48-648: William Raven (1756–1814) was an English master mariner, naval officer and merchant. He commanded the whaler and sealing vessel Britannia and the naval store ship HMS Buffalo in Australian and New Zealand waters from 1792 until 1799. While in command of Britannia under contract to the British East India Company , he mapped the Loyalty Islands of Maré , Lifou , Tiga and Ouvéa between August 1793 and May 1796. Raven
96-430: A pound before being phased out during the 1960s and 1970s. Currently the shilling is used as a currency in five east African countries: Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Somalia , and the de facto country of Somaliland . The East African Community additionally plans to introduce an East African shilling . The word shilling comes from Anglo-Saxon phrase "Scilling", a monetary term meaning literally "twentieth of
144-424: A face value of five Maltese cents . In British Ceylon , a shilling ( Sinhala : Silima , Tamil : Silin ) was equivalent to eight fanams . With the replacement of the rixdollar by the rupee in 1852, a shilling was deemed to be equivalent to half a rupee. On the decimalisation of the currency in 1969, a shilling was deemed to be equivalent to 50 Ceylon cents. The term continued to be used colloquially until
192-604: A firm sighting for Ngatik in the Federated States of Micronesia . However, bad weather delayed Raven, as did pirates in the Malacca Straits that attacked Britannia but were driven off. Raven decided to buy his provisions at Batavia instead. He arrived there on 11 February 1794. Britannia , Raven, master, was reported "well" at Batavia on 16 February 1794. There Raven purchased 111,000 pounds of beef, 84,000 lbs of pork, as well as sugar and rice. He charged
240-516: A medium of exchange alongside the Somali shilling. Dollarization notwithstanding, the large issuance of the Somali shilling has increasingly fueled price hikes, especially for low value transactions. This inflationary environment, however, is expected to come to an end as soon as the Central Bank assumes full control of monetary policy and replaces the presently circulating currency introduced by
288-664: A new keel and underwent some repairs. By 1840 she was in service again with B. Young, master, and trade "London collier". After a career of 47 years that took Britannia to Greenland and the South Pacific, she is no longer listed in 1845. Shilling The shilling is a historical coin, and the name of a unit of modern currencies formerly used in the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , other British Commonwealth countries and Ireland , where they were generally equivalent to 12 pence or one-twentieth of
336-574: A pound", from the Proto-Germanic root skiljaną meaning literally "to separate, split, divide", from (s)kelH- meaning "to cut, split." The word "Scilling" is mentioned in the earliest recorded Germanic law codes, those of Æthelberht of Kent . The Germanic root of the term Shilling, (s)kelH- , has been theorized to come from a foreign currency; most probably the Phoenician Shekel . Recent discoveries of antique British tin off
384-464: A shilling coin in Australia was "deener". The slang term for a shilling as currency unit was "bob", the same as in the United Kingdom . After 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by ten-cent coins of the same size and weight. New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound , were first issued in 1933 and featured the image of a Maori warrior carrying
432-500: A taiaha "in a warlike attitude" on the reverse. In 1967, New Zealand's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten-cent coin of the same size and weight. Ten-cent coins minted through the remainder of the 1960s included the legend "ONE SHILLING" on the reverse. Smaller ten-cent coins were introduced in 2006. The shilling ( Maltese : xelin , pl. xelini ) was used in Malta , prior to decimalisation in 1972, and had
480-534: Is now called Raven Point. Britannia (1783 ship) Britannia was a ship launched at Sunderland in 1783. In 1791 she received a three-year license from the British East India Company to engage in whaling in the South Pacific and off New South Wales . Britannia engaged in a small amount of sealing and whaling during her absence from Britain. She was also employed shuttling between Port Jackson and other ports bringing supplies to
528-647: The Articles of Union between England and Scotland, continued in use until decimalisation in 1971. During the Great Recoinage of 1816 (following the Acts of Union 1800 that united the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland), the mint was instructed to coin one troy pound (weighing 5760 grains or 373 g) of sterling silver (0.925 fine) into 66 shillings, or its equivalent in other denominations. This set
SECTION 10
#1732776311413576-725: The Banca Nazionale Somala issued notes for 5, 10, 20 and 100 scellini/shillings. In 1975, the Bankiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (Somali National Bank) introduced notes for 5, 10, 20 and 100 shilin/shillings. These were followed in 1978 by notes of the same denominations issued by the Bankiga Dhexe Ee Soomaaliya ( Central Bank of Somalia ). 50 shilin/shillings notes were introduced in 1983, followed by 500 shilin/shillings in 1989 and 1000 shilin/shillings in 1990. Also in 1990 there
624-846: The British Somaliland and the Somali somalo in the Trust Territory of Somalia were replaced by the Somali shilling . In 1966, the East African Monetary Union broke up, and the member countries replaced their currencies with the Kenyan shilling , the Ugandan shilling and the Tanzanian shilling , respectively. Though all these currencies have different values at present, there were plans to reintroduce
672-530: The East African shilling as a new common currency by 2009, although this has not come about. In the thirteen British colonies that became the United States in 1776, British money was often in circulation. Each colony issued its own paper money , with pounds, shillings, and pence used as the standard units of account . Some coins were minted in the colonies, such as the pine tree shilling in
720-642: The Horatio Alger Jr. story Ragged Dick (1868). Prices in an 1859 advertisement in a Chicago newspaper were given in dollars and shillings. In Canada , £sd currencies were in use both during the French period ( New France livre ) and after the British conquest ( Canadian pound ). Between the 1760s and 1840s in Lower Canada , both French and British-based pounds coexisted as units of account,
768-520: The Massachusetts Bay Colony . After the United States adopted the dollar as its unit of currency and accepted the gold standard , one British shilling was worth 24 US cents . Due to ongoing shortages of US coins in some regions, shillings continued to circulate well into the nineteenth century. Shillings are described as the standard monetary unit throughout the autobiography of Solomon Northup (1853) and mentioned several times in
816-523: The Somaliland territory, subsequently emerged. Somalia's newly established Transitional Federal Government revived the defunct Central Bank of Somalia in the late 2000s. In terms of financial management, the monetary authority is in the process of assuming the task of both formulating and implementing monetary policy. Owing to a lack of confidence in the Somali shilling, the US dollar is widely accepted as
864-527: The 17th century, further devaluation resulted in schillings in the Holy Roman Empire being minted in billon (majority base metal content) instead of silver , with 48 schillings to one Reichsthaler . The English (later British) shilling continued to be minted as a silver coin until 1946, although the silver content was debased from 1920 onwards. A shilling was a coin used in England from
912-603: The Australian government £ 7549 4 s 3 d for the purchases, and £2210 7s 7d for the charter of Britannia . He left Batavia on 10 April. By the time he had returned to Sydney in June, storeships had arrived with supplies from Britain. Still, the officers of the New South Wales Corps again chartered Britannia to bring back supplies from the Cape. Britannia arrived with cattle from the Cape on 4 March 1795. In June
960-555: The French livre being close in value to the British shilling. A variety of coinage circulated. By 1858, a decimal Canadian dollar came into use. Other parts of British North America decimalized shortly afterwards and Canadian confederation in 1867 passed control of currency to the federal government. The Somali shilling is the official currency of Somalia . It is subdivided into 100 cents (English), senti (Somali, also سنت) or centesimi (Italian). The Somali shilling has been
1008-600: The New South Wales fishery. She arrived at Port Jackson on 25 July 1792 from England, with stores. She sailed on 30 September but returned to Sydney Cove on 3 October to fit for a voyage to the Cape of Good Hope . The officers of the New South Wales Corps had hired her for £2000 to sail there and purchase cattle and stores not available in Australia. Eleven shareholders subscribed £200 each to purchase
SECTION 20
#17327763114131056-564: The Pacific Ocean. On 14 February she was at the cape Verde Islands. On 18 April 1826 she was at Oahu with 1000 barrels, and on 18 May at Honolulu with 1300 barrels. A year later, between 6 and 10 April 1829 Britannia was again at Honolulu, but now with 1900 barrels. By the end of October she was full. She returned to Britain on 7 April 1830 with 353 casks, 38 tanks, and three (seal?) skins. Voyage #4: Britannia sailed on 23 January 1831 with Ross, master, and destination New Guinea. She
1104-853: The South Seas fishery, and was reported to have 50 barrels of whale oil by December 1822. She returned on 20 July 1823 with 80 casks, plus fins ( baleen ). Voyage #2: Captain Lawton (or Laughton) left Britain on 20 January 1824. Britannia was reported to have 260 barrels in July 1824. She was at Honolulu on 22 September 1825 with 800 barrels, but with her crew afflicted by scurvy. She returned to Honolulu on 24 October to attempt to retrieve some deserters. Britannia returned to Britain on 2 September 1826 with 450 casks and seven tanks of whale oil. Voyage #3: Captain Lawton again sailed Britannia on her third whaling voyage, leaving Britain on 20 January 1827 for
1152-661: The acting governor, William Paterson, chartered Britannia to acquire provisions from Bengal. Britannia supposedly departed on 22 December 1795, however she was already reported "well" at Calcutta in December. She was expected to sail for New South Wales around 10 January 1796. She returned on 11 May 1796 with the provisions. She finally left for England on 27 September 1796. Britannia arrived back in Britain in June 1797. Her owner, St Barbe, then sold her and she disappears from Lloyd's Register after 1798. In December 1797 Raven
1200-600: The authorities in Somaliland have attempted to bar usage of the Somali shilling, Somalia's official currency is still in circulation in some regions. Elsewhere in the former British Empire, forms of the word shilling remain in informal use. In Vanuatu and Solomon Islands , selen is used in Bislama and Pijin to mean "money"; in Malaysia , syiling (pronounced like shilling ) means "coin". In Egypt and Jordan
1248-570: The cattle and stores. Artificers went on board to create pens for the cattle. She also shipped hay to feed the stock. She then sailed on 7 October. On the way, she left a sealing gang at Dusky Sound (on the southwest corner of New Zealand). She arrived back at Sydney with cattle from the Cape on 20 June 1793. Raven was issued a letter of marque on 1 June 1793, clearly in absentia . Britannia left in September 1793 for Bengal to bring back supplies for Lieutenant-Governor Francis Grose . On
1296-516: The coasts of Israel and Turkey has confirmed probable trade between the middle-east and the British isles. In origin, the word schilling designated the solidus of Late Antiquity, the gold coin that replaced the aureus in the 4th century. The Anglo-Saxon scillingas of the 7th century were still small gold coins. In 796, Charlemagne passed a monetary reform, based on the Carolingian silver pound (about 406.5 grams). The schilling
1344-575: The currency of parts of Somalia since 1921, when the East African shilling was introduced to the former British Somaliland protectorate . Following independence in 1960, the somalo of Italian Somaliland and the East African shilling (which were equal in value) were replaced at par in 1962 by the Somali shilling. Names used for the denominations were cent, centesimo (plural: centesimi) and سنت (plurals: سنتيمات and سنتيما) together with shilling, scellino (plural: scellini) and شلن. That same year,
1392-414: The face. The coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new ram's head design was introduced for the coins of King George VI . This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963. In 1966, Australia's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin (Australian) , where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar . The slang term for
1440-482: The late 20th century. The East African shilling was in use in the British colonies and protectorates of British Somaliland , Kenya , Tanganyika , Uganda and Zanzibar from 1920, when it replaced the rupee , until after those countries became independent, and in Tanzania after that country was formed by the merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Upon independence in 1960, the East African shilling in
1488-440: The new colonists. Shortly after her return to Britain in 1797 she temporarily disappeared from Lloyd's Register . From 1800 to 1822 she was a Greenland whaler, and then from 1822 to 1837 she was a Southern Whale fishery whaler. Between 1840 and 1844 she was a London-based collier. After a 61-year career, she was no longer listed in 1845. Britannia , under the command of William Raven , left Britain on 15 February 1792, bound for
William Raven - Misplaced Pages Continue
1536-428: The old shilling coins include "bob" and "hog". While the derivation of "bob" is uncertain, John Camden Hotten in his 1864 Slang Dictionary says the original version was "bobstick" and speculates that it may be connected with Sir Robert Walpole . Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound , were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on
1584-435: The period her master was Jacks. Between 1822 and 1837 Britannia made five whaling voyages for Sturge & Co. Thomas Sturge was a Quaker and owner of some 22 vessels, many of them South Seas-whalers. He purchased Britannia in 1822 and kept her until 1844, though for the last four years she served as a collier. Voyage #1: Britannia , Luce, master, left Britain in 1822. She stopped in at Rio de Janeiro on her way to
1632-455: The private sector. The Somaliland shilling is the official currency of Somaliland , a self-declared republic that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia . The currency is not recognised as legal tender by the international community, and it currently has no official exchange rate . It is regulated by the Bank of Somaliland , Somaliland's central bank . Although
1680-581: The reign of Henry VII (or Edward VI around 1550). The shilling continued in use after the Acts of Union of 1707 created a new United Kingdom from the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, and under Article 16 of the Articles of Union, a common currency for the new United Kingdom was created. The term shilling ( Scots : schilling ) was in use in Scotland from early medieval times. The common currency for Great Britain , created in 1707 by Article 16 of
1728-472: The same value to the British coin, which continued to be used in Northern Ireland . The coin featured a bull on the reverse side. The first minting, from 1928 until 1941, contained 75% silver, more than the equivalent British coin. The pre-decimal Irish shilling coin (which was retained for some time after decimalisation) was withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 1993, when a smaller five-pence coin
1776-494: The silver denarii . In the late medieval period, states of the Holy Roman Empire began minting similar silver coins of multiple pfennig weight, some of them denominated as schilling . In the 16th century, numerous different types of schilling were minted in Europe . The English shilling was a successor of the testoon coin first minted during the reign of Edward VI in 1551, which consisted of 92.5% "sterling" silver. By
1824-501: The table is Davis Strait , by Newfoundland. Britannia returned to Lloyd's Register in 1800, still under Hall's ownership. She had been "doubled" in 1798, a process that extended her useful life and strengthened her for sailing in northern waters, and her burthen increased to 320 tons. Her trade was now London-Greenland. There is good data for Britannia ' s catch in Greenland whale fisheries between 1814 and 1821. throughout
1872-517: The unification of the currencies in 1825, the Irish shilling was valued at 13 pence and known as the "black hog", as opposed to the 12-pence English shillings which were known as "white hogs". In the Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland , the shilling coin was issued as scilling (the Irish language equivalent). It was worth 1/20 of an Irish pound , and was interchangeable at
1920-425: The way Raven retrieved the sealing gang at Dusky Sound, and then stopped at Norfolk Island. There Governor Philip Gidley King engaged Britannia to carry himself and two Maoris to New Zealand. Britannia finally left for Bengal. On his way Raven passed the Loyalty Islands and became the first European on record to sight Maré Island . He also mapped the location of Lifou , Tiga and Ouvéa . He also provided
1968-540: The weight of the shilling at 87.2727 grains or 5.655 grams from 1816 until 1990, when it was demonetised in favour of a new smaller 5p coin of the same value. At decimalisation in 1971, the shilling coin was superseded by the new five-pence piece , which initially was of identical size and weight and had the same value. Shillings remained in circulation until the five pence coin was reduced in size in 1991. Three coins denominated in multiple shillings were also in circulation at this time. They were: Between 1701 and
William Raven - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-463: Was an attempt to reform the currency at 100 to 1, with new banknotes of 20 and 50 new shilin prepared for the redenomination. Following the breakdown in central authority that accompanied the civil war , which began in the early 1990s, the value of the Somali shilling was disrupted. The Central Bank of Somalia, the nation's monetary authority, also shut down operations. Rival producers of the local currency, including autonomous regional entities such as
2064-457: Was appointed master of HMS Buffalo to sail her from England to New South Wales . The table below is from Lloyd's List . Britannia enters the Register in 1790, and is last listed in 1799. The data in the Register was only as accurate as owners chose to keep it updated. Clearly, St. Barbe & Co. was lax. However, St. Barbe owned whalers and one may infer that the "Straits" in
2112-508: Was at Mahe on 8 October having sustained damage. By November 1832 she was at New Ireland with 700 barrels of sperm oil . She was reported to have been lost on the Comoro Islands with 900 barrels, but the report proved incorrect. She returned to Britain on 25 March 1834. Voyage #5: Captain T. Luce sailed Britannia from Britain in 1834. She returned on 23 July 1837 with 50 casks of oil, plus fins. In 1838 Britannia received
2160-472: Was granted 100 acres (40 ha) of land in the vicinity of Tennyson Point, New South Wales in 1795, plus another 285 acres (115 ha) in 1799. The grant was known as Grove Farm. These Eastern Farms, now Kissing Point , properties were managed for him by the brewer James Squire of Kissing Point until Squire's death in 1822. The tip of the peninsula into the Parramatta River at Tennyson Point
2208-403: Was introduced. One abbreviation for shilling is s (for solidus , see £sd ). Often it was expressed by a solidus symbol ( / ) (which may have begun as a substitute for ſ (' long s ') ) thus '1/9' means "one shilling and ninepence". A price expressed as a number of shillings with no additional pence was often written as the number, a solidus and a dash: thus for example ten shillings
2256-474: Was one-twentieth of a pound or about 20.3 grams of silver. One schilling had 12 denarii or deniers ("pennies"). There were, however, no silver schilling coins in the Carolingian period, and gold schillings (equivalent to twelve silver pfennigs ) were very rare. In the 12th century, larger silver coins of multiple pfennig weight were minted, known as denarii grossi or groschen ( groats ). These heavier coins were valued at between 4 and 20 of
2304-400: Was written '10/-'. Two shillings and sixpence (half a crown, or an eighth of a £) was written as '2/6', rarely as '2s 6d' ('d' being the abbreviation for denarius , a penny). The shilling itself was equal to twelve pence. In the traditional pounds, shillings and pence system, there were 20 shillings per pound and 12 pence per shilling, making 240 pence in a pound. Slang terms for
#412587