeemakers , Philips ' light bulbs , mobile device power chargers , and John Deere 's tractors . For instance, tractor companies try to prevent farmers from making repairs via DRM. DRM

6344-565: The cracked version soon found out that only early parts of the game were playable. The Uplay system works by having the installed game on the local PCs incomplete and then continuously downloading parts of the game code from Ubisoft's servers as the game progresses. It was more than a month after the PC release in the first week of April that software was released that could bypass Ubisoft's DRM in Assassin's Creed II . The software did this by emulating

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6448-705: The creation and distribution of tools used for such circumvention. Such laws are part of the United States' Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), and the European Union 's Information Society Directive – with the French DADVSI an example of a member state of the European Union implementing that directive. Copyright holders argue that DRM technologies are necessary to protect intellectual property , just as physical locks prevent personal property from theft. For examples, they can help

6552-466: The digital marketplace. In 2012, the EU Court of Justice ruled in favor of reselling copyrighted games. In 2012, India implemented digital rights management protection. In 2012, webcomic Diesel Sweeties released a DRM-free PDF e-book. He followed this with a DRM-free iBook specifically for the iPad that generated more than 10,000 downloads in three days. That led Stevens to launch

6656-467: The end of the year, Time Warner Cable (along with partner Bright House Networks ) and Viacom's MTV Networks could not come to terms for the renewal of any Viacom channel beyond the end of year. Time Warner Cable's operations include New York City and Los Angeles, with Bright House including the Tampa Bay and Orlando markets, both top-20 markets. This blackout was narrowly avoided when a zero-hour deal

6760-596: The game; if the player lacked access to the material, they would not be able to continue. An early example of a DRM system is the Content Scramble System (CSS) employed by the DVD Forum on DVD movies. CSS uses an encryption algorithm to encrypt content on the DVD disc. Manufacturers of DVD players must license this technology and implement it in their devices so that they can decrypt the content. The CSS license agreement includes restrictions on how

6864-557: The internet video conference VidCon in an effort to reach out to youth audiences (in a similar way to Viacom's Nickelodeon and MTV channels). In the same month, Viacom announced that they would launch an official Viacom streaming service in fall 2018, in another effort by Bakish to revitalize the company. This streaming service would support ads (similar to Hulu) and was expected to include television series from Viacom Media Networks that have not been available on other services, such as Hulu or Amazon Prime Video . Bakish has stated that

6968-656: The investment followed its acquisition of set-top box manufacturer Scientific Atlanta for $ 7 billion. In a six-year agreement, Widevine was awarded a contract with Telus to use its technology in Telus's platforms. On August 3, 2007, Widevine Technologies filed a patent infringement lawsuit against content security company Verimatrix . The two companies reached a settlement in March 2010. Vendors utilizing Widevine steadily increased up until 2010. In August 2008, CinemaNow used Widevine to expand its reach to multiple devices, including

7072-616: The licenses. In 2007, the European Parliament supported the EU's direction on copyright protection. Asus released a soundcard which features a function called "Analog Loopback Transformation" to bypass the restrictions of DRM. This feature allows the user to record DRM-restricted audio via the soundcard's built-in analog I/O connection. Digital distributor GOG.com (formerly Good Old Games) specializes in PC video games and has

7176-429: The list. Many mainstream publishers continued to rely on online DRM throughout the later half of 2008 and early 2009, including Electronic Arts , Ubisoft , Valve , and Atari , The Sims 3 being a notable exception in the case of Electronic Arts. Ubisoft broke with the tendency to use online DRM in late 2008, with the release of Prince of Persia as an experiment to "see how truthful people really are" regarding

7280-407: The near future, and a split was seen as a creative solution to the matter of replacing him. It was also intended to provide alternative investments that would be more appealing to investors: one a high cash flow, lower growth company that could afford to pay a substantial dividend and the other a growing company that would have greater investment opportunities and therefore would not be expected to pay

7384-468: The necessity of which has been questioned. In 2014, the EU Court of Justice ruled that circumventing DRM on game devices was legal under some circumstances. In 2014, digital comic distributor Comixology allowed rights holders to provide the option of DRM-free downloads. Publishers that allow this include Dynamite Entertainment , Image Comics , Thrillbent , Top Shelf Productions , and Zenescope Entertainment . In February 2022, Comixology, which

7488-480: The purchase price. Commentators described these actions as Orwellian and compared Amazon to Big Brother from Nineteen Eighty-Four . Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos then issued a public apology. FSF wrote that this was an example of the excessive power Amazon has to remotely censor content, and called upon Amazon to drop DRM. Amazon then revealed the reason behind its deletion: the e-books in question were unauthorized reproductions of Orwell's works, which were not within

7592-472: The re-combined company. Viacom rejected the offer as being too low, requesting an increase of $ 2.8 billion, and requesting that Bob Bakish be maintained as president and COO under Moonves. It was reported that these conflicts had resulted from Shari Redstone seeking more control over CBS and its leadership. Eventually, on May 14, 2018, CBS Corporation sued its and Viacom's parent company National Amusements and accused Redstone of abusing her voting power in

7696-676: The rights to the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) library ended in 2012. On December 1, 2011, the company stopped trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and began listing its securities on Nasdaq instead. The stock ticker symbols are the same as that used while the company was on the NYSE. On July 10, 2012, during contract negotiations over raising carrier rates the U.S. satellite TV provider, DirecTV 's executives approached Viacom with

7800-546: The same key or may not even encrypt the audio at all. Widevine is included in most major web browsers, including Google Chrome . Derivatives of Chromium , including Microsoft Edge , Vivaldi , and Opera , also implement Widevine. Since June 2016, Firefox has supported Widevine directly in an effort to remove NPAPI support. In addition, Widevine is supported on Android and iOS. Streaming services utilizing Widevine include Netflix , Disney+ , Amazon Prime Video , Max , Hulu , Paramount+ , and Discovery+ . Since Android 5 ,

7904-509: The settlement. On May 30, 2019, CNBC reported that CBS and Viacom would explore merger discussions in mid-June 2019. CBS's board of directors was revamped with people who were open to a merger. The re-merger was made possible with the resignation of Moonves (who opposed all attempts for a Viacom merger). The talks had started following rumors of CBS acquiring Starz from Lionsgate. Reports say that CBS and Viacom reportedly set August 8 as an informal deadline for reaching an agreement to recombine

8008-433: The software included a rootkit , which created a security vulnerability . When the nature of the software was made public much later, Sony BMG initially minimized the significance of the vulnerabilities, but eventually recalled millions of CDs, and made several attempts to patch the software to remove the rootkit. Class action lawsuits were filed, which were ultimately settled by agreements to provide affected consumers with

8112-469: The stream, the CDM sends the media and the license to the OEMCrypto module, required to decrypt the content. OEMCrypto is an interface to the TEE; most implementations ensure that session keys, decrypted content keys, and the decrypted content stream are not accessible to other running applications. This is usually accomplished through a secondary processor with separate memory . The content is then sent to

8216-422: The streaming service would serve as a "complement" to OTT MVPDs , rather than a replacement. In April 2018, Viacom hosted its first presentation at the annual Digital Content NewFronts, where they announced new original content for sites such as Facebook , Twitter , and Snapchat . They also announced the expansion of VidCon to London in 2019 at the same conference. On July 25, 2018, Viacom announced that it

8320-765: The trial was pending) of the Second Circuit , Judge José A. Cabranes concluded that "a reasonable jury could find that YouTube had actual knowledge or awareness of specific infringing activity on its website". Eric Goldman , a professor at the Santa Clara University School of Law , expressed concern that the ruling would negatively affect startups , by making them "more hair-trigger on taking down news or content, for fear that failure to do so will be held against them by content providers". On April 18, 2013, Judge Stanton issued another order granting summary judgment in favor of YouTube. An appeal

8424-699: The two companies failed to reach an agreement. Channels were replaced with other networks including Sprout, FXX , Pivot , Uplifting Entertainment , Investigation Discovery, Oprah Winfrey Network , Women's Entertainment , and TheBlaze. On August 20, 2016, a settlement between Sumner and Shari Redstone and Philippe Dauman was reached that would have him resign as chief executive officer and be replaced with Thomas E. Dooley as interim CEO. Dauman would continue to serve as chairman until September 13. On May 25, 2017, Viacom channels returned to Suddenlink after nearly 3 years of absence. In November 2016, Viacom bought Argentine television network Telefe . In December 2016,

8528-407: The two media companies. CBS announced to acquire Viacom as part of the re-merger deal for up to $ 15.4 billion. On August 2, 2019, it was reported that CBS and Viacom agreed to merge back into one entity. Both companies came to an agreement on the management team for its merger with Bakish serving as CEO of the combined company and president and acting CEO of CBS, as Joseph Ianniello oversees

8632-416: The use of proprietary hardware and copyrighted works. DRM technologies govern the use, modification and distribution of copyrighted works (e.g. software , multimedia content) and of systems that enforce these policies within devices. DRM technologies include licensing agreements and encryption . Laws in many countries criminalize the circumvention of DRM, communication about such circumvention, and

8736-485: The various memory management interfaces across Android. The input/output buffer is then allocated, and the content is decrypted and stored to a secured input buffer in TrustZone. Widevine uses multiple standards and specifications, including MPEG Common Encryption (CENC), Encrypted Media Extensions (EME), Media Source Extensions (MSE), and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). In addition, Widevine supports

8840-711: The venture capital subsidiary of Samsung. Samsung would expand its use of Widevine in June 2010. LoveFilm signed a deal with Widevine in July 2010. On December 3, 2010, Google announced that it had acquired Widevine for an undisclosed amount. The acquisition occurred on the same day Viacom filed an appeal in Viacom v. YouTube , a case regarding Google's role in users uploading content owned by Viacom onto YouTube . A CNN report in February 2011 revealed that Google had paid $ 150 million for Widevine, despite an internal valuation of

8944-527: The version of Google Chrome used in Android supports Widevine. In February 2021, Firefox for Android added Widevine. In Android, Widevine is implemented through a hardware abstraction layer (HAL) module plugin. The Widevine library on Android translates Android DRM API calls to Widevine CDM ones, and its role varies depending on the security level implemented; in Widevine L1, the Widevine library acts as

9048-649: The video stack and displayed to the end user in chunks. License request and license response messages are sent and received using Protocol Buffers . Vendors may implement their own proxy server within the license server, in cases where user authorization is managed by the vendor's preexisting proxy server. This setup requires the use of the proxy server as a middleman. Widevine requires the use of service certificates beginning in Chrome 59, along with iOS and some configurations of ChromeOS . A proxy server may choose to refuse to issue licenses for browsers that do not implement

9152-585: The video-sharing service YouTube for copyright reasons. On February 21, Viacom publicly announced they would be offering free online access to their material through Silicon Valley's distributor Joost . On May 21, 2007, Viacom entered into a 50–50 joint venture with Indian media company Network 18 to form Viacom 18 which would house Viacom's existing channels in India: MTV , VH1 and Nickelodeon as well as Network 18's Bollywood movie business. All future Viacom content for India and new ventures such as

9256-434: The video-sharing site YouTube . Of the 100,000 notices, approximately 60–70 non-infringing videos were removed under the auspices of copyright infringement. On March 13, 2007, Viacom filed a US$ 1 billion legal claim ( Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. ) against Google and YouTube alleging massive copyright infringement , alleging that users frequently uploaded copyrighted material to YouTube—enough to cause

9360-454: The viewing habits of every user who had ever watched videos on the site. Judge Stanton rejected Viacom's request for YouTube to hand over the source code of its search engine system, saying that the code was a trade secret . Google and Viacom later agreed to allow Google to anonymize all the data before handing it over to Viacom. On June 23, 2010, Judge Stanton ruled in Google's favor in

9464-445: The vulnerability allowed users to obtain a decrypted version of protected content in cache . In January 2019, security researcher David Buchanan claimed to have broken Widevine L3 through a differential fault analysis attack in Widevine's white-box implementation of AES-128 , allowing Buchanan to retrieve the original key used to encrypt a stream. The MPEG-CENC stream could then be decrypted using ffmpeg . A similar vulnerability

9568-410: The websites of its networks. Viacom described this as a "temporary slimdown" until a new carriage deal with DirecTV was reached. Viacom and DirecTV reached an agreement on July 20 to return the interrupted programming. In 2012 CEO Phillip Dauman began to report Viacom's intentions to bundle past programming and make it available on-demand via services like Hulu. On January 22, 2014, Viacom established

9672-746: The whole of DreamWorks—both live-comedy film and television studios, albeit not the DreamWorks archive (which was sold to a group led by George Soros in March 2006) nor the animated unit (which was not part of the deal)—would remain owned by Viacom, even though CBS Corporation acquired Paramount's television studio . In February 2006, Paramount completed the acquisition of DreamWorks. On April 24, Viacom obtained Xfire . In August, Viacom announced that it had acquired Atom Entertainment for $ 200 million. In September, Viacom acquired game developer Harmonix for $ 175 million. In February 2007, Viacom ordered leaked copyrighted video clips be taken off

9776-511: Was a dialogue on consumer acceptability of DRM solutions in Europe that completed in 2008. In mid-2008, the Windows version of Mass Effect marked the start of a wave of titles primarily making use of SecuROM for DRM and requiring authentication with a server. The use of the DRM scheme in 2008's Spore led to protests, resulting in searches for an unlicensed version. This backlash against

9880-591: Was begun, but the week before the parties were to appear in the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, a settlement was announced, and it was reported that no money changed hands. Viacom and its alternative name B_Viacom have since taken to removing videos or blocked countries themselves. The previous board of directors of Viacom were George S. Abrams, David Andelman, Joseph Califano, Jr. , William Cohen , Philippe Dauman , Alan C. Greenberg , Charles Phillips , Shari Redstone , Sumner Redstone (deceased), Frederic Salerno, William Schwartz, and Robert D. Walter . Following

9984-402: Was completed on December 4, resulting in the creation of ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global ). In March 2005, the first Viacom announced plans of exploring the option of splitting the company into two publicly traded companies because of a stagnating stock price and the rivalry between Les Moonves and Tom Freston , longtime heads of CBS and MTV Networks , respectively. Also, the company

10088-462: Was exploited in October 2020. In 2021, the Android version of Widevine L3 was reverse engineered and broken by security researchers. The same year, Qi Zhao presented the first attack breaking Widevine L1 in Android by recovering the L1 keybox. In 2019, a developer tried to bundle Widevine in an Electron/ Chromium -based application for video playing and did not get any response from Google after asking for

10192-477: Was facing issues after MTV was banned from producing any more Super Bowl halftime shows after the Super Bowl Halftime Show controversy in 2004. After the departure of Mel Karmazin in 2004, Sumner Redstone , who served as chairman and chief executive officer, decided to split the offices of president and chief operating officer between Moonves and Freston. Redstone was set to retire in

10296-472: Was in talks to acquire AwesomenessTV for a fraction of the company's $ 650 million valuation in 2016. Two days later on July 27, Viacom officially acquired the company for $ 25 million. Jordan Levin would leave his position as CEO of AwesomenessTV following the acquisition. In January 2019, it was announced that Viacom has acquired Internet television streaming service, Pluto TV for $ 340 million. On September 29, 2016, National Amusements sent

10400-567: Was later under the ownership of Amazon, ended the option of downloading DRM-free downloads on all comics, although any comics previously purchased prior to the date will have the option to download comics without DRM. Viacom (2005%E2%80%932019) The second Viacom operated Viacom Media Networks , through which it controlled approximately 170 networks and reached approximately 700 million subscribers in approximately 160 countries. Viacom's studio assets included Paramount Pictures , MTV Films , and Nickelodeon Animation Studio , as well as

10504-609: Was passed in 1996. The US Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), was passed in 1998. The European Union enacted the Information Society Directive . In 2006, the lower house of the French parliament adopted such legislation as part of the controversial DADVSI law, but added that protected DRM techniques should be made interoperable, a move which caused widespread controversy in the United States. The Tribunal de grande instance de Paris concluded in 2006, that

10608-521: Was reached shortly after midnight on January 1, 2009. On December 7, 2009, Viacom sold its stake in MTV Brasil to Grupo Abril along with rights to the brand. Details on the deal were not disclosed. In February 2011, Hulu and Viacom announced the return of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and The Colbert Report to Hulu, along with shows from the Viacom library. Nickelodeon 's shows are not part of this deal. Also that month, Viacom became

10712-730: Was reported that the combined company could be a suitor for acquiring the film studio Lionsgate . Viacom and Lionsgate were both interested in acquiring The Weinstein Company (TWC) in the wake of sexual abuse allegations against Harvey Weinstein . Viacom was listed as one of 22 potential buyers that were interested in acquiring TWC. They lost the bid, and on March 1, 2018, it was announced that Maria Contreras-Sweet would acquire all of TWC's assets for $ 500 million. On March 30, 2018, CBS made an all-stock offer slightly below Viacom's market value and insisted that its existing leadership, including long-time chairman and CEO Les Moonves, oversee

10816-587: Was submitted to European governments in March 2007. As with much DRM, the CPCM system is intended to control use of copyrighted material by the end-user, at the direction of the copyright holder. According to Ren Bucholz of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), "You won't even know ahead of time whether and how you will be able to record and make use of particular programs or devices". The normative sections were approved for publication by

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